978 resultados para objectivité sans objets


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利用带电单分散聚苯乙烯胶体粒子,通过自组装机理,制备了体积百分比为4·8%的具有多晶结构的胶体晶体,并用Kossel衍射技术和紫外可见分光光度计分别对晶体的生长过程进行了监测.通过对Kossel的图像分析检测不同阶段相应的晶格结构,发现胶体结晶过程晶体结构演变顺序为由液态—随机层结构—堆无序结构—面心立方孪晶结构到面心立方结构.定量地确定了结晶过程中晶体不同晶面的晶面间距和晶体的晶格常数,通过紫外可见分光光度计测量的晶体透射谱图,计算得到111晶面的晶面间距和晶体的晶格常数,与用Kossel衍射技术得到的结果相一致,还发现随样品放置时间的延长,衰减峰变窄和加深,并向短波方向移动,对应着晶体的晶格常数减小的现象.

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改进了适合于高寒草甸生态系统的陆地生态圈模式,分析了模式中温度变化与水分运动分层的物理原因,说明了气候状况对地表面能量交换的影响,给出了净辐射和蒸散量新的计算方法,提出了有很差分计算中具有二阶精度的Euler隐式格式,介绍了中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态站的气候概况和野外观测情况。最后利用本模式对高寒草甸生态站地区的土壤-植被-大气间水热交换过程进行了数值模拟,模拟值与实测值吻合较好。

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对插入形心的Delaunay逐点插入算法,提出按单元可插度分组的双向链表组数据结构,避免了对最大可插度单元的搜索。采用了邻接单元搜索、双向链表存储、随机方向搜索、邻接旋转、几何量继承等技术,使算法的计算时间与生成单元数近似呈线性关系,时间复杂度达到O(N1.05),N为生成单元数。算例表明,在一台AMD Athlon3200+(主频2.0 GHz)PC上,该算法的四面体单元生成速度达50 000个/s以上。

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首次采用动态光散射研究了气相扩散法生长溶菌酶晶体 .实验中采用了两种溶解溶菌酶的方法,所得实验结果是有区别的 .这种区别表明了 NaCl对溶菌酶分子间相互作用产生十分重要的影响 .实验结果表明,晶体生长过程中,溶液中溶菌酶始终保持单分子与两分子聚集体的状态,这种状态是生长晶体的基础 .

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通过充氢和未充氢缺口拉伸试样和三点弯曲试样在SEM下的原位加载,研究了氢对Zr65Al7.5Ni10Cu17.5块体非晶合金形变和开裂过程的影响.结果表明,无论是否有氢,块体非晶的剪切带发展到临界尺寸,剪切裂纹就沿剪切带形核、扩展,它一旦张开就导致快速的断裂.断口边缘观察到的无特征区是剪切带,而不是剪切裂纹断口;剪切断口形貌和拉伸断口形貌没有本质区别.只有当长时间充氢才能形成氢鼓泡,如鼓泡很小或尚未形成,则氢对剪切带以及裂纹的形核、扩展没有明显影响;如存在较大的氢鼓泡,则当剪切带尚未充分发展时微裂纹就形核,导致低应力脆断.

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对强激波作用下双原子分子振动与离解耦合的非平衡离解过程进行了理论计算.本工作的特点是将计算起点建立在分子基本参数上,采用主方程理论处理振动与离解的耦合,振动跃迁几率用SSH理论计算,在离解限附近考虑多量子数跃迁并计及原子复合的影响.对O2-Ar体系,计算给出了在正激波后O2分子振动能级分布、振动弛豫时间、离解孕育时间、离解产物浓度、离解速率系数等物理量随时间的演化.计算结果分别与Camac和Wray的实验相符.计算显示,在激波作用的后期,有准稳态的振动能级布居分布.计算结果显示,Park模型低估了非平衡离解速率系数,Hansen模型则高估了非平衡离解速率系数.

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在钱学森先生的倡导下,中国科学院力学研究所自20世纪50年代末期就开始了高温气体动力学的基础研究,相关研究进展曾经为发展我国“两弹一星”和神州飞船做出了重要贡献.在钱学森先生创立的气动研究队伍和科研积累的基础上,中国科学院于1994年组建了中国科学院高温气体动力学重点实验室.

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[EN]Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has many potential healthful properties, and beef is naturally enriched with CLA. Simple and rapid methods to measure total CLA were investigated to enable sorting of beef carcasses with potential enhanced economic value. Direct alcohol extraction combined with measuring absorbance was simple, accurate and perhaps the most viable method for rapid carcass sorting compared to methods using saponification or methylation followed by extraction.

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[EN]A survey of Canadian retail beef was undertaken with emphasis on the trans fatty acid (TFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, and compared with current health recommendations. Thirty striploin steaks were collected in the winter and summer from major grocery stores in Calgary (Alberta, Canada). Steak fatty acid compositions (backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle analysed separately) showed minor seasonal differences with lower total saturates (PB0.05) and higher total monounsaturates (PB 0.01) in winter, but no differences in total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The ratio of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in longissimus lumborum averaged 5.8. The average TFA content in longissimus lumborum was 0.128 g 100 g_1 serving size, and 10t-18:1 was found to be the predominant isomer (32% of total trans), while vaccenic acid was second most abundant (15% of total trans). The CLA content in longissimus lumborum was similar to that of backfat, ranging from 0.43 to 0.60% of total fatty acids and rumenic acid represented 60% of total isomers. Overall, there is still room for improvement in the saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of Canadian beef to meet general dietary guidelines for human consumption and additional targets should include reducing 10t-18:1 while increasing both rumenic and vaccenic acids.

