Differences Between Posterior and Anterior Acute Ischaemic Circulation Strokes in 1449 Consecutive Patients

Background: The current data comparing posterior and anterior circulation strokes with regards to clinical, etiological, radiological and outcome factors are conflicting. We searched for distinguishing features between both territories in 1'449 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods: All consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to a single stroke unit from January 2003 to July 2008 were included in a prospective registry. Territory of acute stroke was determined by a combination of neuroimaging (MRI and / CT / CTP) and clinical symptoms and signs. Patients with uncertain localisation and patients with simultaneous strokes in the anterior and posterior circulation were excluded from this analysis. Results: Of a total of 1728 patients, 466 (17.0%) had had posterior, 983 (56.8%) anterior, 136 (7.9%) unknown territory, and 43 (2.5%) simultaneous posterior and anterior territory stroke. Of 39 variables that were compared, 29 differed significantly in univariate analysis, including less dependency (OR_0.50) and mortality (OR_0.56) at 3 months in posterior stroke. In multivariate analysis (see table), male gender, lacunar mechanism, arterial dissection and endovascular recanalisation were more frequent in posterior stroke, and admission NIHSS and IV-thrombolysis rate were lower. Significant acute arterial pathology (_50% stenosis) was less frequently found on acute imaging in posterior stroke (OR_0.33). Of 633 patients with significant arterial pathology, it was more frequently present intracranially in posterior (OR_1.62) and extracranially in anterior stroke (OR _ 0.87). In 610 patients where recanalisation was assessed at 24 hours, intracranial (OR_0.26), extracranial (OR_0.25) and overall recanalisation (OR_0.34) was less frequent in the posterior circulation. Conclusions: Acute posterior strokes are less severe and recover better, despite lower IV thrombolysis and recanalisation rates. They are more frequently due to lacunes and dissections and have less arterial pathology burden then anterior circulation strokes.

Characterization of cardiac-resident progenitor cells expressing high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

High aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity has been associated with stem and progenitor cells in various tissues. Human cord blood and bone marrow ALDH-bright (ALDH(br)) cells have displayed angiogenic activity in preclinical studies and have been shown to be safe in clinical trials in patients with ischemic cardiovascular disease. The presence of ALDH(br) cells in the heart has not been evaluated so far. We have characterized ALDH(br) cells isolated from mouse hearts. One percent of nonmyocytic cells from neonatal and adult hearts were ALDH(br). ALDH(very-br) cells were more frequent in neonatal hearts than adult. ALDH(br) cells were more frequent in atria than ventricles. Expression of ALDH1A1 isozyme transcripts was highest in ALDH(very-br) cells, intermediate in ALDH(br) cells, and lowest in ALDH(dim) cells. ALDH1A2 expression was highest in ALDH(very-br) cells, intermediate in ALDH(dim) cells, and lowest in ALDH(br) cells. ALDH1A3 and ALDH2 expression was detectable in ALDH(very-br) and ALDH(br) cells, unlike ALDH(dim) cells, albeit at lower levels compared with ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2. Freshly isolated ALDH(br) cells were enriched for cells expressing stem cell antigen-1, CD34, CD90, CD44, and CD106. ALDH(br) cells, unlike ALDH(dim) cells, could be grown in culture for more than 40 passages. They expressed sarcomeric α -actinin and could be differentiated along multiple mesenchymal lineages. However, the proportion of ALDH(br) cells declined with cell passage. In conclusion, the cardiac-derived ALDH(br) population is enriched for progenitor cells that exhibit mesenchymal progenitor-like characteristics and can be expanded in culture. The regenerative potential of cardiac-derived ALDH(br) cells remains to be evaluated.

Selective neurodegeneration induced in rotation-mediated aggregate cell cultures by a transient switch to stationary culture conditions: a potential model to study ischemia-related pathogenic mechanisms.

Aggregating brain cell cultures at an advanced maturational stage (20-21 days in vitro) were subjected for 1-3 h to anaerobic (hypoxic) and/or stationary (ischemic) conditions. After restoration of the normal culture conditions, cell loss was estimated by measuring the release of lactate dehydrogenase as well as the irreversible decrease of cell type-specific enzyme activities, total protein and DNA content. Ischemia for 2 h induced significant neuronal cell death. Hypoxia combined with ischemia affected both neuronal and glial cells to different degrees (GABAergic neurons>cholinergic neurons>astrocytes). Hypoxic and ischemic conditions greatly stimulated the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, indicating increased glucose consumption. Furthermore, glucose restriction (5.5 mM instead of 25 mM) dramatically increased the susceptibility of neuronal and glial cells to hypoxic and ischemic conditions. Glucose media concentrations below 2 mM caused selective neuronal cell death in otherwise normal culture conditions. GABAergic neurons showed a particularly high sensitivity to glucose restriction, hypoxia, and ischemia. The pattern of ischemia-induced changes in vitro showed many similarities to in vivo findings, suggesting that aggregating brain cell cultures provide a useful in vitro model to study pathogenic mechanisms related to brain ischemia.

