Transistors elettrochimici organici e la loro applicazione come sensori.

La presente tesi tratta della fabbricazione e del funzionamento di transistors elettrochimici organici (OECTs) composti da fi�lm sottili di poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) disperso con polystyrenesulfonic acid, o PEDOT:PSS, oltre che del loro possibile utilizzo come sensori. La trattazione si apre con una panoramica sui polimeri conduttivi, siano essi puri o drogati, e sulle loro caratteristiche chimiche ed elettriche: diversi metodi di drogaggio consentono il loro utilizzo come semiconduttori. Tra questi polimeri, il PEDOT �e uno dei pi�u utilizzati poich�e presenta accessibilit�a d'uso e ottima stabilit�a nel suo stato drogato, pur risultando insolubile in acqua; per ovviare a questo problema lo si polimerizza con PSS. Le propriet�a di questo composto sono poi ampiamente discusse, soprattutto in ambito di applicazioni tecniche, per le quali �e neccessario che il polimero in soluzione sia depositato su un substrato. A questo scopo vengono presentate le principali techiche che consentono la deposizione, permettendo di creare fil�lm sottili di materiale da utilizzarsi, nell'ambito di questa tesi, come gate e canale dei transistors elettrochimici. A seguire viene esposta la struttura degli OECTs e spiegato il loro funzionamento, modellizzando i dispositivi con un semplice circuito elettrico. Il confronto dei meno noti OECTs con i meglio conosciuti transistors a eff�etto campo semplifi�ca la comprensione del funzionamento dei primi, i quali sono rilevanti ai fi�ni di questa trattazione per il loro possibile funzionamento come sensori. In seguito alla spiegazione teorica, vengono illustrati i metodi seguiti per la deposizione di �film sottili di PEDOT:PSS tramite Spin Coating e per la fabbricazione degli OECTs su cui sono state eff�ettuate le misure, le quali sono state scelte e presentate in base ai risultati gi�a ottenuti in letteratura e a seconda dei dati ritenuti necessari alla caratterizzazione del transistor elettrochimico nell'ottica di un suo possibile utilizzo come sensore. Perci�o sono state eseguite misure amperometriche in funzione delle tensioni di gate e di drain, alternatamente tenendo costante una e variando l'altra, oltre che in funzione della concentrazione di elettrolita, dell'area del canale e del tempo. In conclusione sono presentati i dati sperimentali ottenuti ed una loro analisi.

Mus Hs 750/4 - Horn=musik : für Parsetthorn, 3 Horn, Trombone basso, Flauto ; desgleichen Trio-, Quartett

[Carl Oestreich]

The inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase forms a complex with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in human platelet cytosol

Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase (4-phosphatase) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of the 4-position phosphate from phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4)P2]. In human platelets the formation of this phosphatidylinositol, by the actions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), correlates with irreversible platelet aggregation. We have shown previously that a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase forms a complex with the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase. In this study we investigated whether PI 3-kinase also forms a complex with the 4-phosphatase in human platelets. Immunoprecipitates of the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase from human platelet cytosol contained 4-phosphatase enzyme activity and a 104-kDa polypeptide recognized by specific 4-phosphatase antibodies. Similarly, immunoprecipitates made using 4-phosphatase-specific antibodies contained PI 3-kinase enzyme activity and an 85-kDa polypeptide recognized by antibodies to the p85 adapter subunit of PI 3-kinase. After thrombin activation, the 4-phosphatase translocated to the actin cytoskeleton along with PI 3-kinase in an integrin- and aggregation-dependent manner. The majority of the PI 3-kinase/4-phosphatase complex (75%) remained in the cytosolic fraction. We propose that the complex formed between the two enzymes serves to localize the 4-phosphatase to sites of PtdIns(3,4)P2 production.

d-myo-Inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate produced in human intestinal epithelial cells in response to Salmonella invasion inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways

Several inositol-containing compounds play key roles in receptor-mediated cell signaling events. Here, we describe a function for a specific inositol polyphosphate, d-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5,6)P4], that is produced acutely in response to a receptor-independent process. Thus, infection of intestinal epithelial cells with the enteric pathogen Salmonella, but not with other invasive bacteria, induced a multifold increase in Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 levels. To define a specific function of Ins(1,4,5,6)P4, a membrane-permeant, hydrolyzable ester was used to deliver it to the intracellular compartment, where it antagonized epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced inhibition of calcium-mediated chloride (Cl−) secretion (CaMCS) in intestinal epithelia. This EGF function is likely mediated through a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PtdIns3K)-dependent mechanism because the EGF effects are abolished by wortmannin, and three different membrane-permeant esters of the PtdIns3K product phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate mimicked the EGF effect on CaMCS. We further demonstrate that Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 antagonized EGF signaling downstream of PtdIns3K because Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 interfered with the PtdInsP3 effect on CaMCS without affecting PtdIns3K activity. Thus, elevation of Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 in Salmonella-infected epithelia may promote Cl− flux by antagonizing EGF inhibition mediated through PtdIns3K and PtdInsP3.

Dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediment samples of METEOR cruises M20/2, M23/1, M34/1, M34/2, M34/3 and M34/4

To enhance the limited information available about the palaeo-ecological significance of calcareous dinoflagellates, we have studied their lateral distribution in surface sediments of the equatorial and south Atlantic between 13°N and 36°S. Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts appear to be widely distributed throughout the studied area. In the surface sediments, concentrations (cyst per gram dry sediment) of the vegetative stage Thoracosphaera heimii are generally higher than that of the (presumably) calcareous resting cysts. Distribution patterns in surface sediments of Orthopithonella granifera (Fütterer) Keupp and Versteegh, Rhabdothorax spp. Kamptner., Sphaerodinella albatrosiana (Kamptner) Keupp and Versteegh S. albatrosiana praratabulated, Sphaerodinella tuberosa var. 1 (Kamptner) Keupp and Versteegh and S. tuberosa var. 2 and the ratios between these species have been compared with temperature, salinity, density and stratification gradients in the upper water column. Rhabdothorax spp. is characteristically present in sediments of more temperate regions characterized by high seasonality. Dinoflagellates producing these cysts are able to tolerate high nutrient concentrations, and mixing of the water column. S. albatrosiana is abundant in regions characterized by high sea surface temperatures and oligotrophic surface water conditions. In contrast, the distribution of S. tuberosa var. 2 is negatively related to temperature. The other cyst species did not show a characteristic pattern in relation to the studied environmental gradients. The ratio of Sphaerodinella tuberosa var. 2 to Orthopithonella granifera can be used for reconstructing the presence of stratification in the upper 50 m of the water column, whereas the ratios of S. tuberosa var. 2 to Sphaerodinella albatrosiana and of O. granifera to Rhabdothorax spp. might be used for palaeotemperature reconstructions. Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts are abundant in oligotrophic areas and may be useful for the reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental conditions.