Patrimonio, paisaje y convivencialidad: experiencias de desposesión en el sur de Chile

A través de la revisión de las representaciones infantiles del medio y de las prácticas residencial indígenas en el bosque templado lluvioso se demuestra el proceso por el cual el rico patrimonio local, vertebrado con las formaciones boscosas, es progresivamente enajenado en pro de su instrumentalización para fines turísticos que se tornan adversarios para las propias comunidades que le dieron origen. La desposesión opera tanto por la vía de la temprana escolarización como por la vía del mercado, tornando vulnerables a las poblaciones locales en ambientes de alta complejidad. Se concluye sugiriendo la conveniencia de radicar el patrimonio en su condición de convivencialidad donde no hay separaciones entre naturaleza y cultura sino más bien una mutua solidaridad de seres que se ven amenazados en la continuidad de su existencia por una acción pública fuertemente influida por el neoliberalismo.

Cadastro do Património Arbóreo da Cidade de Portalegre – Conceção de um Sistema de Informação Geográfico

Os meios urbanos são espaços cada vez mais edificados, compactos e com solos impermeabilizados, onde a ausência ou reduzida presença de espaços verdes é uma realidade. Os elementos arbóreos, qualquer que seja a sua disposição, ganham cada vez mais significado enquanto representantes do meio natural na conservação da qualidade e conforto de vida nas cidades. Este trabalho desenvolveu-se a partir do tema das árvores em meio urbano, tendo por base os benefícios das árvores nas cidades, a sua distribuição espacial e o estado de conservação deste tipo de património. O principal fio condutor passou pela concepção do inventário do Património Arbóreo da cidade de Portalegre, com recurso às novas tecnologias da informação, nomeadamente os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, capaz de se integrar nos sistemas homólogos do Município de Portalegre. O inventário à escala do perímetro urbano da cidade de Portalegre contabilizou 2087 elementos arbóreos localizados em áreas públicas, dos quais 1500 são árvores de folha caduca e 587 são perenifólias. Registou-se um elevado índice de diversidade para aquela área, cerca de 705 árvores/km2, embora as árvores estejam distribuídas de forma heterogénea pelo território considerado, percebendo-se com isso as zonas de carência de arborização. Com este inventário foi ainda possível conceber uma avaliação económica segundo a Norma de Granada, de 13 árvores isoladas e uma alameda com 38 indivíduos, assim como propor a classificação destes elementos a Árvores de Interesse Público. Anseia-se que este trabalho seja um documento informativo e sensibilizador de todo o público em geral, mas principalmente que se assuma como uma ferramenta útil aos responsáveis pelos espaços verdes da cidade de Portalegre.

How fast do European conifers overgrow wounds inflicted by rockfall?

The capacity of trees to recover from mechanical disturbance is of crucial importance for tree survival but has been primarily investigated in saplings using artificially induced wounds. In this study, mature Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Abies alba Mill. trees growing on alpine slopes that were wounded by naturally occurring rockfall were analyzed to determine their efficiency in overgrowing wounds. In total 43 L. decidua, P. abies and A. alba trees were sampled. First, 106 samples from 27 L. decidua and P. abies trees were analyzed to reconstruct yearly and overall overgrowth rates. Cross sections were taken at the maximum extension of the injury and overgrowth rates were determined on a yearly basis. Results clearly showed that L. decidua overgrew wounds more efficiently than P. abies with an average overgrowth rate of 19° and 11.8° per year, respectively. The higher on the stem the injury was located, the faster the wound was closed. Young and small trees overgrew wounds more efficiently than older or thicker trees. In contrast, no correlation was observed between injury size or increment before/after wounding and wound closure. Second, cross sections from 16 L. decidua, P. abies and A. alba (54 injuries) were used to assess closure rates at different heights around the injury. Overgrowth was generally smallest at the height of the maximum lateral extension of the injury and increased at the upper and lower end of the injury. The efficiency with which L. decidua closes wounds inflicted by rockfall makes this species highly adapted to sites with this type of mechanical disturbance.

