Determinants and heritability of intraocular pressure and cup-to-disc ratio in a defined older population.

PURPOSE:

To investigate the heritability of intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) in an older well-defined population.

DESIGN:

Family-based cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS:

Through the population-based Salisbury Eye Evaluation study, we recruited 726 siblings (mean age, 74.7 years) in 284 sibships.

METHODS:

Intraocular pressure and CDR were measured bilaterally for all participants. The presence or absence of glaucoma was determined by a glaucoma specialist for all probands on the basis of visual field, optic nerve appearance, and history. The heritability of IOP was calculated as twice the residual between-sibling correlation of IOP using linear regression and generalized estimating equations after adjusting for age, gender, mean arterial pressure, race, self-reported diabetes status, and history of systemic steroid use. The heritability of CDR was calculated using the same model and adjustments as above, while also adjusting for IOP.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Heritability and determinants of IOP and CDR, and impact of siblings' glaucoma status on IOP and CDR.

RESULTS:

We estimated the heritability to be 0.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.46) for IOP and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.35-0.76) for CDR in this population. Mean IOP in siblings of glaucomatous probands was statistically significantly higher than in siblings of normal probands (mean difference, 1.02 mmHg; P = 0.017). The mean CDR in siblings of glaucomatous probands was 0.07 (or 19%) larger than in siblings of glaucoma suspect referrals (P = 0.045) and siblings of normal probands (P = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS:

In this elderly population, we found CDR to be highly heritable and IOP to be moderately heritable. On average, siblings of glaucoma patients had higher IOPs and larger CDRs than siblings of nonglaucomatous probands.

Understanding barriers to cataract surgery among older persons in rural China through focus groups.

PURPOSE: To utilize focus groups (FGs) to identify barriers to cataract surgery specific to older persons in rural Guangdong, China. METHODS: Three focus groups in separate locations were carried out for persons aged 60 years and above with best-corrected vision <= 6/18 due to cataract, either accepting or refusing surgery. Participants also ranked responses to questions about acceptance of surgery among the elderly. FG transcripts were coded independently by two investigators using qualitative data management software. RESULTS: Twenty participants had a mean age of 72.7 ± 6.1 years, 14 (70.0%) were women and 17 (85.0%) were blind (best-corrected vision <= 6/60) in at least one eye. Cost was ranked by two of three groups as the main barrier to surgery, and all groups listed reducing cost as the best strategy to increase surgical uptake. Many respondents planned to use China's New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) health insurance to pay for surgery. Participants showed poor understanding of cataract, but ranked educational interventions low as methods of increasing uptake. Though opinions of local service quality were poor, respondents did not see quality as an important barrier to accepting service. Participants frequently depended on family members to pay for surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to some previous reports, cost may be an important barrier to cataract surgery in rural China, which NCMS may help to alleviate. Educational interventions to increase knowledge about cataract are needed, but may face skepticism among patients. Strategies to promote cataract surgery should target the entire family.

Proprioceptive acuity predicts muscle co-contraction of the tibalis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis in older adults’ dynamic postural control

Older adults use a different muscle strategy to cope with postural instability, in which they ‘co-contract’ the muscles around the ankle joint. It has been suggested that this is a compensatory response to age-related proprioceptive decline however this view has never been assessed directly. The current study investigated the association between proprioceptive acuity and muscle co-contraction in older adults. We compared muscle activity, by recording surface EMG from the bilateral tibalis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis muscles, in young (aged 18-34) and older adults (aged 65-82) during postural assessment on a fixed and sway-referenced surface at age-equivalent levels of sway. We performed correlations between muscle activity and proprioceptive acuity, which was assessed using an active contralateral matching task. Despite successfully inducing similar levels of sway in the two age groups, older adults still showed higher muscle co-contraction. A stepwise regression analysis showed that proprioceptive acuity measured using variable error was the best predictor of muscle co-contraction in older adults. However, despite suggestions from previous research, proprioceptive error and muscle co-contraction were negatively correlated in older adults, suggesting that better proprioceptive acuity predicts more co-contraction. Overall, these results suggest that although muscle co-contraction may be an age-specific strategy used by older adults, it is not to compensate for age-related proprioceptive deficits.