Infarctus cérébraux artériels d'origine hématologique : expérience lausannoise et revue de la littérature

RÉSUMÉ Introduction. Les hémopathies représentent une cause rare d'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC), faisant l'objet de peu de publications, mais sont très fréquemment recherchées après un AVC par de coûteux bilans dont la rentabilité reste à définir. Matériel et Méthodes. Dans le registre lausannois des AVC, nous nous sommes intéressés de façon rétrospective aux dossiers des patients hospitalisés entre 1979 et 2001 pour un premier AVC ischémique artériel, dont la cause a été attribuée à une pathologie hématologique. Sur 4 697 patients, 22 (0,47 p. 100) ont vu leur AVC imputé à l'une des causes hématologiques suivantes : maladie de Vaquez , polyglobulie secondaire , thrombocytémie essentielle , thrombocytose secondaire , myélome multiple , MD , déficit en protéine S , syndrome anticorps antiphospholipides , hyperhomocystéinémie . Chaque hémopathie retrouvée a donné lieu à une revue de la littérature. Conclusion. À la lumière de ces données, nous concluons qu'une formule sanguine représente un bilan hématologique de dépistage suffisant pour l'immense majorité des patients hospitalisés pour un premier AVC artériel ischémique. Les recherches d'anticorps antiphospholipides, de thrombophilies héréditaires et d'hyperhomocystéinémie peuvent être limitées à des cas sélectionnés. SUMMARY Cerebral infarction of arterial origin and haematological causation: the Lausanne experience and a review of the literature. Introduction. Hematological diseases are seldom found as the etiology of ischemic strokes, but are frequently investigated by expensive laboratory tests after a first cerebral vascular event. Methods. In the Lausanne Stroke Registry, we retrospectively reviewed the cases of patients hospitalized between 1979 and 2001 for a first ischemic arterial stroke which was attributed to a hematological etiology. Of 4697 patients, 22 (0.47 per cent) had a stroke due to one of the following hematological pathology: polycythemia vera, secondary polycythemia, essential thrombocytemia, secondary thrombocytosis, multiple myeloma, CIVD, protein S deficiency, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, moderate homocysteinemia. A literature review was undertaken for each hemopathy. Conclusion. In light of the results of these data, we concluded that a complete blood count provides sufficient hematological screening for the majority of patients hospitalized for an arterial stroke. The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is a rare cause of cerebral infarction, which needs to be investigated in young patients, in cases of multiple or recurring stroke or in the presence of a typical history. Inherited thrombophilias are not a significant risk factor for arterial cerebral infarction and their investigation is only warranted for a sub-group of young patients with a cryptogenic stroke, in which group the prevalence is slightly increased. Moderate homocysteinemia must be considered as a cerebrovascular risk factor of minor importance, but potentially treatable by a substitution of vitamin B12, B 6 and folates. The efficacy of this substitution in the prevention of cardiovascular events needs yet to be demonstrated.

