Influence of process parameters on part quality and mechanical properties for DMLS and SLM with iron-based materials

Rapid manufacturing is an advanced manufacturing technology based on layer-by-layer manufacturing to produce a part. This paper presents experimental work carried out to investigate the effects of scan speed, layer thickness, and building direction on the following part features: dimensional error, surface roughness, and mechanical properties for DMLS with DS H20 powder and SLM with CL 20 powder (1.4404/AISI 316L). Findings were evaluated using ANOVA analysis. According to the experimental results, build direction has a significant effect on part quality, in terms of dimensional error and surface roughness. For the SLM process, the build direction has no influence on mechanical properties. Results of this research support industry estimating part quality and mechanical properties before the production of parts with additive manufacturing, using iron-based powders

Mechanisms of protein homeostasis in health, aging and disease.

When emerging from the ribosomes, new polypeptides need to fold properly, eventually translocate, and then assemble into stable, yet functionally flexible complexes. During their lifetime, native proteins are often exposed to stresses that can partially unfold and convert them into stably misfolded and aggregated species, which can in turn cause cellular damage and propagate to other cells. In animal cells, especially in aged neurons, toxic aggregates may accumulate, induce cell death and lead to tissue degeneration via different mechanisms, such as apoptosis as in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and aging in general. The main cellular mechanisms effectively controlling protein homeostasis in youth and healthy adulthood are: (1) the molecular chaperones, acting as aggregate unfolding and refolding enzymes, (2) the chaperone-gated proteases, acting as aggregate unfolding and degrading enzymes, (3) the aggresomes, acting as aggregate compacting machineries, and (4) the autophagosomes, acting as aggregate degrading organelles. For unclear reasons, these cellular defences become gradually incapacitated with age, leading to the onset of degenerative diseases. Understanding these mechanisms and the reasons for their incapacitation in late adulthood is key to the design of new therapies against the progression of aging, degenerative diseases and cancers.

Caracterização de filmes finos de Nb2O5 com propriedades eletrocrômicas

The sols for thin electrochromic coatings of Nb2O5 were obtained by synthesis of the niobium butoxide from BuONa and NbCl5. The ~300nm thick films were deposited by dip-coating technique from the alkoxide solution and calcined at 560ºC in O2 atmosphere during 3 hours. The particles size of niobium oxide (V) powder (~20mm) was obtained from x-ray diffraction using the Scherrer equation. The coatings were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and cronoamperommetry techniques. The spectral variation of the optical transmittance were determined in situ as a function of the cyclical potencial and memory effect. The insertion process of lithium is reversible and change the film color from transparent (T=80%) to dark blue (T=20%).

Synthesis, characterization and thermal decomposition of [Pd2 (C²-dmba) (µ-SO4) (SO2)2]

The bridged sulphate complex [Pd2 (C²,dmba) (µ-SO4) (SO2)2] has been obtained by reacting a saturated solution of SO2 in methanol and the cyclometallated compound [Pd(C²,N-dmba)(µ-N3)] 2; (dmba = N,N-dimethylbenzylamine), at room temperature for 24 h. Reaction product was characterized by elemental analysis, NMR comprising 13C{¹H} and ¹H nuclei and I.R. spectrum's measurements. Thermal behavior has been investigated and residual products identified by X-ray powder diffraction.

Análise por difração de raios x de filmes de óxidos cerâmicos compostos por IrO2/TiO2/CeO2