Root caries development in older adults- a prospective cohort study

Objectives: To identify factors associated with root caries development during a two year period in a population of independently living older adults. Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out with 334 independently living volunteers aged 65 and older. At baseline (t0), each participant completed a questionnaire which recorded age, gender, medical history, fluoride exposure, oral and denture hygiene practices, smoking and alcohol consumption, diet information, and socio economic information. Clinical examinations were performed and stimulated saliva samples were collected. Patients were reviewed 12(t1) and 24(t2) months later to determine the root caries increment. Results: 307 adults were assessed at t1 and 280 were assessed at t2 with 83.8% of participants examined at 24 months. Incidence of root caries in this cohort was 17.4% at t1 and 21.6% at t2. The mean root caries increment was 0.43 (SD 1.45) surfaces at t1 and 0.70 (SD 1.86) surfaces at t2. Age >70 years, completing education at primary level, poor oral hygiene, xerostomia, coronal decay at baseline, higher root caries index at baseline and number of exposed root surfaces showed a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) with root caries development. Conclusion: Root caries is a substantive dental health problem for our older population. Root caries prevention strategies should be targeted at older adults who have poor plaque control and high levels of caries experience. In particular patients with xerostomia should be targeted with preventive measures.

Relationships Between Deprivation and the Self-reported Health of Older People in Northern Ireland

Objectives: There are few studies on relationships between deprivation and the self-reported health of people aged over 64 years, and no studies fully representative of Northern Ireland’s older population. This paper addresses this gap. Methods: Deprivation of older people as reported in the 2001 and 2011 Censuses and the relationship with self-reported health are analyzed over a ten-year span using multilevel modeling. The data are from the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (NILS) linked to 2001-11 Census returns. Deprivation measures include housing tenure, property-value, access to a car, educational, employment and area-level income-deprivation. Results: Older people suffering deprivation face a significant health disadvantage over a ten-year time span. Discussion: This health disadvantage is stronger in men than in women, likely due to conservative gender roles prevalent among Northern Ireland’s older population, leading to psychological distress among deprived men. The analysis found strongly significant area-level effects, aggravating the health impact of deprivation.

Impaired orthostatic blood pressure recovery and cognitive performance at two-year follow up in older adults: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing

Background: Prospective investigations of the association between impaired orthostatic blood pressure (BP) regulation and cognitive decline in older adults are limited, and findings to-date have been mixed. The aim of this study was to determine whether impaired recovery of orthostatic BP was associated with change in cognitive function over a 2-year period, in a population based sample of community dwelling older adults. 

Methods: Data from the first two waves of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing were analysed. Orthostatic BP was measured during a lying to standing orthostatic stress protocol at wave 1 using beat-to-beat digital plethysmography, and impaired recovery of BP at 40 s post stand was investigated. Cognitive function was assessed at wave 1 and wave 2 (2 years later) using the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), verbal fluency and word recall tasks. 

Results: After adjustment for measured, potential confounders, and multiple imputation for missing data, the change in the number of errors between waves on the MMSE was 10 % higher [IRR (95 % CI) = 1.10 (0.96, 1.26)] in those with impaired recovery at 40 s. However, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.17). Impaired BP recovery was not associated with change in performance on any of the other cognitive measures. 

Conclusions: There was no clear evidence for an association between impaired recovery of orthostatic BP and change in cognition over a 2-year period in this nationally representative cohort of older adults. Longer follow-up and more detailed cognitive testing would be advantageous to further investigate the relationship between orthostatic BP and cognitive decline.

Novel methods of drug administration for the treatment and care of older patients

The number of older people globally is increasing, contributing to a growing burden of morbidity and mortality. With this shift in population demographic, comes a new challenge in terms of appropriate healthcare for the over 65 years age group. As medication is the principal therapeutic intervention, it is essential that it be fully optimised, to meet the needs of this heterogeneous population. The most common routes of drug administration are oral and injectable, which may display some limitations for older people, in cases of dysphagia or frailty for example. This review considers alternative methods of drug delivery to the norm, specifically discussing the nasal, pulmonary and transdermal routes, as well as novel orally disintegrating tablets. The changing physiology as ageing occurs must be considered in the development of novel drug delivery devices. This review considers the various aspects of ageing that will influence future drug formulation design and development.

