The transporter GAT1 plays an important role in GABA-mediated carbon-nitrogen interactions in Arabidopsis

Glutamate derived γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthetized in the cytosol prior to delivery to the mitochondria where it is catabolized via the TCA cycle. GABA accumulates under various environmental conditions, but an increasing number of studies show its involvement at the crossroad between C and N metabolism. To assess the role of GABA in modulating cellular metabolism, we exposed seedlings of A. thaliana GABA transporter gat1 mutant to full nutrition medium and media deficient in C and N combined with feeding of different concentrations (0.5 and 1 mM) of exogenous GABA. GC-MS based metabolite profiling showed an expected effect of medium composition on the seedlings metabolism of mutant and wild type alike. That being said, a significant interaction between GAT1 deficiency and medium composition was determined with respect to magnitude of change in relative amino acid levels. The effect of exogenous GABA treatment on metabolism was contingent on both the medium and the genotype, leading for instance to a drop in asparagine under full nutrition and low C conditions and glucose under all tested media, but not to changes in GABA content. We additionally assessed the effect of GAT1 deficiency on the expression of glutamate metabolism related genes and genes involved in abiotic stress responses. These results suggest a role for GAT1 in GABA-mediated metabolic alterations in the context of the C-N equilibrium of plant cells.

Identificación de la pobreza rural y algunas estrategias de intervención : Mendoza (Argentina)

En Mendoza, Argentina, más del 60 % de los productores agrícolas tiene predios menores de 10 ha, algunos de ellos con modelos productivos que no alcanzan para la sustentabilidad del grupo familiar. La presente investigación identifica la situación actual de la población estudiada, mediante variables de ingreso familiar, grado de asociativismo, características de la comercialización y algunas prácticas de gestión, para establecer comparaciones entre grupos poblacionales. Se trabajó en una muestra de productores regantes del Río Mendoza. Para los de menos de 10 ha se agregó un cuestionario complementario que indagó sobre niveles de asociación y sus resultados. Se analizó con mayor detalle el sector vitícola y olivícola con nuevas encuestas y entrevistas en profundidad. El 42 % de los productores tiene vid, el 30 % olivos y el 28 % horticultura, fruticultura y floricultura. El mayor nivel de asociación se encuentra entre los viticultores. En los demás sectores, éste es muy bajo o nulo. En la comparación de grupos, los mayores niveles de pobreza están en los productores de menos de 10 ha y baja tecnología. Además, en el sector vitícola, los menores niveles de ingreso se encuentran en aquellos no asociados y en toda la población estudiada la pobreza es mayor en el sector asalariado que en los propietarios de la tierra. Este proyecto identifica la capacitación como una de las acciones para mejorar la situación socioeconómica de los productores.

Comportamiento y clasificación de riesgo freático : Lavalle, Mendoza, Argentina

A partir de la información obtenida de la red georreferenciada de freatímetros se determinó el comportamiento de la profundidad freática en el Departamento Lavalle y en particular en el Distrito Costa de Araujo. Se agruparon las profundidades freáticas en intervalos 0,5 m desde la superficie hasta los 2,5 m. Se calcularon y analizaron las profundidades medias y mínimas de cada freatímetro para la serie 1983-2002 (19 años) y las medias correspondientes a marzo, junio, septiembre y diciembre. Utilizando el software Arc View se representaron gráfica y numéricamente las superficies de terreno para los diferentes intervalos. Con esta información se confeccionaron tablas de intervalos de profundidad freática y en base a ello se calificó el Riesgo Freático en Bajo, Medio y Alto, asumiendo un valor de profundidad mínima admisible de 1,5 m para prácticas de cultivos perennes. Se presenta la discusión referente a la salinidad de las aguas freáticas y su vinculación con la clorosis en vid. Resultados: el 32 y 41% de las superficies del Distrito Costa y Dpto. Lavalle, respectivamente, tienen el nivel freático medio entre 1,5 y 2,0 m de profundidad, resultando el Riesgo Freático Bajo para el Distrito Costa y Medio para el Dpto. Lavalle; septiembre es el mes más crítico con el 43 y 40% de las superficies del Distrito Costa y Dpto. Lavalle, respectivamente, con niveles freáticos medios entre 1,0 y 1,5 m de profundidad, resultando el Riesgo Freático para dicho mes Bajo para el Distrito Costa y Alto para el Dpto. Lavalle; la Subárea Costa posee las mejores condiciones de profundidad freática y edáfica para la agricultura del Departamento Lavalle; la red principal de colectores es insuficiente para producir el abatimiento general de los niveles freáticos del Departamento Lavalle.