Independent of the sample form (powder or film), XRD analysis of Ir0,3Ti(0,7-x)Ce xO2, (nominal) mixtures, for x=0, shows the formation of a solid solution phase between IrO2 and TiO2, as well as the rutile phases of IrO2 and TiO2. The presence of the anatase phase of TiO2 is also confirmed. The introduction of 30 mol% CeO2 in the mixture reveals the presence of the CeO2 and Ce2O3 phases, besides the already mentioned ones, in the powder. In the film form, however, an amorphous phase is identified. When all of the TiO2 is substituded by CeO2, for both sample forms, the only phases found are IrO2, CeO2 and Ce2O3. This result suggests cerium oxides are not capable of forming solid solutions with either IrO2 or (Ir,Ti)O2 acting solely as a dispersant matrix for these phases. These results are consistent with the much higher electrochemically active surface area when CeO2 is introduced in the binary Ti/Ir0,3Ti0,7O2 mixture. It was possible to establish a relationship between the electrochemical stability of the supported films and their crystalline structure. The unexpected presence of TiO2 and Ti2O3 in the Ti/Ir0,3Ce0,7O2 (film sample) is attributed to oxidation of the Ti support during the calcination step.

Morfologia e cristalinidade de hidroxicarbonato de zinco obtido via precipitação homogênea: influência dos ânions cloreto e nitrato

The effects of chloride and nitrate anions and their respective concentrations, as well as urea presence, on solid phase morphologies were investigated. Zinc hydroxide carbonate was prepared by aging diluted zinc salt solution in presence of urea at 90ºC. Samples were identified by X-ray powder diffractograms showing the characteristic patterns of hydrozincite. The crystallinity was correlated with the concentrations of reagents. Spherulitic-type aggregates and single acicular particles were obtained from diluted chloride and nitrate solutions while porous aggregates of uniform size were formed from solutions with high chloride and urea concentrations.

Inclusion complex of the antiviral drug acyclovir with cyclodextrin in aqueous solution and in solid phase

Complexation between acyclovir (ACV), an antiviral drug used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infection, and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) was studied in solution and in solid states. Complexation in solution was evaluated using solubility studies and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR). In the solid state, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dissolution studies were used. Solubility studies suggested the existence of a 1:1 complex between ACV and beta-CD. ¹H-NMR spectroscopy studies showed that the complex formed occurs with a stoichiometry ratio of 1:1. Powder X-ray diffraction indicated that ACV exists in a semicrystalline state in the complexed form with beta-CD. DSC studies showed the existence of a complex of ACV with beta-CD. The TGA studies confirmed the DSC results of the complex. Solubility of ACV in solid complexes was studied by the dissolution method and it was found to be much more soluble than the uncomplexed drug.

Estudo termogravimétrico e calorimétrico da algaroba

Humidity and ash content of powder and bran of algaroba pods are important quality parameters for biological control during storage. The studies of humidity and ash content were carried out conventional and thermogravimetric methods. Different values were obtained by the various methods. The thermogravimetric method was faster and required less sample for the humidity and ash analyses of the powder and bran of algaroba pods. The differential scanning calorimetry curves of the powder and bran of algaroba pods, dryed at 55 ºC, showed two peaks, one corresponding to the gelatinization of starch and the other to the vaporization of water. The samples dryed at 65, 75, 85, 95 and 105 ºC showed one peak, corresponding to the vaporization of water.

Propelente sólido compósito polibutadiênico: I- influência do agente de ligação

In the Brazilian Complete Spacial Mission, the research of Vehicle Satellite Launcher is important. The solid propellant composite used in this vehicle is made with ammonium perchlorate, aluminiun powder and hydroxy terminated polibutadiene resin. In the propellant the bonding agent has a function to promote the interaction between solids and polimeric matrix, improving mechanical properties as stress, strain, aging characteristics and moisture embrittlement. Due its importance in propellant, bonding agent is consider as industrial secret and the literature about it is generic, without greater informations.

A new experimental procedure to obtain titania powders as anatase phase by a sol-gel process

Titania powders were synthesized by a sol-gel process using titanium tetrabutoxide as precursor. The syntheses were performed in water or in solutions of dimethylformamide (dmf) or dimethylsulfoxide (dmso). It is demonstrated, by X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesized powders, that the samples obtained in dmf or dmso solutions are crystalline (anatase phase) with some minor amount of brookite phase, whereas the sample synthesized in water is amorphous. The anatase phase can be obtained independently of any previous or further treatment of the synthesized powder, such as hydrothermal or heat treatment, providing a new, simple, quick and inexpensive route to synthesize anatase powders. From the peak broadening of the anatase (101) diffraction, the crystallite sizes were calculated as 6 nm.

