Epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: clinical presentation, underlying conditions, and outcomes

INTRODUCTION: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a fungal infection that particularly affects immunocompromised hosts. Recently, several studies have indicated a high incidence of IA in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, few data are available on the epidemiology and outcome of patients with IA in this setting.

Qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde em crianças e adolescentes – estudo bicêntrico e comparação com dados europeus

Introdução: O interesse pela Qualidade de Vida Relacionada com a Saúde (QVRS) é relativamente recente e na literatura são ainda poucos os estudos em idade pediátrica. Objetivos: Avaliar a QVRS em crianças e adolescentes de duas unidades dos cuidados de saúde primários portugueses. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico. Foi aplicado o questionário KIDSCREEN-27® a uma amostra de conveniência de utentes, com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 18 anos, que recorreram entre 1 de fevereiro e 31 de julho de 2013, ao Centro de Saúde (CS) Sete Rios e à Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF) Infesta. Resultados: Responderam ao questionário 163 indivíduos (85 do CS Sete Rios e 78 da USF Infesta). A média de idades foi 11,59±2,54 anos, com um predomínio do sexo feminino (102/62,6%). Os scores QVRS calculados revelaram valores elevados e estatisticamente superiores aos dados europeus disponíveis (p<0,001). As raparigas obtiveram scores QVRS mais baixos, mas apenas significativo na avaliação do bem-estar físico (p<0,001). O Suporte Social e Grupos de Pares foi a área pior avaliada pelos pais (p=0,006). O Ambiente Escolar foi o as- peto onde os adolescentes manifestaram um score significativamente inferior às crianças (p=0,041). Apesar dos utentes da USF Infesta apresentarem scores ligeiramente mais baixos, esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões: Os dados demonstram uma boa QVRS nas duas populações pediátricas avaliadas. Os resultados da análise comparativa evidenciaram algumas diferenças que deverão ser alvo de análise mais aprofundada em estudos posteriores, no sentido de planear medidas para a melhoria da QVRS.

Première phase d’un programme de recherche sur l’utilisation de vasopresseurs en traumatologie : étude observationnelle et revue systématique

Résumé : Les réanimateurs ont recours à des interventions à la fois médicales et chirurgicales en contexte de choc traumatique. Le rôle des vasopresseurs dans cette prise en charge est controversé. Alors que les lignes directrices américaines considèrent que les vasopresseurs sont contre-indiqués, certains experts européens en encouragent l’utilisation pour diminuer le recours aux liquides intraveineux. Avant d’élaborer un essai clinique, il importe de comprendre la pratique actuelle à laquelle se comparera une intervention expérimentale, ainsi que de connaître le niveau d’incertitude dans la littérature entourant la question de recherche. Le Chapitre 2 de ce travail présente une étude observationnelle effectuée dans un centre régional de traumatologie québécois. Cette étude documente les pratiques de réanimation adoptées par les équipes de traumatologie en 2013, particulièrement le recours aux liquides intraveineux et aux vasopresseurs. Les résultats démontrent que les vasopresseurs ont été utilisés chez plus de 40% des patients, particulièrement les victimes de traumatismes crâniens (RC 10.2, IC 95% 2.7-38.5). De plus, les vasopresseurs ont été administrés dans les phases précoces de la réanimation, soit avant l’administration d’un volume important de liquides. Le Chapitre 3 présente une revue systématique portant sur l’utilisation précoce de vasopresseurs en traumatologie. Les bases de données MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL et ClinicalTrials.gov ont été interrogées, ainsi que les abrégés présentés dans les conférences majeures en traumatologie depuis 2005. La sélection des études et l’extraction des données ont été effectuées en duplicata. Aucune donnée interprétable n’a pu être extraite des études observationnelles et le seul essai clinique identifié n’avait pas une puissance suffisante (RR de mortalité avec vasopresseurs 1.24, IC 95 % 0.64-2.43). Cette synthèse met en lumière l’incertitude scientifique sur le rôle des vasopresseurs en traumatologie. Les vasopresseurs ont des bénéfices potentiels importants, puisqu’ils permettent entre autres de supporter étroitement l’hémodynamie des patients. En revanche, ils présentent aussi un fort potentiel de dangerosité. Ils sont utilisés fréquemment, malgré l’absence de données sur leurs risques et bénéfices. Ces trouvailles établissent clairement la pertinence clinique et le bien-fondé éthique d’un essai clinique sur le rôle des vasopresseurs dans la prise en charge précoce des victimes de traumatismes.