Vaivenes de un temprano intento de sustitución de importaciones : La producción de ácido tartárico en Mendoza en los comienzos de la especialización vitivinícola

El trabajo se refiere a las primeras experiencias para producir ácido tartárico en Mendoza, al comenzar el siglo XX. El ácido tartárico, elaborado a partir de los propios residuos de la vinificación, es esencial para corregir la baja acidez de los mostos obtenidos en la región vitivinícola argentina. El objetivo es abordar las condiciones que condujeron a la producción regional del insumo, el desempeño de actores sociales regionales y extra-regionales y algunos de los problemas que debió enfrentar la iniciativa empresarial. Se parte de la hipótesis de que, además de las industrias "inducidas" (metalurgia, tonelería), la vitivinicultura moderna provocó en Mendoza la puesta en marcha y el desarrollo de industrias "derivadas", como la que se analiza.

Vaivenes de un temprano intento de sustitución de importaciones : La producción de ácido tartárico en Mendoza en los comienzos de la especialización vitivinícola

El trabajo se refiere a las primeras experiencias para producir ácido tartárico en Mendoza, al comenzar el siglo XX. El ácido tartárico, elaborado a partir de los propios residuos de la vinificación, es esencial para corregir la baja acidez de los mostos obtenidos en la región vitivinícola argentina. El objetivo es abordar las condiciones que condujeron a la producción regional del insumo, el desempeño de actores sociales regionales y extra-regionales y algunos de los problemas que debió enfrentar la iniciativa empresarial. Se parte de la hipótesis de que, además de las industrias "inducidas" (metalurgia, tonelería), la vitivinicultura moderna provocó en Mendoza la puesta en marcha y el desarrollo de industrias "derivadas", como la que se analiza.

Vaivenes de un temprano intento de sustitución de importaciones : La producción de ácido tartárico en Mendoza en los comienzos de la especialización vitivinícola

El trabajo se refiere a las primeras experiencias para producir ácido tartárico en Mendoza, al comenzar el siglo XX. El ácido tartárico, elaborado a partir de los propios residuos de la vinificación, es esencial para corregir la baja acidez de los mostos obtenidos en la región vitivinícola argentina. El objetivo es abordar las condiciones que condujeron a la producción regional del insumo, el desempeño de actores sociales regionales y extra-regionales y algunos de los problemas que debió enfrentar la iniciativa empresarial. Se parte de la hipótesis de que, además de las industrias "inducidas" (metalurgia, tonelería), la vitivinicultura moderna provocó en Mendoza la puesta en marcha y el desarrollo de industrias "derivadas", como la que se analiza.