Analyse de modèles murins adultes de régénération cardiaque

Résumé Le mammifère adulte possède des capacités de régénération tissulaire beaucoup plus limitées que celles des mammifères à l'âge foetal, ou d'autres vertébrés adultes comme les amphibiens urodèles et anuriens. Le mode de réparation tissulaire généralement utilisé par le mammifère adulte est la cicatrisation. Celle-ci suit un déroulement physio-pathologique très reproductible, qui a été le mieux décrit dans la peau, mais est également applicable à d'autres tissus comme le coeur en cas d'infarctus. Toutefois, le coeur de mammifère adulte semble posséder un certain potentiel régénérateur, bien qu'insuffisant pour réparer une lésion d'infarctus; en particulier, il contient des populations de cellules exprimant des marqueurs de surface des cellules souches hématopoiétiques comme l'antigène de cellules souches (stem cell antigen; Sca-1) ou le récepteur pour le facteur de cellules souches (stem cell factor; SCF), c-kit. Le comportement de ces cellules ressemble à de nombreux égards à celui de cellules souches adultes résidentes. D'autre part, un modèle mammifère adulte de régénération tissulaire, la souris NIRL, a été décrit ,récemment ; si cette souris répare. l'infarctus ischémique du ventricule gauche par cicatrisation, elle est par contre capable de régénérer complètement le myocarde après cryoinfarctus du ventricule droit, sans former la moindre cicatrice. Le but de cette thèse a été l'exploration par différentes approches des potentiels régénérateurs cardiaques après infarctus chez le mammifère adulte. La première approche choisie a été l'étude de la régénération myocardique chez la souris MRL. Il s'agissait de comprendre pourquoi la souris MRL régénère le coeur après cryoinfarctus du ventricule droit, et pas après infarctus ischémique du ventricule gauche, ainsi que d'élucider les mécanismes à la base de la régénération cardiaque chez cette souris. En utilisant le protocole original d'infarctus cryogénique du ventricule droit, nous n'avons pas observé de régénération cardiaque chez la souris MRL, qui a réparé l'infarctus par cicatrisation.- Nous avons ensuite modifié la sévérité du stimulus cryogénique, la localisation de la lésion cardiaque, et le type de lésion lui-même (infarctus ischémique induit par ligature coronarienne). En théorie, ces aspects expérimentaux sont les principaux facteurs pouvant influencer la réparation tissulaire. En utilisant cinq protocoles expérimentaux différents, nous n'avons pas observé de régénération cardiaque chez la souris MRL. Nous avons également analysé la prolifération cellulaire dans trois régions différentes du coeur à 15 et 40 jours après infarctus, et n'avons pas observé de différence entre la souris MRL et la souris contrôle C57B1/6. Quant à la composition en collagène de la cicatrice, elle est la même chez les deux souches de souris. Nos résultats ne peuvent donc pas confirmer la validité de ce modèle marin de régénération cardiaque récemment publié. Nous nous sommes alors tournés vers une deuxième approche d'étude du potentiel régénérateur du coeur de mammifère adulte, celle des cellules souches adultes résidentes. Nous avons isolé et purifié la population de cellules cardiaques qui expriment le marqueur de surface Sca-1 ;nous les avons maintenues en cultures pendant plusieurs dizaines de passages, et les avons ré-injectées dans le myocarde. Cette deuxième approche .ouvre la voie à l'étude de cellules souches cardiaques adultes candidates, ainsi qu'à la thérapie cellulaire de l'infarctus du myocarde. Summary Adult mammals possess limited tissue regeneration capacities as compared to foetal mammals or other adult vertebrates such as anurian and urodele amphibians. Usually, adult mammals heal tissues by scarring. The process of scarring is characterized by physiopathological events which have been best studied in skin; but which also occur in other organs like the heart. Nevertheless, the adult mammalian heart seems to possess a certain regenerative potential, though insufficient to efficiently repair infarct lesions. It indeed contains cell populations expressing haematopoietic stem cell surface markers such as Scat or c-kit. These cells behave in many ways like resident adult. stem cells. On the other hand; an adult mammalian model of tissue regeneration, the MRL mouse, has been recently described; although this mouse repairs an ischemic infarct of the left ventricle by scarring, it is able of fully regenerating a cryoinfarction of the right ventricle without scanning . The goal of this thesis was to explore the regenerative potential of the adult mammalian heart after infarction by using different approaches. A first approach was to study the myocardial regeneration in the MRL mouse. It was about understanding why this mouse regenerates a right ventricular cryoinfarction and not an ischemic infarction of the left ventricle, as well as elucidating the mechanisms underlying myocardial regeneration in this model. By using the original protocol of right ventricular cryoinfarction, we did not observe any heart regeneration in the MRL mouse, which healed the infarct by scarring. We then modified the intensity of the cryogenic stimulus, the site of lesion, and -the type of lesion itself (ischemic infarction by coronary artery ligation). In theory, these experimental aspects are the main factors likely to influence tissue repair. Although. we used five different protocols, we did not observe any regeneration in the MRL mouse. We also analysed cell proliferation in three different regions of the heart, at 15 and 40 days after infarction, and did not see any difference between the MRL and C57B1/6 mouse. Collagen content of the scar was shown to be the same in both strains. Our results cannot confirm the validity of this recently published model. We then chose another way to study the adult mammalian heart regenerative potential, by taking the adult resident stem cells approach. We isolated and purified a cardiac cell population expressing the Sca-1 surface marker; we kept these cells in culture for over 30 passages, and re-injected them into the myocardium. This second approach opens the way to candidate adult cardiac stem cell study, as well as cell therapy.

