Avaliação da função pulmonar em indivíduos obesos ou com sobrepeso e síndrome metabólica antes, três e seis meses após a colocação de balão intragástrico

Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar se o uso do balão intragástrico (BI) durante um período de seis meses por pacientes obesos ou com sobrepeso e com síndrome metabólica (SM) traz melhora nos parâmetros de função pulmonar, distribuição da gordura corporal e SM. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal e intervencionista com indivíduos adultos que foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, da bioquímica sérica, dos parâmetros de função pulmonar e do padrão de distribuição da gordura corporal, antes da instalação do BI, durante o acompanhamento de seis meses e após a sua retirada. Nos dados obtidos três meses após a colocação do BI, os pacientes apresentaram aumento da capacidade de difusão ao monóxido de carbono com correlação positiva entre esta e o percentual total de gordura corporal (rs=0,39; p=0,05), o padrão ginoide (rs=0,41; p=0,05) e o padrão torácico (rs=0,42; p=0,01). Também foi observado que, após três meses da colocação do BI, houve redução significativa do índice de massa corpórea (IMC) (p=0,0001) e da força muscular inspiratória (p=0,009). Também houve aumento significativo da capacidade vital forçada (CVF) (p=0,0001), da capacidade pulmonar total (CPT) (p=0,001) e do volume de reserva expiratório (VRE) (p=0,0001). Ao fim do estudo, foi observada elevação estatisticamente significante da CPT (p=0,0001), capacidade residual funcional (p=0,0001), volume residual (VR) (p=0,0005) e VRE (p=0,0001). Também foi observada redução significativa do IMC, cuja mediana passou de 39,1 kg/m2 no início da avaliação para 34,5 kg/m2 no final dos seis meses (p=0,0001). Ao fim do estudo, 31 pacientes (77,5%) não apresentavam mais critérios diagnósticos para SM. Em relação aos parâmetros de distribuição da gordura corporal, também houve mudanças importantes com redução significante (p=0,0001) do percentual de gordura nos quatro padrões analisados (tronco, androide, ginoide e total). Houve correlação significante entre o delta da CPT e o delta da circunferência abdominal (ρ=-0,34; p=0,03), entre o delta da CRF e o delta do IMC (ρ=-0,39; p=0,01) e entre o delta do VRE e os deltas do IMC (ρ=-0,44; p=0,005) e do colesterol HDL (ρ=-0,37; p=0,02). Também houve correlação significante entre o delta do VRE com os deltas das gorduras de tronco (ρ=-0,51; p=0,004), androide (ρ=-0,46; p=0,01), ginoide (ρ=-0,55; p=0,001) e total (ρ=-0,59; p=0,0005).

Individual growth rates and movement of juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) in a tidal marsh nursery

We measured growth and movements of individually marked free-ranging juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) in tidal creek subsystems of the Duplin River, Sapelo Island, Georgia. Over a period of two years, 15,974 juvenile shrimp (40−80 mm TL) were marked internally with uniquely coded microwire tags and released in the shallow upper reaches of four salt marsh tidal creeks. Subsequent samples were taken every 3−6 days from channel segments arranged at 200-m intervals along transects extending from the upper to lower reach of each tidal creek. These collections included 201,384 juvenile shrimp, of which 184 were marked recaptures. Recaptured shrimp were at large an average of 3−4 weeks (range: 2−99 days) and were recovered a mean distance of <0.4 km from where they were initially marked. Mean residence times in the creek subsystems ranged from 15.2 to 25.5 days and were estimated from exponential decay functions describing the proportions of marked individuals recaptured with increasing days at large. Residence time was not significantly correlated with creek length (Pearson=−0.316, P=0.684 ), but there was suggestive evidence of positive associations with either intertidal (Pearson r=0.867, P=0.133) or subtidal (Pearson r=0.946, P=0.054) drainage area. Daily mean specific growth rates averaged 0.009 to 0.013 among creeks; mean absolute growth rates ranged from 0.56−0.84 mm/d, and were lower than those previously reported for juvenile penaeids in estuaries of the southeastern United States. Mean individual growth rates were not significantly different between years (t-test, P>0.30) but varied significantly during the season, tending to be greater in July than November. Growth rates were size-dependent, and temporal changes in size distributions rather than temporal variation in physical environmental factors may have accounted for seasonal differences in growth. Growth rates differed between creeks in 1999 (t-test, P<0.015), but not in 1998 (t-test, P>0.5). We suggest that spatial variation in landscape structure associated with access to intertidal resources may have accounted for this apparent interannual difference in growth response.