Investigations on seven sediment cores from the New Ireland Basin, east of Papua New Guinea

Sediment cores were recovered from the New Ireland Basin, east of Papua New Guinea, in order to investigate the late Quaternary eruptive history of the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni (TLTF) volcanic chain. Foraminifera d18O profiles were matched to the low-latitude oxygen isotope record to date the cores, which extend back to the early part of d18O Stage 9 (333 ka). Sedimentation rates decrease from >10 cm/1000 yr in cores near New Ireland to ~2 cm/1000 yr further offshore. The cores contain 36 discrete ash beds, mostly 1-8 cm thick and interpreted as either fallout or distal turbidite deposits. Most beds have compositionally homogeneous glass shard populations, indicating that they represent single volcanic events. Shards from all ash beds have the subduction-related pattern of strong enrichment in the large-ion lithophile elements relative to MORB, but three distinct compositional groups are apparent: Group A beds are shoshonitic and characterised by >1300 ppm Sr, high Ce/Yb and high Nb/Yb relative to MORB, Group B beds form a high-K series with MORB-like Nb/Yb but high Ce/Yb and well-developed negative Eu anomalies, whereas Group C beds are transitional between the low-K and medium-K series and characterised by flat chondrite-normalised REE patterns with low Nb/Yb relative to MORB. A comparison with published data from the TLTF chain, the New Britain volcanic arc and backarc including Rabaul, and Bagana on Bougainville demonstrates that only Group A beds share the distinctive phenocryst assemblage and shoshonitic geochemistry of the TLTF lavas. The crystal- and lithic-rich character of the Group A beds point to a nearby source, and their high Sr, Ce/Yb and Nb/Yb match those of Tanga and Feni lavas. A youthful stratocone on the eastern side of Babase Island in the Feni group is the most probable source. Group A beds younger than 20 ka are more fractionated than the older Group A beds, and record the progressive development of a shallow level magma chamber beneath the cone. In contrast, Group B beds represent glass-rich fallout from voluminous eruptions at Rabaul, whereas Group C beds represent distal glass-rich fallout from elsewhere along the volcanic front of the New Britain arc.

The Impact of United States Sanctions on the Myanmar Garment Industry

The United States imposed trade sanctions against the military regime in Myanmar in July 2003. The import ban damaged the garment industry in particular. This industry exported nearly half of its products to the United States, and more than eighty percent of United States imports from Myanmar had been clothes. The garment industry was probably the main target of the sanctions. Nevertheless, the impact on the garment industry and its workers has not been accurately evaluated or closely examined. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the sanctions and to further understand the present situation. This is done using several sources of information, including the author's field and questionnaire surveys. This paper also describes the process of selection and polarization underway in the garment industry, an industry that now has more severe competition fueled by the sanctions. Through such a process, the impact was inflicted disproportionately on small and medium-sized domestic firms and their workers.

Regional Cooperation of Small & Medium Firms in Japanese Industrial Clusters

This study examines the effects of intra-regional cooperation among firms and institutions on the growth of firms, using the unique data set of questionnaire survey collected in the three major industrial clusters in Japan. In contrast to the existing studies on regional innovations or agglomeration economies, this study explicitly focuses on the detailed contents of cooperative activities with two specific viewpoints: 1) the contents of regional cooperation in each of the three production stages of R&D, commercialization, and marketing, and 2) the detailed types of alliance partners. Our results demonstrate three points: 1) positive correlations are observed between the intensity of regional cooperation and the firm growth rate and R&D expenditure, 2) horizontal cooperation such as alliances with universities and cross-industry exchange organizations has positive significant effects on the growth rate of firms, which is in contrast with the previous studies that stressed only the role of vertically integrated inter-firm linkages in Japan, and 3) contents and partners of regional cooperation are different among the three clusters based on different dominant industries.

米国経済制裁によるミャンマー縫製産業への影響－苦しむのは誰か？－

2003年7月、米国はミャンマー製品の全面的な輸入禁止という、厳しい経済制裁を発動した。この制裁の最大の被害者は、ミャンマー縫製産業であった。制裁発動前、ミャンマーの対米輸出の８割以上は衣料品だったからである。多くの企業が倒産し、多くの労働者が職を失った。しかし、これまでその影響を包括的かつ正確に評価した調査・研究は皆無であった。本論文は現地での詳細なフィールド・ワークに基づき、経済制裁がミャンマー縫製産業に与えた影響を分析する。経済制裁で苦しむのは誰か。そして、経済制裁は所期の効果を上げているのか。これらの疑問に答える。

