Electromyographic validation of the muscles deltoid (anterior portion) and pectoralis major (clavicular portion) in military press exercises with middle grip

With the objective to know the electromyographic activity normal parameters of the deltoid (anterior portion) and pectoralis major (clavicular portion) muscles in the different modalities of military press exercises with middle grip, we analyzed 24 male volunteers using a two-channel electromyograph TECA TE 4, and Hewllet Packard surface electrodes. It was observed high inactivity levels for PMC in almost all the modalities and the concentration in the active cases, mainly, in the weak potential, while DA presented very high levels of much strong action potentials in all the modalities assessed.

Electromyographic validation of the deltoid (anterior portion) and pectoralis major (clavicular portion) in military press exercises with open and middle grips

The deltoid (anterior portion) and pectoralis major (clavicular portion) were evaluated in several execution ways of military press exercises with open and middle grips in order to know their behavior pattern. It was analyzed 24 male volunteers, using a 2-channel TECA TE4 electromyograph and Hewllet Packard surface electrodes. It was observed that the execution variation with open and middle grips does not present any significant difference as for the demanding level neither for the pectoralis major muscle nor the deltoid muscle.

Life mode of in situ Conularia in a Middle Devonian epibole

Exceptionally abundant specimens of Conularia aff. desiderata Hall occur in multiple marine obrution deposits, in a single sixth-order parasequence composed of argillaceous and silty very fine sandstone, in the Otsego Member of the Mount Marion Formation (Middle Devonian, Givetian) in eastern New York State, USA. Associated fossils consist mostly of rhynchonelliform brachiopods but also include bivalve molluscs, orthoconic nautiloids, linguliform brachiopods and gastropods. Many of the brachiopods, bivalve molluscs and conulariids have been buried in situ. Conulariids buried in situ are oriented with their aperture facing obliquely upward and with their long axis inclined at up to 87degree to bedding. Most specimens are solitary, but some occur in V-like pairs or in radial clusters consisting of three specimens, with the component specimens being about equally long or (less frequently) substantially different in length. The compacted apical end of Conularia buried in situ generally rests upon argillaceous sandstone. With one possible exception, none of the examined specimens terminates in a schott (apical wall), and internal schotts appear to be absent. The apical ends of specimens in V-like pairs and radial clusters show no direct evidence of interconnection of their periderms. The apical, middle or apertural region of some inclined specimens abuts or is in close lateral proximity to a recumbent conulariid or to one or more spiriferid brachiopods, some of which have been buried in their original life orientation. The azimuthal bearings of Conularia and nautiloid long axes and the directions in which conulariids open are nonrandom, with conulariids being preferentially aligned between 350 and 50degree and with their apertural end facing north-east, and nautiloids being preferentially aligned between 30 and 70degree. Otsego Member Conularia were erect or semi-erect, epifaunal or partially infaunal animals, the apical end of which rested upon very fine bottom sediment. The origin of V-like pairs and radial clusters remains enigmatic, but it is probable that production of schotts was not a regular feature of this animal's life history. Finally, conulariids and associated fauna were occasionally smothered by distal storm deposits, under the influence of relatively weak bottom currents. © The Palaeontological Association.

Reassessing social policies in Latin America: growth, middle classes and social rights

Includes bibliography

The growing and changing middle class in Latin America: an update

Includes bibliography

Chile's new middle classes: a cohort analysis

Includes bibliography

Income polarization, the middle class and informal employment in Greater Buenos Aires, 1974-2010

Includes bibliography

Foetal echoencephalography and Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral artery in canine foetuses

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the brain and vascular indicesof the middle cerebral artery of canine foetuses. Methods: Twenty-five bitches were selected. Tissue development, echogenicity, echotexture and brain echobiometric data were studied, and the major structures were identified between the 5th and 8th gestational weeks. The area and volume of the brain mass (BMA and BMV), cranial area and volume (AC and VC), brain mass index (BMI) and brain volume index (BVI) were determined. A single ultrasound examination was performed during each studied week (6th, 7th and 8th). Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimum velocity, resistance and pulsatility index of middle cerebral artery of the foetuses. Results: Echoencephalography was performed to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the central nervous system. Cerebral echobiometry indicated an increase in area and volume of the hemispheres and cranium (P<0·001) but no changes in BMI or BVI over the gestational period studied. Doppler ultrasonography identified increases in peak systolic velocity (P=0·0188) and end diastolic velocity (P=0·0274) and decreases in resistance index (P=0·0002) and pulsatility index (P<0·001). Clinical Significance: Echoencephalography and spectral Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral artery in canine foetuses might be a useful technique for prenatal care. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.

Middle-income countries: a structural gap approach

Spanish version available

Asentamientos humanos intermedios en las estrategias de organización territorial en América Latina y el Caribe = Middle-rank human settlements in territorial organization strategies in Latin America and the Caribbean

Incluye Bibliografía

Social modernization, economic development and the size of the middle class

Includes bibliography

Latin America and the middle-income trap

Includes bibliography.

Financing for development in Latin America and the Caribbean: A strategic analysis from a middle-income country perspective

This document was prepared for the Latin American and Caribbean Regional Consultation on Financing for Development, held at the headquarters of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) in Santiago, on 12 and 13 March 2015, in preparation for the Third International Conference on Financing for Development (Addis Ababa, July 2015).

Paraguay: a housing finance proposal for middle- to low-income groups

The construction and ownership of homes is fundamental to economic development, the generation of wealth and the formation of the middle class. Although a number of studies have been conducted and programmes implemented in recent decades, there remains a significant housing deficit in Paraguay and Latin America, indicating that such programmes have been unsuccessful. For families unable to document a steady income, the main obstacle to homeownership is often financing. This paper aims to demonstrate the economic and financial feasibility —provided there is sufficient political will and coordination between public and private entities— of a project to build 75,000 homes for 300,000 people (4.5% of the Paraguayan population) with middle to low incomes. The median household income in this segment, for which there is a significant shortage of decent housing, is US$ 396.50. A maximum of US$ 63.44 per month may be set aside for housing costs.

Análise morfométrica do sistema auditivo periférico da preguiça (Bradypus variegatus)

A superordem Xenarthra é composta de 31 espécies viventes de tatus, tamanduás e preguiças. As arborícolas preguiças pertencem a dois gêneros, Choloepus e Bradypus, cuja divergência se deu a aproximadamente 40 milhões de anos atrás. As similaridades entre os dois taxa, tais como a presença de algas verdes nos pêlos e habilidade locomotora suspensória, são notáveis exemplos de evolução convergente. A exata posição da linhagem Xenarthra entre os mamíferos na árvore filogenética ainda não é completamente compreendida, com alguns rearranjos na árvore da família dos mamíferos placentários, considerando os Xenarthras mais relacionados entre Afrotheria (que inclui musaranhos, porcos-da-terra, peixes-boi e elefantes) ou a Boreoeutheria (que inclui primatas, roedores, carnívoros e ungulados). O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever pela primeira vez características morfológicas dos ouvidos médio e interno de Bradypus variegatus e compará-las a outros mamíferos placentários que possuam dados publicados na literatura. Nós usamos 13 espécimes adultas post-mortem (machos e fêmeas) e 15 crânios da coleção do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Além das medições, foram usadas técnicas de microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e tomografia computadorizada. Através da árvore filogenética das preguiças, o gênero Bradypus é posicionado como táxon-irmão de todas as outras preguiças. Nossos resultados mostram que a morfologia do ouvido médio e interno de Bradypus variegatus é similar a de outros mamíferos com dados publicados na literatura e que apresentam escalonamento alométrico.