Comportamento térmico da caulinita hidratada

Well-ordered kaolinite from the Brazilian Amazon Region (State of Pará) was initially reacted at 60 °C with a water dimethylsulfoxide mixture. After washing and characterisation, the resulting material was washed several times with methanol and in the final step with water. The water molecules displace the previously dimethylsulfoxide intercalated molecules and two different hydrated kaolinites were obtained. An unstable phase characterized by an interplanar basal distance of 0,996 nm that after drying collapse to the stable 0,844 nm hydrated kaolinite. The dehydration of the sample to disordered kaolinite was accompanied by Powder X-ray Diffractometry, thermal analysis (simultaneous TG and DSC) and FTIR spectroscopy.

A extração de cafeína em bebidas estimulantes: uma nova abordagem para um experimento clássico em química orgânica

Caffeine extraction procedures from water soluble and water insoluble materials for preparing stimulating beverages are described. Water soluble materials used were instant tea and coffee and water insoluble materials were, among others, guaraná powder and maté leaves. The extraction of caffeine from water soluble materials, especially instant tea, is more suitable for an organic chemistry teaching laboratory than the classic experiment using tea leaves, due to the economy of time and a larger amount of extracted caffeine. The procedure is time-saving and requires only a four-hour period. The experiments illustrate the extraction process as used in undergraduate organic chemistry laboratories.

Óxidos de ferro magnéticos de um tufito da região do Alto Paranaíba, MG

The Mössbauer analysis along with the structural Rietveld refinement based on powder X-ray data for the magnetic fraction (saturation magnetization, sigma = 19 J T-1 kg-1) separated from a tuffite material from Alto Paranaíba, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, reveal that a (Ti, Mg)-rich maghemite (deduced sigma = 17 J T-1 kg-1) and, for the first time observed in this lithodomain, magnesioferrite (characteristic sigma = 21 J T-1 kg-1) respond for the magnetization of the rock material. Consistent models for the ionic distribution in these iron-rich spinel structures are proposed.

Preparação de compostos lamelares: síntese do hidrogenofosfato de zircônio cristalino e sua intercalação com aminas. Um experimento para estudantes de graduação

The present paper describes the synthesis of crystalline zirconium hydrogen phosphate by direct precipitation and its intercalation with pyridine and n-butylamine. The simple experiment was tested in the undergraduate inorganic chemistry laboratory course for chemistry students at IQ-UNICAMP using inexpensive reagents. The materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and infrared analyses in order to obtain detailed information of the solid structure changes as a result of the intercalation process. Pyridine and n-butylamine are focused in this work as clear and elucidative examples leading to acid-base interactive processes that result in the well-formed infinite sequence of inorganic lamellar structures.

Los electrodos de pasta de carbono en el estudio electroquímico de minerales metálicos

This paper shows the applicability of the carbon paste electrode-mineral (CPE-mineral) to study the dissolution mechanisms of minerals in powder form and in flotation concentrates. A potentiodynamic strategy to find the dissolution mechanism of galena (PbS) is presented. In this way, minerals less studied such as orpiment (As2S3) and realgar (As2S2) are investigated. The electrochemical activity of a more complicated mineral such as sphalerite (ZnS), containing 12.3 and 0.43% of iron in solid solution, is discussed. The mechanism of a complex zinc concentrate (containing 63.4% ZnS, 20.1% FeS2, 5% CuFeS2, 0.33% PbS, 0.45% Cu12Sb4S13 and 0.4% FeAsS) is described. Finally, an electrochemical method for the detection of the different leachable and refractory silver phases (contained in two mineral concentrates) is presented. This paper reviews the power of the use of CPE-mineral coupled to electrochemical techniques in hydrometallurgy.