Effect of feeding bioencapsulated Lactobacillus sp. in live Tubifex sp. on the growth performance of gold fish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

An attempt was made to feed bioencapsulate Lactobacillus sp. in live fish food organism Tubifex for use in the culture of gold fish Carassius auratus. The C. auratus fries when fed with bioencapsulated Lactobacillus sp. in Tubifex showed significant improvement in total wet weight gain (p<0.007) and FCR (p<0.01) compared to control. The specific growth rale and mean survival were slightly higher, although insignificantly (p>0.05) in bioencapsulated Tubifex fed group. None of the bacteriological parameters of the fish gut between the experimental and control groups differed significantly (p>0.05). Lactobacillus sp. was recorded at a level of log 5.11/g on the 90th day of experimentation. When the experimental C. auratus fries were infected with Pseudomonas fluorescents, the bioencapsulated Tubifex fed group resisted the infection. The survival was significantly higher (p<0.05) in bioencapsulated Tubifex fed group (44%) than in control (22%). The C. auratus fed with bioencapsulated Tubifex showed less (55%) signs of tail/fin rot. Likewise, a significant improvement in total wet weight gain (p<0.009), FCR (p<0.01) and SGR (p<0.04) of C. auratus brooder fed with bioencapsulated Tubifex was seen compared to control group fed with depurated Tubifex.

Biogeochemical study of poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its physiological affection response in mudskipper (Boleophthalmus dussumieri) at coast of Khuzestan

Study on the biomarkers types to assess health status of marine ecosystems in environmental biomonitoring has an important value. Accordingly, accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in sediment, water and tissues (liver and gill) of mudskipper(i.e. Boleophthalmus dussumieri) and some physiological responses like lysosomal membrane change performed on haemocytes, stability of red blood cell membrane and the Glutathione-S Transferase (GST) activity in the liver were measured in mudskipper. Samples were obtained from five sites along north western coast of the Persian Gulf (Khuzestan coast). Red blood cell membrane changes after different concentration of PAHs at different time was also studied to evaluate impact of PAHs compound on cell membrane. PAHs concentration was measured by HPLC method. The activity of GST enzyme was analysed by spectrophotometric method. Lysosomal membrane change was measured by NRR time method and stability of red blood cell membrane was evaluated by EOF test. Total PAH concentrations in the coastal sea water, the sediments, the liver and the gill tissues ranged between 0.80-18.34 μg/l, 113.50-3384.34 ng g-1 (dry weight), 3.99-46.64 ng g-1 dw and 3.11-17.76 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Highest PAHs pollution was found at Jafari while the lowest was detected at Bahrakan sampling sites. The lowest enzymatic activity was identified at Bahrakan (7.19 ± 1.541 nmol/mg protein/min), while the highest was recorded at Jafari (46.96 ± 7.877 nmol/mg protein/min). Comparative analysis of GST activity in the liver of mudskippers showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between the locations of Jafari and Bahrakan, and with other sites. Moreover, no significant difference was detected between the locations of Arvand, Zangi and Samayeli (p < 0.05). The mean RT was below 90 minutes in all sampling sites. Values of mean RT of the dye ranged from 34 (for the blood samples of mudskipper collected from Jafari site) to 78 minutes (for the blood samples of mudskipper collected from Bahrakan site). Spatial evaluation revealed the longest RT in fish from Bahrakan as compared with those from other sites. Preliminary results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) among sampling sites except between Arvand and Zangi (p > 0.05). Osmotic fragility curves indicated that erythrocytes collected from mudskippers at Jafari were the most 009 fragile followed by Zangi> Arvand> Samayeli> and Bahrakan. The mean erythrocyte fragility was significantly higher at Jafari site (p < 0.05) when compared to other sites. Significant differences were found between the various sites (p < 0.05).The result indicated no significant differences between the control and treatments of mudskipper RBC exposed to field concentrations of PAHs (P>0.05). The results further indicated significant differences (P<0.05) between the control and treatments of mudskipper RBC exposed to acute. Potency Divisor concentrations. It is clear from the present result that chronic. Potency Divisor concentrations protect red cells against osmotic hemolysis. This study, however, showed that PAH concentrations in this region are not higher than the available standards. The findings showed that Lysosomal membrane destabilization, liver GST activities and fragility of red cell membrane are highly sensitive in the mudskipper, B. dussumieri. Thus, mudskipper perceived to be good sentinel organisms for PAH pollution monitoring. Sediment PAH concentrations were strongly correlated with biomarkers, indicating that PAH type pollutants were biologically available to fish. One of the possible risk assessment implications of this study is that biomarkers can be applied not only to characterize biological effects of pollution exposures, but also to determine the bioavailability of pollution in aquatic systems. The results also indicated that PAHs compound possess anti haemolytic property.