Behandlung des akuten Hirninfarktes [Treatment of acute stroke -- an overview]

This paper provides an overview on the actual state of acute therapy in patients with ischemic stroke. The discussion focusses on intravenous and intraarterial thrombolysis, antithrombotic therapy, and the treatment of medical and neurological complications, and therapy recommendations are presented. Finally ongoing studies, particularly those concerning thrombolysis with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers and ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis, are presented.

Dying neurons in thalamus of asphyxiated term newborns and rats are autophagic.

OBJECTIVE: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) still carries a high burden by its mortality and long-term neurological morbidity in survivors. Apart from hypothermia, there is no acknowledged therapy for HIE, reflecting the lack of mechanistic understanding of its pathophysiology. (Macro)autophagy, a physiological intracellular process of lysosomal degradation, has been proposed to be excessively activated in excitotoxic conditions such as HIE. The present study examines whether neuronal autophagy in the thalamus of asphyxiated human newborns or P7 rats is enhanced and related to neuronal death processes. METHODS: Neuronal autophagy and cell death were evaluated in the thalamus (frequently injured in severe HIE) of both human newborns who died after severe HIE (n = 5) and P7 hypoxic-ischemic rats (Rice-Vannuci model). Autophagic (LC3, p62), lysosomal (LAMP1, cathepsins), and cell death (TUNEL, caspase-3) markers were studied by immunohistochemistry in human and rat brain sections, and by additional methods in rats (immunoblotting, histochemistry, and electron microscopy). RESULTS: Following severe perinatal asphyxia in both humans and rats, thalamic neurons displayed up to 10-fold (p < 0.001) higher numbers of autophagosomes and lysosomes, implying an enhanced autophagic flux. The highly autophagic neurons presented strong features of apoptosis. These findings were confirmed and elucidated in more detail in rats. INTERPRETATION: These results show for the first time that autophagy is enhanced in severe HIE in dying thalamic neurons of human newborns, as in rats. Experimental neuroprotective strategies targeting autophagy could thus be a promising lead to follow for the development of future therapeutic approaches. Ann Neurol 2014;76:695-711.

Subtype-specific Modulation of Acid-sensing Ion Channel (ASIC) Function by 2-Guanidine-4-methylquinazoline.

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are neuronal Na(+)-selective channels that are transiently activated by extracellular acidification. ASICs are involved in fear and anxiety, learning, neurodegeneration after ischemic stroke, and pain sensation. The small molecule 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline (GMQ) was recently shown to open ASIC3 at physiological pH. We have investigated the mechanisms underlying this effect and the possibility that GMQ may alter the function of other ASICs besides ASIC3. GMQ shifts the pH dependence of activation to more acidic pH in ASIC1a and ASIC1b, whereas in ASIC3 this shift goes in the opposite direction and is accompanied by a decrease in its steepness. GMQ also induces an acidic shift of the pH dependence of inactivation of ASIC1a, -1b, -2a, and -3. As a consequence, the activation and inactivation curves of ASIC3 but not other ASICs overlap in the presence of GMQ at pH 7.4, thereby creating a window current. At concentrations >1 mm, GMQ decreases maximal peak currents by reducing the unitary current amplitude. Mutation of residue Glu-79 in the palm domain of ASIC3, previously shown to be critical for channel opening by GMQ, disrupted the GMQ effects on inactivation but not activation. This suggests that this residue is involved in the consequences of GMQ binding rather than in the binding interaction itself. This study describes the mechanisms underlying the effects of a novel class of ligands that modulate the function of all ASICs as well as activate ASIC3 at physiological pH.

Retinal ischemia-induced apoptosis is associated with alteration in Bax and Bcl-x(L) expression rather than modifications in Bak and Bcl-2.