Idiosyncratic psychological aspects in entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is having the courage to transform an idea in reality and with it achieve personal, nancial and recognition satisfaction. The psychological ability to handle failure has proven essential in success. We analysed the importance of idiosyncratic psychological aspects in the success of entrepreneurs through an observational study accompanying 20 entrepreneurs from the idea presentation phase to company incorporation. During the observation period 4 distinct psychological phases of the entrepreneurs were observed, being it possible to describe them as follows: absorption of information and knowledge; application of the gathered knowledge to their speci c cases; frustration generated by criticism, namely from investors who didn’t recognise the value of their projects; realism and implementation of the project. Having passed more than 6 months after the analysis period, one can verify that the entrepreneurs who have travelled the 4 phases are today developing their projects being that the remaining ones are in a similar situation as at the end of the initial two months. Conclusion: The ability to cope with frustration and rejection is a determinant factor in the success of the entrepreneur. The ability to learn from rejection, more than resilience help the entrepreneur to proceed.

Work-related discussions between French rheumatologists and their rheumatoid arthritis patients

International audience

A demonstration of mobile phone deployment to support the treatment of acutely ill children under five in Bushenyi district, Uganda.

Background: Benefits of mobile phone deployment for children <5 in low-resource settings remain unproven. The target population of the current demonstration study in Bushenyi District, Uganda, presented with acute fever, pneumonia, or diarrhoea and were treated by community health workers (CHWs) providing integrated community case management (iCCM). Methods: An observational study was conducted in five parishes (47 villages) served by CHWs well versed in iCCM with supplemental training in mobile phone use. Impact was assessed by quantitative measures and qualitative evaluation through household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Results: CHWs in targeted sites improved child healthcare through mobile phone use coupled with iCCM. Of acutely ill children, 92.6% were correctly managed. Significant improvements in clinical outcomes compared to those obtained by CHWs with enhanced iCCM training alone were unproven in this limited demonstration. Nonetheless, qualitative evaluation showed gains in treatment planning, supply management, and logistical efficiency. Provider confidence and communications were enhanced as was ease and accuracy of record keeping. Conclusion: Mobile phones appear synergistic with iCCM to bolster basic supportive care for acutely ill children provided by CHWs. The full impact of expanded mobile phone deployment warrants further evaluation prior to scaling up in low-resource settings.

Can we predict agitation in patients with suicide attempts in the emergency department?

Background: The agitation in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) after suicide attempts is common and an important problem. Objective: To establish whether we can predict agitated patients among suicide attempt patients in ED. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study of adult suicide attempt events in ED. Information was collected prospectively on a specially designed data-collection form. Patients aged 16 years old and above who presented to the ED for care due to suicide attempts were included in the study. Suicide attempts were grouped as aggressive and non-aggressive attempts. Results: A total of 533 patients were included. Forty-three of these patients had agitation in ED (8%). Non-aggressive suicide attempts were referred to psychiatry services more than aggressive ones (73.6%, n=345 vs 32.8%, n=21, P<0.0001). Agitation in ED and being male increased aggressive suicide attempt risk 3.5 (95% CI:1.6-7.6) and 3.2 times (95% CI:1.8-5.5), respectively. Agitation was statistically more frequent among these patients: those on antidepressant overdose, with previous suicide attempt; with aggressive suicide attempt; and those with confusion; and unconsciousness (P<0.05). Conclusion: Patients who attempted suicide and whose risk of harm to others included those with: antidepressant overdose, aggressive suicide attempt and the unconscious. Response teams should be prepared for these subgroups.

Hypoglycemic treatment of diabetic patients in the Emergency Department

Objectives: To analyze if the hypoglycemic therapy prescribed in the Emergency Department adapts to the consensus recommendations available, as well as to assess its clinical impact. Methods: A descriptive observational study, which included patients awaiting hospital admission, who were in the Observation Ward of the Emergency Department and had been previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, and were receiving treatment with hypoglycemic drugs at home. The management of antidiabetic treatment and its clinical impact were assessed. Results: 78 patients were included. At admission to the Emergency Department, treatment was modified for 91% of patients, and omitted for 9%. The most prescribed treatment was sliding scale insulin (68%). The treatments prescribed coincided in a 16.7% with the recommendations by the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine. After intervention by the Pharmacist, the omission descended to 1.3%, and the adaptation to the recommendations increased to 20.5%. Comparing patients whose treatment coincided with the recommendations and those who did not, the clinical impact was respectively: mean glycemia at 24 hours: 138.3 ± 49.5 mg/dL versus 182.7 ± 97.1 mg/dL (p = 0.688); mean rescues with insulin lispro: ± 1.6 versus 1.5 ± 1.8 (p = 0.293); mean units of insulin lispro administered: 4.6 ± 12.7 IU versus 6.6 ± 11.3 IU (p = 0.155). Conclusions: We found antidiabetic prescriptions to have a low adaptation to consensus recommendations. These results are in line with other studies, showing an abuse of sliding scale regimen as single hypoglycemic treatment.