The distribution and concentration levels of trace metals in water and sediments of Lake Victoria, Kenya

The water and bottom sediments of Lake Victoria (Kenya) were analysed for A1, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd. The total metal concentrations were determined and their mean variations and distributions discussed. The bottom lake waters showed higher concentration levels than the surface waters. The range of values (in mg/l) in the bottom and surface lake waters were as follows: Surface Waters: A1(0.08 - 3.98), Fe(0.09 - 4.01), Mn(0.02 - 0.10). Zn(0.01 -0.07), Pb(0.001- 0.007), Cu(not detected - 0.006), Cr(not detected - 0.004). Bottom Waters: A1(0.1 0 - 6.59), Fe(0.23 - 9.64), Mn(0.04 - 0.39), Zn(0.01- 0.08), Pb(0.002 - 0.009), Cu(not detected - 0.03). Cr(not detected -0.002). River mouths and shallow areas in the lake showed higher total metal concentrations than offshore deeper areas. Apart from natural metal levels, varied urban activities and wastes greatly contribute to the lake metal pollution as shown by high Pb and Zn levels in sediments, around Kisumu and Homa Bay areas. Other comparatively high values and variations could be attributed to the varied geological characteristics of the lake and its sediments. Compared to the established W.H.O (1984) drinking water standards manganese, aluminium and iron levels were above these limits whereas zinc, lead, chromium, copper and cadmium were below.

Low partial pressure chemical vapor deposition of graphene on copper

A systematic study of the Cu-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition of graphene under extremely low partial pressure is carried out. A carbon precursor supply of just P CH4∼ 0.009 mbar during the deposition favors the formation of large-area uniform monolayer graphene verified by Raman spectra. A diluted HNO 3 solution is used to remove Cu before transferring graphene onto SiO 2/Si substrates or carbon grids. The graphene can be made suspended over a ∼12 μm distance, indicating its good mechanical properties. Electron transport measurements show the graphene sheet resistance of ∼0.6 kΩ/□ at zero gate voltage. The mobilities of electrons and holes are ∼1800 cm 2/Vs at 4.2 K and ∼1200 cm 2/Vs at room temperature. © 2011 IEEE.

两种改性粘土去除群体状铜绿微囊藻的比较

实验采用壳聚糖和聚合氯化铝改性高岭土,进行以铜绿微囊藻为优势种的水华蓝藻去除的比较研究.研究采用动力学手段,通过去除效率的比较,得到线性方程:壳聚糖改性高岭土投加量(y)与藻细胞浓度OD680(x)和叶绿素a含量(x)之间的关系分别为:y=0.0349x-0.0019、y=0.0524x-0.009;聚合氯化铝改性高岭土投加量(y)与藻细胞浓度OD680(x)和叶绿素a含量(x)之间的关系分别为:y=0.0351x+0.0065、y=0.0676x-0.0059.壳聚糖改性粘土除藻的最适pH范围为5-8,

两个新的桃花水母形态度量学参数的建立及其在种类区分上的应用

桃花水母属一些种类命名的有效性仍存在争议,本文建立了两个新的形态度量学参数,即触手密集度和平衡囊密集度,采用形态度量学方法对在我国采集到的索氏桃花水母、嘉定桃花水母、中华桃花水母和短手桃花水母进行了比较研究,并讨论这两个参数在种类区分上的应用。此外,利用Spearman秩相关系数检验桃花水母各形态学参数之间的相关性。结果表明,短手桃花水母和中华桃花水母在形态上没有明显的差异,可能与中华桃花水母为同一物种。嘉定桃花水母与中华桃花水母和索氏桃花水母在形态上均存在显著的差异,应该是一个有效种。桃花水母的触手数和

Molecular systematics of medusae in the genus Craspedacusta (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Limnomedusae) in China with the reference to the identity of species