PURPOSE: Apoptosis is known to play a key role in cell death after retinal ischemia. However, little is known about the kinetics of the signaling pathways involved and their contribution to this process. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in the expression of molecules in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway might explain the progression of retinal damage following ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS: Retinal ischemia was induced by elevating intraocular pressure in the vitreous cavity to 150 mmHg for a period of 60 min. At time 0, 3 h (early phase), and 24 h (late phase) after reperfusion, the retinas were harvested and modifications in the expression of Bax, Bak, Bcl-2, and Bcl-x(L) as well as caspase-3 and -7, were examined by qPCR and, in some cases, by western blot. RESULTS: qPCR analysis performed at the early phase after ischemia revealed a time dependent decrease in Bax, Bak, and Bcl-x(L) and no alteration in Bcl-2 mRNA expression in response to retinal ischemia. At the protein level, proapoptotic Bax and Bak were not modulated while Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) were significantly upregulated. At this stage, the Bax per Bcl-2 and Bax:Bcl-x(L) ratios were not modified. At the late phase of recovery, Bax and Bcl-x(L) mRNAs were downregulated while Bak was increased. Increased Bax:Bcl-2 and Bax:Bcl-x(L) ratios at both the mRNA and protein levels were observed 24 h after the ischemic insult. Analysis of caspases associated with mitochondria-mediated apoptosis revealed a specific increase in the expression of caspase-3 in the ischemic retinas 24 h after reperfusion, and a decrease in the expression of caspase-7. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that Bcl-2-related family members were differently regulated in the early and late phases after an ischemic insult. We showed that the Bax:Bcl-2 and Bax:Bcl-x(L) balances were not affected in the initial phases, but the Bax:Bcl-x(L) ratio shifted toward apoptosis during the late phase of recovery. This shift was reinforced by caspase-3 upregulation.

Right Hepatectomy in Patients over 70 Years of Age: An Analysis of Liver Function and Outcome.

BACKGROUND: As a consequence of the increase in life expectancy, hepatobiliary surgeons have to deal with an emerging aged population. We aimed to analyze the liver function and outcome after right hepatectomy (RH) in patients over 70 years of age. METHODS: From January 2006 to December 2009, we prospectively collected data of 207 consecutive elective hepatectomies. In patients who had RH, cardiac risk was assessed by a dedicated preoperative workup. Liver failure (LF) was defined by the "fifty-fifty" criteria at postoperative day 5 (POD) and morbidity by the Clavien-Dindo classification. Liver function tests (LFTs) and short-term outcome were retrospectively analyzed in patients over (elderly group, EG) and younger (young group, YG) than 70 years of age. RESULTS: Eighty-seven consecutive RH were performed during the study period. Indication for surgery included 90 % malignancy in 47 % of patients requiring preoperative chemotherapy. ASA grade > 2 (44 vs. 16 %, p = 0.027), ischemic heart disease (17 vs. 5 %, p = 0.076), and preoperative cardiac failure (26 vs. 2 %, p < 0.001) were more frequent in the EG (n = 23) than in the YG (n = 64). Both groups were similar regarding rates of normal liver parenchyma, chemotherapy and intraoperative parameters. The overall morbidity rates were comparable, but the serious complication (grades III-V) rate was relatively higher in the EG (39 vs. 25 %, p = 0.199), particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus (100 vs. 29 %, p = 0.04) and those who had additional nonhepatic surgery (67 vs. 35 %, p = 0.110) and transfusions (44 vs. 30 %, p = 0.523). The 90-day mortality rate was similar (9 % in the EG vs. 3 % in the YG, p = 0.28) and was related to heart failure in the EG. LFTs showed a similar trend from POD 1 to 8, and patients ≥70 years of age had no liver failure. CONCLUSIONS: Age ≥70 years alone is not a contraindication to RH. However, major morbidity is particularly higher in the elderly with diabetes. This high-risk group should be closely monitored in the postoperative course. Liver function is not altered in the elderly patient after RH.

Brain natriuretic peptide is able to stimulate cardiac progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in murine hearts after birth.

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) contributes to heart formation during embryogenesis. After birth, despite a high number of studies aimed at understanding by which mechanism(s) BNP reduces myocardial ischemic injury in animal models, the actual role of this peptide in the heart remains elusive. In this study, we asked whether BNP treatment could modulate the proliferation of endogenous cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and/or their differentiation into cardiomyocytes. CPCs expressed the NPR-A and NPR-B receptors in neonatal and adult hearts, suggesting their ability to respond to BNP stimulation. BNP injection into neonatal and adult unmanipulated mice increased the number of newly formed cardiomyocytes (neonatal: +23 %, p = 0.009 and adult: +68 %, p = 0.0005) and the number of proliferating CPCs (neonatal: +142 %, p = 0.002 and adult: +134 %, p = 0.04). In vitro, BNP stimulated CPC proliferation via NPR-A and CPC differentiation into cardiomyocytes via NPR-B. Finally, as BNP might be used as a therapeutic agent, we injected BNP into mice undergoing myocardial infarction. In pathological conditions, BNP treatment was cardioprotective by increasing heart contractility and reducing cardiac remodelling. At the cellular level, BNP stimulates CPC proliferation in the non-infarcted area of the infarcted hearts. In the infarcted area, BNP modulates the fate of the endogenous CPCs but also of the infiltrating CD45(+) cells. These results support for the first time a key role for BNP in controlling the progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation after birth. The administration of BNP might, therefore, be a useful component of therapeutic approaches aimed at inducing heart regeneration.