Clusters and Innovation: Beijing's Hi-technology Industry Cluster and Guangzhou's Automobile Industry Cluster

This paper proposes a flowchart approach to the automobile industry cluster policy and the hi-technology industry cluster policy to prioritize policy measures. First, in the automobile industry cluster, suppliers of parts and components to anchor firms such as Honda, Nissan and Toyota of Japanese assembly makers in Guangzhou, China, can innovate partly because the suppliers have become independent of their anchor firms in the Japanese Keiretsu system. Second, concerning the hi-technology industry clustering in Beijing, we show that the existence of universities is a precondition for the industrial cluster policy and that the leadership of the Zhongguancun Science Park Management Committee of Beijing Municipality is crucial to the success of the industrial cluster policy. The flowchart for the hi-technology industry is different from the one for the automobile industry cluster.

Technology Choice, Change of Trade Structure, and A Case of Hungarian Economy

In the IT industry, there has been a remarkable increase in the demand for system LSI. A system LSI must be tailor-designed for each electrical appliance, and then produced. It is said that in recent years, this production method has made the IC cycle ambiguous. It can be sought that the choice of whether the economy pursues a development path centering on technology which is tradable or technology which is embodied in labor, depends on the historical background. In this paper, the economic background is explained in order to analyze and capture movements in the IT industry and technology. Then, an econometric model for Hungary has been constructed to estimate the effect of technological progress on the economy.

Bank Borrowing and Financing of Medium-sized Firms in Indonesia

The improvement of financial intermediation functions is crucial for a robust banking system. When lending, banks have to cope with such problems as information asymmetry and adverse selection. In order to mitigate these problems, banks have to product information and improve their techniques of lending. During the 1998 financial crisis, Indonesia's banking system suffered severe damage and revealed that the country's banking intermediation functions did not work well. This paper examines the financial intermediation functions of banks in Indonesia and analyzes the importance of bank lending to firms. The focus is on medium-sized firms, and "relationship lending", one of the bank lending techniques, is used to examine financial intermediation in Indonesia. The results of logit regressions show that the relationship between a bank and a firm affects the probability of bank lending. The amount of borrowing and collateral are also affected by a firm's relationship with a bank. When viewed from the standpoint of relationship lending to medium-sized firms, Indonesian banks cannot be criticized for any malfunction of financial intermediation.

Platforms, network effects and small business dynamics in China : case study of the Shanzhai cell phone industry

This paper seeks to argue the significance of platforms on emerging markets through a case study of the Shanzhai cell phone industry in Shenzhen, China. In this industry, value chains are being driven by both the technology platforms and the market platforms. The former include MTK baseband chipset, and so-called Shared PCBA and Shared Mould. The latter include the North Huaqiang Market and the Purchasing and Money Platform. Technology platforms greatly reduced the technological barriers to entry for independent design houses and system integrators, while market platforms markedly improved their poor marketing and purchasing abilities. Due to factors such as social networks, supporting industries, informality and platform governance, strong network effects have been exhibited in the two types of platforms, which have not only fostered numerous start-ups, but have also led to effective exploitation of emerging markets.

Knowledge spillover in Indian automobile industry : the process and the coverage

In India, as the production of passenger cars increased, many local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) entered the parts and components manufacturing sector. The sources of knowledge for large enterprises and SMEs are different. Naturally, spillover effects among large enterprises and between large enterprises and SMEs are different. This paper focuses on knowledge spillover among large enterprises and from large enterprises to SMEs. Subcontractor can absorb relation-specific skills through repeated interaction with parent company. The results of field survey emphasizes that relation-specific skills are a determinant factor of spillover effects from assemblers and large auto component manufacturers to SMEs. Econometric analysis shows that spillover effects among medium and large automobile units and from medium and large automobile units to small units went beyond boundary of cluster.