Procalcitonin Biomarker Kinetics to Predict Multiorgan Dysfunction Syndrome in Children With Sepsis and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Background: Procalcitonin (PCT) kinetics is a good prognosis marker in infectious diseases, but few studies of children sepsis have been performed. Objectives: The aim of our study was to examine kinetics of procalcitonin, to evaluate its relationship with severity and to analyze its usefulness in the prediction of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Patients and Methods: Prospective observational study in an 8-bed pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital. Sixty-two children aged 0-19 years with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or septic states. The degree of severity was evaluated according pediatric logistic organ dysfunction (PELOD) score. Blood tests to determine levels of PCT were taken if the patients had the criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. The serum to determine levels of PCT in control group has been taken from patients undergoing elective surgery. Results: Higher values of PCT were identified in patients with PELOD score 12 and more compared to those with PELOD < 12 (P = 0.016). Similarly, higher PCT values were found in patients who developed MODS in contrast to those without MODS (P = 0.011). According to ROC analysis cut-off value of 4.05 ng/mL was found to best discriminate patients with PELOD < 12 and PELOD ≥ 12 with AUC = 0.675 (P = 0.035). Effect of procalcitonin levels on mortality was not demonstrated. Conclusions: Levels of procalcitonin from day 1 to day 5 are related to the severity and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome in children.

Initial approach to irst-time seizures in pediatrics

Objective: Prove that conducting complementary studies at laboratories and imaging studies are unnecessary in irst-time unprovoked seizures, since there is no change in the evolution and prognosis of the disease, as well as the study of our population, the incidence rate and the proportion of our patients that have been studied and given maintenance treatment, so it can be determined whether or not our population should follow the suggestions of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Spanish Pediatric Association. Methods: An observational study, including patients diagnosed with irst-time unprovoked seizures. They were followed up on by the emergency department and information was collected from their clinical history and compared with the results of the different studies between patients that suffered just one seizure and the ones that had recurrent seizures. Results: Thirty one patients were included, 14 males and 17 females. The average age was 5.5 years old. The 100% of patients were studied, and the groups were compared. The signiicant study was the electroencephalogram (EEG) with a p=0.02 (signiicance p<0.05), incidence of 41%. Conclusions: The study and diagnosis of irst-time unprovoked seizures is based on clinical manifestations. The EEG is important in the study and classiication of unprovoked seizures. Our population has an incidence and recurrence rate similar to that in the bibliography, and for that reason, this study suggests that the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Spanish Pediatric Association should be followed.

Sub-epidemics explain localized high prevalence of reduced susceptibility to Rilpivirine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: subtype and geographic compartmentalization of baseline resistance mutations

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

Factores relacionados a sépsis neonatal. Unidad de Neonatología Clínica Humanitaria-Fundación Pablo Jaramillo

Se realizó un estudio observacional en recién nacidos sépticos ocurridos en la Unidad de Neonatología de la Fundación Humanitaria Pablo Jaramillo, durante el período de enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2011, con el objetivo de analizar la incidencia de antecedentes maternos y parámetros propios del recién nacido como posibles factores de riesgo para la sepsis, los parámetros de laboratorio que contribuyen a diagnosticar procesos infecciosos en el recién nacido y el desenlace que tuvieron los mismos. Durante este tiempo ingresaron 164 casos con riesgo de sepsis, sospecha de sepsis y sepsis bacteriana (42.62 /1000 nacidos vivos) y la mortalidad fue del 3.04%. Predominó la sepsis de inicio precoz sobre la tardía. Los principales antecedentes maternos fueron la ruptura prematura de membranas seguido de la infección de vías urinarias. En cuanto a los factores del recién nacido prevaleció el sexo masculino, prematurez y de bajo peso al nacer

