Electrical characterization of organic based transistors: stability issues

An investigation into the stability of metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) transistors based on alpha-sexithiophene is reported. In particular the kinetics of the threshold voltage shift upon application of a gate bias has been determined. The kinetics follow a stretched-hyperbola type behavior, in agreement with the formalism developed to explain metastability in amorphous-silicon thin film transistors. Using this model, quantification of device stability is possible. Temperature-dependent measurements show that there are two processes involved in the threshold voltage shift, one occurring at T approximate to 220 K and the other at T approximate to 300 K. The latter process is found to be sample dependent. This suggests a relation between device stability and alpha-sexithiophene deposition parameters. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley A Sons, Ltd.

Structural issues on the portuguese fig production: recent developments

Fig production evolution registered an enormous decrease in Portugal on the last decades. In what concerns any agricultural production and its evolution we have to look to the structural issues affecting the culture trying to understand what is going on and where to act. This paper will begin to show the decrease on Portuguese fig production, according to FAO statistics. Then, we will look to this evolution in parallel with the evolution of farm structure on the last decades that has been quite strong, in Portugal, even if in what concerns farm area and the distribution of farms among area classes there has been only slight modifications. The population evolution is also a matter of importance and we will try to characterize the Portuguese agricultural population, in what concerns educational level and age and then move to fig producers, trying to understand what is the age and educational level of those who produce rig in Portugal. Finally, we will briefly focus on the economics of production. As a conclusion, there will be some appointments on the fig production future in Portugal.

Geoengineering : the ethical and social issues

Tese de doutoramento, Filosofia (Filosofia da Natureza e do Ambiente), Universidade de Lisboa, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2015

Urban planning issues related to the development of rail freight

Este trabalho é o relatório de estágio profissional realizado numa companhia francesa de arquitetura, especializado no planeamento urbano, que se-­‐chama AREP. O trabalho desenvolvido teve como objectivo identificar os problemas dos transportes de mercadorias e de logística nas áreas urbanas e da intervenção do planeamento urbano para a mitigação daqueles problemas. Os transportes urbanos de mercadorias são uma prioridade para a definição de políticas num mundo cada vez mais urbanizado. As áreas urbanas necessitam cada vez mais da entrega e recolha de grandes quantidades de mercadorias, resultando na procura de com custos externos elevados e a degradação da qualidade de vida dos residentes. Em 2012, a OECD estimava que as atividades ligadas ao transporte de mercadorias iriam crescer entre 50% e 130% entre 2010 e 2050 nos países da daquela organização. Nos países que não fazem parte da OECD estimava que as atividades iriam crescer entre 250% e 550% durante o mesmo período. Com os problemas já existentes e com o crescimento que está previsto, é importante encontrar soluções que limitem os custos externos e que se encontrem alternativas mais sustentáveis. Tradicionalmente, os formuladores de políticas urbanas tendem a ver os transportes de mercadorias nas áreas urbanas como um problema, em vez de os considerar como um componente essencial do desenvolvimento urbano. Em consequência disso, as políticas implementadas foram desenvolvidas no sentido da restrição na atividade de distribuição de mercadorias. Ao mesmo tempo, os operadores de transporte têm continuado a desenvolver a sua função adequando-­‐se às condições impostas com maiores níveis de eficiência. No entanto, este sucesso tem tido muitos custos externos negativos para a economia, a sociedade e o ambiente. Por isso, os transportes urbanos de mercadorias encontram-­‐se numa tensão constante entre uma logística eficiente e um desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. Hoje, os decisores políticos começam a alterar a perspectiva sobre a intervenção sobre a circulação de transportes de mercadorias, atendendo à sua importância para a economia urbana e, simultaneamente, à necessidade de reduzir os impactes negativos associados ao transporte de mercadorias. Um dos desafios principais é o de compatibilizar as atividades logísticas e os transportes de mercadorias e a preservação das áreas urbanas, minimizando os impactes, garantindo uma boa qualidade de vida para os residentes. Trata-­‐se de um assunto complexo pelos diferentes atores com interesses muitas das vezes conflituantes. A conciliação dos interesses constitui um dos problemas, nomeadamente nas soluções de curto prazo. O espaço disponível para os transportes e as atividades de comércio e serviços emáreas urbanas é limitado. Existe uma grande concorrência sobre o uso do solo urbano entre os diferentes atores.. A necessidade de espaço, conduz a que o sector da logística saía das cidades e se instale nas suas periferias. Esta tendência chama-­‐se ‘logistic sprawl’ e tem vários efeitos negativos, por exemplo, o facto de os veículos terem de percorrer maiores distâncias para os seus clientes nas áreas urbanas. Ao mesmo tempo, os residentes, como consumidores, exigem ter uma grande variedade de produtos disponíveis, esquecendo que para isso há a necessidade de os transportar para e dentro da cidade. Quando as políticas de transportes de passageiros em áreas urbanas se tem vindo a concentrar na alteração modal, do transporte em automóvel para os transportes públicos, ou para a utilização da bicicleta ou a marcha a pé, as políticas de transportes de mercadorias devem igualmente potenciar a utilização de transportes alternativos mais sustentáveis do que o transporte em veículos de mercadorias com motores de combustão interna. Hoje em dia, 75% de todos os transportes de mercadorias por via terrestre a distâncias médias ou longas (mais de 50km), são realizados por via rodoviária. A distâncias mais reduzidas (last mile) essa percentagem é de quase 100%. Estes valores não são compatíveis com um desenvolvimento sustentável. O esforço desenvolvido no sentido da promoção dos modos mais sustentáveis, como a ferrovia e a utilização das vias navegáveis, têm encontrado a oposição das empresas de transporte de mercadorias pois a rodovia é mais flexível (entrega porta-­‐a-­‐porta), com reduzidos custos de utilização de infraestrutura e com custos-­‐fixos mais baixos. Uma cooperação integrada e holística entre os diferentes níveis de governação do território é fundamental, sendo desejável uma maior cooperação entre o sector público e privado. As medidas a implementar têm que ter em conta os problemas a curto e longo prazo. Uma grande variedade de medidas (de regulação, de gestão da infraestrutura, de gestão e ordenamento do território, de promoção e de informação, etc.) têm que ser implementadas e coordenadas em conjunto com o sector privado. As medidas isoladas não resolverão os problemas de transporte de mercadorias na cidade, por isso, o desafio é o de implementar um pacote de medidas diferentes que contribua para uma distribuição das mercadorias mais sustentável, tornando as cidades mais habitáveis. Neste relatório, são discutidas e analisadas as diferentes medidas que podem ser implementadas pelos distintos níveis de governança, incluindo a apresentação de alguns case-­‐studies.