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[EN]A study was conducted on crossbred steers (n=275; 376±924 kg) to evaluate performance and carcass quality of cattle fed wheat or corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS). The control ration contained 86.6% rolled barley grain, 5.7% supplement and 7.7% barley silage (DM basis). The four treatments included replacement of barley grain at 20 or 40% of the diet (DM basis) with wheat or corn DDGS. Steers were slaughtered at a common end weight of 645 kg with 100 steers randomly (n=20 per treatment) selected for determination of the retail yield of sub-primal boneless boxed beef (SPBBB). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using pen as the experimental unit. Feeding increasing levels of wheat DDGS led to a quadratic increase in dry matter intake (DMI) (P<0.01), whereas increasing levels of corn DDGS led to a quadratic decrease in DMI (P=0.01). Average daily gain was not influenced (P=0.13) by feeding wheat or corn DDGS, but cattle fed corn DDGS exhibited a quadratic increase (P=0.01) in gain:feed. As a result, a quadratic increase (P<0.01) in calculated NEg of the diet was observed as corn DDGS levels increased. A linear decrease (P=0.04) in days on feed (169, 166 and 154 d) was noted when increasing levels of wheat DDGS (0, 20 and 40%) were fed. Dressing percentage increased in a linear fashion with wheat DDGS (P<0.01) inclusion level and in a quadratic fashion (P=0.01) as corn DDGS inclusion level increased although other carcass traits were not affected (P=0.10) by treatment. The results indicate that replacement of barley grain with corn or wheat DDGS up to 40% of the diet (DM) can lead to superior performance (improved gain:feed or reduced days on feed, respectively) with no detrimental effect on quality grade or carcass SPBBB yield.

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二十世纪八十年代,当比利时冶金研究中心(CRM)开发出CO_2激光毛化冷轧辊技术后,尝试用YAG激光进行轧辊毛化一直吸引着众多的研究者,这是因为YAG(1.06μm)激光波长比CO_2(10.6μm)激光波长短一个量级,材料对YAG激光有更高的吸收率,并用YAG激光可以聚焦到更小的光斑尺寸,同时使用电信号驱动的声光开关技术便于对毛化分布进行可设定控制。但是用传统声光调制的YAG激光虽然可以碇以很高的脉冲频率(>30kHz),但单脉冲有量仅为10mJ左右,难以达到辊面毛化粗糙度的要求,因此人们认为YAG激光用于毛化的主要困难是脉冲能量太小。

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为研究气相扩散速率对溶菌酶晶体生长的影响,特设计了一种可方便调节气相扩散速率的晶体生长样品池,并用动态光散射法对不同气相扩散速率下晶体生长过程进行了研究.实验结果表明,随着气相扩散速率的增加,晶体生长过程中的成核阶段缩短.气相扩散速率通过影响溶菌酶溶液形成过饱和的速率来影响生长出的晶体的数量和大小.

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该文主要是在三维面-面接触离散刚体单元模型基础上,提出考虑可变形、断裂三维离散单元模型,并推导其相应的物理方程及运动方程.在已有划分块体单元计算算法基础上,对单元的自动划分算法作了相应改进.针对具有倾斜表面边坡坡体,可以利用堆积法自动划分块体单元,更加贴近工程实际应用,使三维离散单元法程序应用更广.

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热喷涂构件中的热残余应力分布对其使用寿命的影响很大,在涂层和基底之间加入功能梯度材料可以降低构件中的热残余应力。本文用数值方法研究了热喷涂涂层-基底结构中孔隙率的随机分布对结构中热残余应力的影响,以及结构中热残余应力和界面裂纹的应力强度因子与功能梯度层层数之间的关系,并与实验结果相验证。论文由四部分组成。首先,介绍了热喷涂技术的发展历史和目前的主要应用、热喷涂产品中存在的问题以及研究和解决这些问题的方法。其次,研究了涂层中随机分布的孔隙对构件中热残余应力的影响,第三,分析了功能梯度层分层的层数对构件中热残余应力的影响,最后,分析了功能梯度层分层的层数对构件界面裂纹应力强度因子的影响。主要结论为:在期望和方差相同的情况下,涂层中的孔隙率呈高斯分布还是呈均匀分布,对涂层-功能梯度层-基底中的热残余应力的分布影响不大;在基底、涂层和功能梯度层的相对厚度不变的情况下,功能梯度层的层数愈多(即材料性质的过渡愈平缓),涂层-(功能梯度层)-基底结构中的热残余应力愈小;在基底、涂层和功能梯度层的相对厚度不变的情况下,功能梯度层分层的层数愈多,涂层-(功能梯度层)-基底结构的界面裂纹的应力强度因子愈小。

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本文的研究成果是世界上第一台热压缩机驱动的液氮温区脉冲管制冷机.它的主要特点是采用热压缩机来驱动脉冲管制冷机,主要研究目标有以下两个:无阀压缩机驱动的高效率液氦温区制冷机和使用最小容积的氦3得到低于2K的最低温度.热压缩机的设计与VM制冷机类似,利用室温和液氮之间的温差产生压力波,但一个重要的发明是功传递管的引入使得本系统中的热压缩机没有低温下的运动部件.使用这种设计也是一个全新的研究,它的重要性可以与脉冲管的引入取消了制冷机低温下的运动部件比拟.笔者进行了最初原型的调试,提出并完成了两次重要改进;最后在压比小于1.3的情况下成功地获得了3.5K的最低温度;为以后的发展打下了好的基础.