The objective of this study was to illustrate the phylogenetic relationship of the species in the genus Craspedacusta in China. The medusae samples were collected at 28 localities in China representing seven described species with their entire ITS region (the contiguous sequences of ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2 rDNA) rDNA sequences cloned. Among the 28 samples, the range of sequence variation in the complete ITS and 5.8S region was between 0 and 36.2%. Three main clades were revealed by both maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining trees, with sequence difference of 0-0.9, 0-3.7 and 0.1-1.5% in the three clades. The nesting of C. xinyangensis representatives within C. sowerbii, C. brevinema within C. sinensis and C. sichuanensis within C. kiatingi is strongly supported, with interspecific sequence divergence of 0-0.9, 0.1-1.4 and 0.0-0.4%, respectively. Thus, it is suggested that C. xinyangensis should be the synonym of C. sowerbii, C. sichuanensis the synonym of C. kiatingi and C. brevinema the synonym of C. sinensis. However, the taxonomic status of C. ziguiensis is still uncertain. According to the tree topology, C. kiatingi was closer to C. sowerbii than to C. sinensis. Craspedacusta sinensis was the most genetically distinct from distance matrix values, and located at the base of the phylogenetic trees, so it can be speculated that the C. sinensis may be the ancestral form in the genus Craspedacusta.

How polluted is the Yangtze River? Water quality downstream from the Three Gorges Dam

The concentrations of major anions and cations, nitrogen and phosphorus, dissolved and particulate trace elements, and organic pollutants were determined for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) from below the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) to the mouth at Shanghai in November 2006. The concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) was constant at a low level of 6-8 mu gP/L, but the concentration of nitrate (NO3-) approximately doubled downstream and was closely correlated with K+. This translated to a daily load of well over 1000 It of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) at Datong. The average concentrations of dissolved Pb (0.078 +/- 0.023 mu g/L), Cd (0.024 +/- 0.009 mu g/L), Cr(0.57 +/- 0.09 mu g/L), Cu (1.9 +/- 0.7 mu g/L), and Ni (0.50 +/- 0.49 mu g/L) were comparable with those in other major world rivers, while As (3.3 +/- 1.3 mu g/L) and Zn (1.5 +/- 0.6 mu g/L) were higher by factors of 5.5 and 2.5, respectively. The trace element contents of suspended particles of As (31 +/- 28 mu g/g), Pb (83 +/- 34 mu g/g), and Ni (52 +/- 16 mu g/g) were close to maximum concentrations recommended for rivers by the European Community (EC). The average concentrations of Cd (2.6 +/- 1.6 mu g/g), Cr (185 +/- 102 mu g/g), Cu (115 +/- 106 mu g/g), and Zn (500 +/- 300 mu g/g) exceeded the EC standards by a factor of two, and Hg (4.4 +/- 4.7 mu g/g) by a factor of 4 to 5. Locally occurring peak concentrations exceed these values up to fourfold, among them the notorious elements As, Hg, and Tl. All dissolved and particulate trace element concentrations were higher than estimates made twenty years ago [Zhang, J., Geochemistry of trace metals from Chinese river/estuary systems: an overview. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 1995; 41: 631-658.]. The enormous loads of anthropogenic pollutants disposed to the river were diluted by the large water discharge of the Yangtze even during the lowest flow resulting in the relatively low concentration levels of trace elements and organic pollutants observed. We estimated loads of e.g. As, Pb and Ni to the East China Sea to be about 4600 kg As d(-1), 3000 kg Pb d(-1), and 2000 kg Ni d(-1). About 6000 t d(-1) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was delivered into the sea at the time of our cruise. We tested for 236 organic pollutants, and only the most infamous were found to be barely above detection limits. We estimated that the load of chlorinated compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and PAHs were between 500 and 3500 kg d(-1). We also detected eight herbicides entering the estuary with loads of 5-350 kg d(-1). The pollutant load, even when at low concentrations, are considerable and pose an increasing threat to the health of the East China Sea ecosystem. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