Legal, Ethical and Professional Issues

The chapter addresses the professional, legal and ethical issues associated with medicines management and the role of the nurse. To ensure safe practice it is imperative safeguards are recognised and applied; therefore pertinent legislative frameworks, policy and professional regulation are discussed. Safeguarding patients when administering prescribed medicines means the nurse must have up-to-date knowledge and skill and a key aspect of this is to ensure consent to treatment from the service user is secured; for this reason drawing on relevant legislation, the consensual process is reviewed. Not infrequently medicine management provokes ethical and legal challenges for the health care professional; these demand reflection and careful consideration; consequently in this chapter legal and ethical parameters and professional boundaries are appraised.

The challenges of integrating the discussion of controversial issues in initial teacher training

In the framework of the Bologna process, and with regard to pre-service teacher education, it is necessary to model student-centred learning experiences in order to promote the required competences for future professional practice and critical participation in society. Despite the potential of discussion in promoting several competences, this methodology does not always integrate the teaching practices. This case study sought to: a) understand the experiences and views of future teachers from a School of Education on the use of discussion in their past education; and b) investigate the impact of an educational experience centred on discussion. Data were collected through narratives, questionnaires, interviews and participant observation. The learning situations experienced through this study contributed to the development of citizens more aware of their role in society and allowed the promotion of skills indispensable for an Elementary Education teacher.

Understanding urban freight activity: key issues for freight planning

Using information gathered from some 30 UK surveys undertaken over the last 15 years, this paper provides planners with an understanding of road-based urban retail freight transport activity. The findings suggest that the average High Street business could expect up to 10 core goods and 7.6 service visits per week, in non-peak trading periods with 25% additional activity during the build up to Christmas. Vans (‘light goods vehicles’) were the dominant mode, responsible for 42% of delivery activity with a mean dwell time of 10 min. Where possible, load consolidation should be encouraged by methods such as Delivery and Servicing Plans and using out-of-town freight consolidation centres to bring in goods over the last mile in shared vehicles. Where this is not possible, loading bay monitoring and control, and preferred lorry routes can help manage the movement of vehicles in and out of dense urban areas. Service vehicle activity is a significant contributor to urban freight movements and often requires vehicles to be parked close to the premises being served. Centrally coordinating elements of service provision (e.g. for cleaning, equipment maintenance, recyclate collection), or providing improved, more flexible parking provision for service vehicles could be as or more beneficial in reducing overall freight impacts than focusing on core goods deliveries. In the case of the latter, ‘pay-as-you-leave’ car park charging systems could encourage short-stay service vehicles to park off-street.

A Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval England: Some Issues at the Interface of Semantics and Lexicography

This paper reports on issues at the interface between semantics and lexicography that arose out of the data collection and classification of vocabulary in Anglo-Norman and Middle English in order to create a bilingual thesaurus of everyday life in medieval England. The Bilingual Thesaurus project is based at Birmingham City University and the University of Westminster. Issues to be resolved included the definition of an occupational domain; the creation of a methodology of data collection; the delimitation of domain-specific vocabulary; making distinctions between sense and usage; and the categorisation of the lexical items. Some of these issues are general to thesaurus-making, some are specific to the making of historical thesauruses, while some are unique to the production of a thesaurus of two languages whose use overlapped for several centuries in the late medieval period in England.

On righteousness and dignity : two challenging issues since early modern times

Concepts such as righteousness, equality, tolerance and freedom are nowadays considered fundamental issues that should prevail in any society. Balance and righteousness thrive however on a very thin layer. We are, in fact, living in an era of duality and antithetical paradigms. This essay approaches two Renaissance authors who dealt with the same matters in their works, at a very different time and through different ways of reflection: Thomas More and Sir Walter Raleigh.

Multi-agent based electricity market simulator with VPP: Conceptual and implementation issues

This paper presents a new architecture for the MASCEM, a multi-agent electricity market simulator. This is implemented in a Prolog which is integrated in the JAVA program by using the LPA Win-Prolog Intelligence Server (IS) provides a DLL interface between Win-Prolog and other applications. This paper mainly focus on the MASCEM ability to provide the means to model and simulate Virtual Power Producers (VPP). VPPs are represented as a coalition of agents, with specific characteristics and goals. VPPs can reinforce the importance of these generation technologies making them valuable in electricity markets.

The rebirth of an old language: issues of gender equality in Kazakhsstan

The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey’s “imperialist dream”? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural “contamination” by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful.

A survey of wireless technologies coexistence in WBAN: analysis and open research issues

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is the most convenient, cost-effective, accurate, and non-invasive technology for e-health monitoring. The performance of WBAN may be disturbed when coexisting with other wireless networks. Accordingly, this paper provides a comprehensive study and in-depth analysis of coexistence issues and interference mitigation solutions in WBAN technologies. A thorough survey of state-of-the art research in WBAN coexistence issues is conducted. The survey classified, discussed, and compared the studies according to the parameters used to analyze the coexistence problem. Solutions suggested by the studies are then classified according to the followed techniques and concomitant shortcomings are identified. Moreover, the coexistence problem in WBAN technologies is mathematically analyzed and formulas are derived for the probability of successful channel access for different wireless technologies with the coexistence of an interfering network. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted using OPNET with several real-life scenarios to evaluate the impact of coexistence interference on different WBAN technologies. In particular, three main WBAN wireless technologies are considered: IEEE 802.15.6, IEEE 802.15.4, and low-power WiFi. The mathematical analysis and the simulation results are discussed and the impact of interfering network on the different wireless technologies is compared and analyzed. The results show that an interfering network (e.g., standard WiFi) has an impact on the performance of WBAN and may disrupt its operation. In addition, using low-power WiFi for WBANs is investigated and proved to be a feasible option compared to other wireless technologies.

Study of Load Curves Concerning the Influence of Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues

The increase of electricity demand in Brazil, the lack of the next major hydroelectric reservoirs implementation, and the growth of environmental concerns lead utilities to seek an improved system planning to meet these energy needs. The great diversity of economic, social, climatic, and cultural conditions in the country have been causing a more difficult planning of the power system. The work presented in this paper concerns the development of an algorithm that aims studying the influence of the issues mentioned in load curves. Focus is given to residential consumers. The consumption device with highest influence in the load curve is also identified. The methodology developed gains increasing importance in the system planning and operation, namely in the smart grids context.