Serum Hsp70 Antigen: Early Diagnosis Marker in Perinatal Asphyxia

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is an important cause of mortality and permanent neurological and developmental deficit. Early and accurate diagnosis would help to establish the likely prognosis and may also help in determining the most appropriate treatment. Studies in experimental animal models suggest that a protein called Hsp70 may be a good and potentially useful marker of cellular stress that may be clinically useful in determining the presence of neonatal asphyxia. Objectives: Regarding the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of asphyxia, we conducted this study, which is the first investigation of the comparison of the serum Hsp70 antigen level between asphyxiated and healthy infants. Patients and Methods: In this observational study, the serum concentrations of Hsp70 antigen were compared between neonates suffering from perinatal asphyxia (n = 50) and normal neonates (n = 51). The inclusion criteria for the cases were neonates who had reached term and had at least two clinical criteria of asphyxia. Exclusion criteria were babies with gestational age < 37 weeks, infants with congenital abnormalities or positive blood culture. Exclusion criteria in this group were the requirement to hospital stay during first week of the life or babies whose mothers had difficulties during pregnancy or delivery. Term neonates without major anomalies who had asphyxia during delivery were enrolled in the first six hours after delivery, and control group consisted of healthy term neonates without problems and normal delivery process in the first week of life. The cord blood was taken during labor to measure Hsp70 antigen level by using an in-house ELISA (The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results: The median values of serum anti Hsp70 titers were significantly higher in asphyxiated neonates compared with non-asphyxiated neonates (0.36 [0.04 - 1.14] vs 0.24 [0.01 - 0.63]). At cutoff point = 0.3125 ng/mL, sensitivity was 58% and specificity 76% based on ROC curve. Conclusions: A significant difference between the serum concentrations of Hsp70 of the control and patient group was observed in this study. It is inferred serum concentrations of Hsp70 antigen may be a useful marker for the early diagnosis of that prenatal hypoxia.

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type II diabetic patients in a health facility in Karachi, Pakistan

Purpose: To study the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in known diabetic patients attending the diabetes outpatient department (OPD) of Sind Government Hospital (SGH), New Karachi Township (NKT), Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out at the diabetic OPD of SGH, NKT over the period of 17 months from March 2013 to August 2014. The selected patients were interviewed based on a questionnaire; laboratory investigations were performed and examination of the eye was conducted by a specialist ophthalmologist. One hundred and fifty four (154) subjects out of 305 patients contacted fully completed the study. Stratification of the data on gender basis was done, after which one-way ANOVA, χ2 test of correlation, binary logistic regression and relative risk analyses were carried out using SPSS-20. Results: It was found that 66 % men of normal weight (χ2 = 4.667, p < 0.05) and 60.7 % overweight women (χ2 = 5.143, p < 0.05) were more likely to present with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Prevalence of DR in this target population was 42.86 % (N = 66). Background DR (56 %) and maculopathy (23 %) were more prevalent than advanced conditions of the disease. There was no gender-based preponderance for the presentation of DR (χ2 = 0.663; p > 0.05), nor was this seen in different ethnic groups. Conclusion: DR is prevalent in the target population and, therefore, emphasis should be on the education of the local population of New Karachi Township on how to attain euglycemic state with regular medication, diet and exercise to avoid development and progress of DR.

Diez primeras causas de morbilidad en emergencia del Hospital Homero Castanier Crespo en el periodo de octubre a diciembre del 2014. Azogues-Ecuador

Antecedentes: Es preciso mencionar que en México en el 2005 estadísticas muestran que las principales causas de morbilidad en su servicio de emergencias las constituyen: Infecciones respiratorias agudas (19,4%), los traumatismos y envenenamientos (18,8%) y las enfermedades diarreicas (8%). (14). En Perú la principal causa de morbilidad se debió a traumatismos (12% del total), seguido en segundo lugar de asma (10%) y en tercer lugar por anormalidades y complicaciones del embarazo, parto o puerperio (8% del total). (5) Objetivo: Determinar las 10 primeras causas de morbilidad en emergencia del Hospital Homero Castanier Crespo en el período de octubre a diciembre 2014. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional indirecto, mediante el registro de emergencia del total de pacientes que han acudido a emergencia en el Hospital Homero Castanier Crespo en período comprendido entre octubre – noviembre del 2014. El instrumento utilizado fue el formulario de recolección de datos (ver anexo 2). Resultados: la principal causa de morbilidad en la emergencia del Hospital Homero Castenier Crespo constituyen las enfermedades infecciosas: Enfermedades infecciosas intestinales, Amigdalitis aguda con un 10.86%. Gran parte de las morbilidades atendidas en la emergencia 20.85%, no son emergencias reales. En grupos edad pediátrica y adultos mayores, la principal causa fueron las Enfermedades infecciosas intestinales 14.52%, 6.96% respectivamente, que en este grupo si constituyen un verdadera emergencia. En ginecobstetricia: Falso trabajo de parto a las 37 y más semanas completas de gestación Conclusión: el estudio muestra las principales causas de morbilidad en el Hospital Homero Cartanier Crespo, revela una saturación del sistema por la cantidad de no emergencias que se atienden. Probablemente por la falta de un triage adecuado