Activation of c-Jun in the nuclei of neurons of the CA-1 in thrombin preconditioning occurs via PAR-1.

Recently it has been shown that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays a role in thrombin preconditioning (TPC) in vivo and in vitro. To investigate further the pathways involved in TPC, we performed an immunohistochemical study in hippocampal slice cultures. Here we show that the major target of JNK, the AP-1 transcription factor c-Jun, is activated by phosphorylation in the nuclei of neurons of the CA1 region by using phospho-specific antibodies against the two JNK phosphorylation sites. The activation is early and transient, peaking at 90 min and not present by 3 hr after low-dose thrombin administration. Treatment of cultures with a synthetic thrombin receptor agonist results in the same c-Jun activation profile and protection against subsequent OGD, both of which are prevented by specific JNK inhibitors, showing that thrombin signals through PAR-1 to JNK. By using an antibody against the Ser 73 phosphorylation site of c-Jun, we identify possible additional TPC substrates.

Neuronal autophagy as a mediator of life and death: contrasting roles in chronic neurodegenerative and acute neural disorders.

Autophagy is a cellular mechanism for degrading proteins and organelles. It was first described as a physiological process essential for cellular health and survival, and this is its role in most cells. However, it can also be a mediator of cell death, either by the triggering of apoptosis or by an independent "autophagic" cell death mechanism. This duality is important in the central nervous system, where the activation of autophagy has recently been shown to be protective in certain chronic neurodegenerative diseases but deleterious in acute neural disorders such as stroke and hypoxic/ischemic injury. The authors here discuss these distinct roles of autophagy in the nervous system with a focus on the role of autophagy in mediating neuronal death. The development of new therapeutic strategies based on the manipulation of autophagy will need to take into account these opposing roles of autophagy.

To Look Beyond Vasospasm in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage.

Delayed cerebral vasospasm has classically been considered the most important and treatable cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Secondary ischemia (or delayed ischemic neurological deficit, DIND) has been shown to be the leading determinant of poor clinical outcome in patients with aSAH surviving the early phase and cerebral vasospasm has been attributed to being primarily responsible. Recently, various clinical trials aimed at treating vasospasm have produced disappointing results. DIND seems to have a multifactorial etiology and vasospasm may simply represent one contributing factor and not the major determinant. Increasing evidence shows that a series of early secondary cerebral insults may occur following aneurysm rupture (the so-called early brain injury). This further aggravates the initial insult and actually determines the functional outcome. A better understanding of these mechanisms and their prevention in the very early phase is needed to improve the prognosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing literature on this topic and so to illustrate how the presence of cerebral vasospasm may not necessarily be a prerequisite for DIND development. The various factors determining DIND that worsen functional outcome and prognosis are then discussed.

Ranibizumab in the management of advanced Coats disease Stages 3B and 4: long-term outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy to completely destroy telangiectatic vessels and ischemic retina in Coats disease is barely applicable in advanced cases with total retinal detachment, and globe survival is notoriously poor in Stages 3B and 4. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injections may offer new prospects for these patients. METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of all consecutive patients with Coats disease treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant intravitreal ranibizumab plus conventional and amblyopia treatment as appropriate. RESULTS: Nine patients (median age, 13 months) presenting Coats Stages 3B and 4 (5 and 4 eyes, respectively) were included. Iris neovascularization resolved within 2 weeks and retinal reapplication within 4 months in all patients. At last follow-up, globe survival was 100% with anatomical success in 8 of the 9 eyes. With a median follow-up of 50 months, fibrotic vitreoretinopathy was developed in 5 of the 9 cases, one leading to tractional retinal detachment and ultimately phthisis bulbi. The remaining 4 of the 9 eyes achieved some vision (range, 0.02-0.063). CONCLUSION: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the largest reported series of late-stage Coats undergoing anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, a homogenous cohort of patients treated with a single agent and with the longest follow-up. This study supports the role of ranibizumab in advanced disease by transient restoration of the hemato-retinal barrier and suppression of neovascularization to facilitate classic treatment. At the last follow-up, the authors report unprecedented anatomical success and functional outcome.