A Wii Bit of Fun: A Novel Platform to Deliver Effective Balance Training to Older Adults

BACKGROUND: Falls and fall-related injuries are symptomatic of an aging population. This study aimed to design, develop, and deliver a novel method of balance training, using an interactive game-based system to promote engagement, with the inclusion of older adults at both high and low risk of experiencing a fall.

STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-two older adults (65 years of age and older) were recruited from sheltered accommodation and local activity groups. Forty volunteers were randomly selected and received 5 weeks of balance game training (5 males, 35 females; mean, 77.18 ± 6.59 years), whereas the remaining control participants recorded levels of physical activity (20 males, 22 females; mean, 76.62 ± 7.28 years). The effect of balance game training was measured on levels of functional balance and balance confidence in individuals with and without quantifiable balance impairments.

RESULTS: Balance game training had a significant effect on levels of functional balance and balance confidence (P < 0.05). This was further demonstrated in participants who were deemed at high risk of falls. The overall pattern of results suggests the training program is effective and suitable for individuals at all levels of ability and may therefore play a role in reducing the risk of falls.

CONCLUSIONS: Commercial hardware can be modified to deliver engaging methods of effective balance assessment and training for the older population.

Risk indicators associated with root decay in independently living older adults

Objective: To determine the risk indicators associated with root caries experience in a cohort of independently living older adults in Ireland.
Methods: The data reported in the present study were obtained from a prospective longitudinal study conducted on the risk factors associated with root caries incidence in a cohort of independently living older adults (n=334). Each subject underwent an oral examination, performed by a single calibrated examiner, to determine the root caries index and other clinical variables. Questionnaires were used to collect data on oral hygiene habits, diet, smoking and alcohol habits and education level. A regression analysis with the outcome variable of root caries experience (no/yes) was conducted.
Results: A total of 334 older adults with a mean age of 69.1 years were examined. 53.3% had at least one filled or decayed root surface. The median root caries index was 3.13 (IQR 0.00, 13.92). The results from the multivariate regression analysis indicated that individuals with poor plaque control (OR 9.59, 95%CI 3.84-24.00), xerostomia (OR 18.49, 95%CI 2.00-172.80), two or more teeth with coronal decay (OR 4.50, 95% CI 2.02-10.02) and 37 or more exposed root surfaces (OR 5.48, 95% CI 2.49-12.01) were more likely to have been affected by root caries.
Conclusions: The prevalence of root caries was high in this cohort. This study suggests a correlation between root caries and the variables poor plaque control, xerostomia, coronal decay (≥2 teeth affected) and exposed root surfaces (≥37). The significance of these risk indicators and the resulting prediction model should be further evaluated in a prospective study of root caries incidence.
Clinical Significance: Identification of risk indicators for root caries in independently living older adults would facilitate dental practitioners to identify those who would benefit most from interventions aimed at prevention.