工艺流程中高浓定影液酸度的流线分析方法研究

每种酸碱指示剂在其变色PH范围内都有一个明显的颜色变化，在其相应的PH-A曲线上总存在一段直线部分，通过选择一定PH变色范围和适当浓度的指示剂，就能使各指示剂PH-A曲线上的直线部分相互迭加成一条新的直线，从而加宽了混合指示剂的表现变色PH范围，依此原理，本论文以二种流动注射分析方法独立地完成了工艺流程中高浓定影液酸度的在线分析。并对这二种方法做了简单的对比。（一）工艺流程中高浓定影液酸度的在线分析方法研究（1）我们选择了内含0.08%溴甲酚紫，0.04%溴百里酚兰，0.02%甲酚红组成的混合指示剂的6%稀释液作为试剂，以C-41CX定影浓缩液作载流，用F2A-分光光度法完成了高浓度定影液酸度的在线测定，相对标准偏差在50.2%以内，采样频率为100次/h，分析周期很短（25秒），在5.5～8.0PH范围内，PH-A工作曲线具有很好的线性关系，相关系数0.9996，斜率即灵敏度达到：0.198A/PH。（二）工艺流程中高浓定影液酸遮掩在线分析方法研究（2）我们造反了0.005%的溴甲酚紫，0.009%的溴百里酚兰和0.025%的甲酚红作为混合酸碱指示剂，以蒸馏水作载流，通过选择最佳测定条件用流动注射-分光光度法（F2A-Spectrophotometry）在线测定了不宜用其它分析法测定的高浓溶液的酸度。该分析方法还可以推广到其它高浓溶液的酸度的在线测定。相对误差在±0.2%以内；分析周期为30秒；采样体积为60μL。在5.2～8.5PH范围内，混合指示剂的PH-A工作曲线具有良好的线性关系，相关系数达到0.9991，工作曲线斜率即是灵敏度达到0.376A/PH。

An augmented method for free boundary problems with moving contact lines

An augmented immersed interface method (IIM) is proposed for simulating one-phase moving contact line problems in which a liquid drop spreads or recoils on a solid substrate. While the present two-dimensional mathematical model is a free boundary problem, in our new numerical method, the fluid domain enclosed by the free boundary is embedded into a rectangular one so that the problem can be solved by a regular Cartesian grid method. We introduce an augmented variable along the free boundary so that the stress balancing boundary condition is satisfied. A hybrid time discretization is used in the projection method for better stability. The resultant Helmholtz/Poisson equations with interfaces then are solved by the IIM in an efficient way. Several numerical tests including an accuracy check, and the spreading and recoiling processes of a liquid drop are presented in detail. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Validating MODIS-derived land surface evapotranspiration with in situ measurements at two AmeriFlux sites in a semiarid region

Reducing uncertainties in the estimation of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) from remote-sensing data is essential to better understand earth-atmosphere interactions. This paper demonstrates the applicability of temperature-vegetation index triangle (T-s-VI) method in estimating regional ET and evaporative fraction (EF, defined as the ratio of latent heat flux to surface available energy) from MODIS/Terra and MODIS/Aqua products in a semiarid region. We have compared the satellite-based estimates of ET and EF with eddy covariance measurements made over 4 years at two semiarid grassland sites: Audubon Ranch (AR) and Kendall Grassland (KG). The lack of closure in the eddy covariance measured surface energy components is shown to be more serious at MODIS/Aqua overpass time than that at MODIS/Terra overpass time for both AR and KG sites. The T-s-VI-derived EF could reproduce in situ EF reasonably well with BIAS and root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of less than 0.07 and 0.13, respectively. Surface net radiation has been shown to be systematically overestimated by as large as about 60 W/m(2). Satisfactory validation results of the T-s-VI-derived sensible and latent heat fluxes have been obtained with RMSD within 54 W/m(2). The simplicity and yet easy use of the T-s-VI triangle method show a great potential in estimating regional ET with highly acceptable accuracy that is of critical significance in better understanding water and energy budgets on the Earth. Nevertheless, more validation work should be carried out over various climatic regions and under other different land use/land cover conditions in the future.

Preparation and photovoltaic property of a new polyfluorene derivative/ZnO nanoparticles hybrid composites

A new kind of polyfluorene copolymers, poly(2,7-(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene)-alt-5,5 -(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3',-benzothiadiazole) (PFDTBT), was prepared. The introduction of ZnO nanoparticles with perfect wurtzite crystal character into PFDTBT makes the resulted single-layer photovoltaic device to perform a significant photovoltaic response. Among the tested devices, the best performance is observed for that containing 60 wt% of ZnO nanoparticles, which has a photocurrent density of 1.17 mu A/cm(2), an open circuit voltage of 0.81 V. a fill factor of 0.09 and a power conversion efficiency of 0.009%. The results show that the polyfluorene derivatives/ZnO nanoparticles hybrid composites are excellent fluorescence and photovoltaic materials. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.