Famílias envelhecidas: percursos e diversidade

O conhecimento sobre famílias envelhecidas é ainda escasso. Neste âmbito, a pesquisa tem incidido nos cuidados familiares a idosos dependentes, focando os problemas de saúde, dependência funcional e declínio cognitivo. Esta investigação pretende contribuir para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as famílias envelhecidas, assumindo uma perspetiva normativa e desenvolvimental, e contemplando a diversidade de contextos de vida e envelhecimento. O capítulo 1 centra casais compostos por pessoas idosas, e tem por objetivos: caracterizar a estrutura, dinâmica e valores do agregado familiar dos casais idosos; evidenciar valores e dinâmica relacional dos casais idosos. A amostra compreende 136 participantes, a quem foi administrado um questionário sobre a fase última do ciclo de vida familiar (Cerveny,1997). A análise de dados efetuou-se com recurso ao programa de análise de dados estatística SPSS 17.1. Os resultados indicam que os casais vivem predominantemente em casal, com uma dinâmica relacional do agregado caracterizada pelo respeito, diálogo e carinho; dinâmica relacional do casal caracterizada por clima afetuoso, amizade e diálogo, e valores assentes no amor, diálogo e convívio familiar. A dinâmica relacional do casal é pautada por atividades de lazer realizadas em conjunto e vida sexual tão boa como antes; os valores dão ao casamento significados de realização pessoal e perpetuação através dos filhos na juventude, e adaptação e descoberta na velhice. O capítulo 2 foca a construção da integridade familiar considerando a diversidade de contextos socioeconómicos (pessoas idosas que viveram em contexto de pobreza ao longo da vida), socioculturais (ex-emigrantes portugueses) e novas formas de famílias (homens homossexuais). Foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada (King & Wynne, 2004) a uma amostra de 12, 20 e 10 pessoas, respetivamente. A análise de dados foi efetuada com base na análise de conteúdo com recurso a juízes independentes baseada na grounded theory, contudo no caso do contexto socioeconómico recorreu-se ao programa de análise de dados qualitativa N-Vivo 7. Os resultados sugerem que a diversidade de contextos analisada coloca desafios à rutura familiar o que pode potenciar o caminho da desconexão e alienação. Contudo, o contexto das significações exerce um papel fundamental na construção da integridade familiar. A redefinição da identidade associada a uma filosofia de vida que enfatize as forças em vez dos fracassos parece determinar a construção da integridade familiar, contudo existem especificidades. Relativamente ao contexto socioeconómico: as pessoas idosas no caminho da integridade revelam um sentido de autovalorização (ter vivido uma vida significativa) apesar da pobreza; as pessoas idosas no caminho da desconexão/alienação alimentam sentimentos de insignificância devido à escassez de recursos económicos. Ainda neste contexto, os valores (princípios de conduta) reinterpretam a identidade ao longo da vida e permitem compreender que a integridade familiar ocorre quando ser pobre é encarado pelas conquistas; a desconexão/alienação emerge quando ser pobre incorpora sentimentos de desvalorização e inferioridade. No contexto sociocultural, as pessoas idosas ex-emigrantes cujo processo de emigração se desenvolveu em família (a família está envolvida no processo de emigração e funciona como um pilar desde a fase de decisão até ao regresso) desenvolveram uma filosofia de vida assente numa atitude ativa e solidária e estão em integridade familiar; as pessoas em desconexão relatam episódios de conflito familiar que marcam a trajetória de emigração, e uma atitude passiva na resolução desses conflitos até à atualidade; as pessoas em alienação familiar, cujo processo de emigração se desenrolou de forma solitária, desenvolvem uma filosofia de vida assente na luta solitária: a sua força e identidade estão em enfrentar tudo sem precisar de ninguém. Relativamente às novas formas de família, a integridade familiar evolui desde a revelação da homossexualidade (em idade jovem) e conclui-se na velhice quando a homossexualidade se torna um legado. A desconexão parece evoluir da luta constante da falha da aceitação da homossexualidade pela família e outras pessoas significativas. O capítulo 3 analisa as trajetórias de vida de homens homossexuais atualmente idosos, para compreender melhor a influência da homossexualidade e os principais eventos. Adotou-se a técnica da linha de acontecimentos de vida (Acquaviva et al., 2007), aplicada a 10 participantes com 60 anos ou mais. Os resultados sugerem que vários eventos de vida influenciam o curso de vida: i) o autoconhecimento da homossexualidade; ii) tentar passar por heterossexual; iii) assumir a homossexualidade (explicita ou implicitamente); iv) sentir limitações e desafios relacionados com o ser idoso e homossexual. O capítulo 4 procurou alargar a perspetiva do envelhecimento considerando uma abordagem transcultural. Assim, realizou-se um estudo numa comunidade indígena (Guarani Mbya, Brasil). Neste estudo analisase o modo de viver e ser idoso nessa comunidade. A amostra compreende 6 participantes a quem foi administrada uma entrevista aberta. Este estudo contemplou ainda a observação com registo etnográfico e realização de um diário de bordo. A análise de conteúdo efetuou-se com apoio do software de dados qualitativa WebQDA 1.4.3. Os resultados sugerem o papel das pessoas idosas na preservação de uma cultura ágrafa, garantindo que as tradições estejam presentes nas gerações atuais através da oralidade. A adoção de lentes normativas no estudo e compreensão das famílias envelhecidas permite compreender as tarefas desenvolvimentais e normativas no fim da vida.