Collected poems /

v.1. The loom of years. The flower of old Japan. The forest of wild thyme. Forty singing seamen.--v.2. Drake. The enchanted island. New poems.

[Overtures]

Full score.

Plot plan

Blueprint; reduced sketch of property in FLO2, with outline of residence, buildings, driveway, locations of trees and topo lines; in pencil at lower right, "Florsheim"; unsigned. 73 x 52 cm. Scale: 1/2" = 1' [from photographic copy by Lance Burgharrdt]

Genetic diversity and regional identity in the Australian remnant Nothofagus moorei

Nothofagus moorei (F. Muell.) Krasser has a disjunct and narrow distribution in south-eastern Australian cool temperate rainforest. To assess the conservation-genetic priorities for this species, the genetic diversity of 20 populations sampled from the largest remnant patches at northern and southern distributional extremes, the McPherson and Barrington ranges (a total of 146 individuals), was investigated by using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Regeneration in northern regions of N. moorei has been documented to be predominantly by vegetative means, but our results indicate little evidence of clonality outside the multi-stemmed rings of trees. In addition, genetic diversity was considerably higher in the northern (McPherson, h = 0.1613) than in the southern range (Barrington, h = 0.1159), and genetic differentiation was significantly positively correlated with geographic distance in the former region, but not the latter. Total intraspecific variation was moderate, as measured by Shannon's diversity index, I = 0.2719, and Nei's gene diversity, h = 0.1672, and is considered at the high end of spectrum for estimates of narrow endemic species. An analysis of molecular variation indicated that the majority of genetic variation is partitioned among individuals within population (60%; P < 0.001), rather than among populations within regions (10%; P < 0.001). However, a large and significant component of the measured diversity was partitioned between northern and southern regions (29%; P < 0.001). Several hypotheses are outlined to explain these differences and management implications are discussed. However, given the narrow range, poor dispersal mechanism and restriction to cool temperate rainforest, the continued existence of N. moorei is most threatened by environmental instability and habitat loss resulting from global climate change. In this context the northern regions of the species are most at risk and extinction of such populations would lead to a significant loss of genetic variation for the species as a whole.

Maintaining tree islands in the Florida Everglades: nutrient redistribution is the key

The Florida Everglades is an oligotrophic wetland system with tree islands as one of its most prominent landscape features. Total soil phosphorus concentrations on tree islands can be 6 to 100 times greater than phosphorus levels in the surrounding marshes and sloughs, making tree islands nutrient hotspots. Several mechanisms are believed to redistribute phosphorus to tree islands: subsurface water flows generated by evapotranspiration of trees, higher deposition rates of dry fallout, deposition of guano by birds and other animals, groundwater upwelling, and bedrock mineralization by tree exudates. A conceptual model is proposed, in which the focused redistribution of limiting nutrients, especially phosphorus, onto tree islands controls their maintenance and expansion. Because of increased primary production and peat accretion rates, the redistribution of phosphorus can result in an increase in both tree island elevation and size. Human changes to hydrology have greatly decreased the number and size of tree islands in parts of the Everglades. The proposed model suggests that the preservation of existing tree islands, and ultimately of the Everglades landscape, requires the maintenance of these phosphorus redistribution mechanisms.

Pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs counting data from Borsteler Moor (Germany)

In order to reconstruct regional vegetation changes and local conditions during the fen-bog transition in the Borsteler Moor (northwestern Germany), a sediment core covering the period between 7.1 and 4.5 cal kyrs BP was palynologically in vestigated. The pollen diagram demonstrates the dominance of oak forests and a gradual replacement of trees by raised bog vegetation with the wetter conditions in the Late Atlantic. At ~ 6 cal kyrs BP, the non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP) demonstrate the succession from mesotrophic conditions, clearly indicated by a number of fungal spore types, to oligotrophic conditions, indicated by Sphagnum spores, Bryophytomyces sphagni, and testate amoebae Amphitrema, Assulina and Arcella, etc. Four relatively dry phases during the transition from fen to bog are clearly indicated by the dominance of Calluna and associated fungi as well as by the increase of microcharcoal. Several new NPP types are described and known NPP types are identified. All NPP are discussed in the context of their palaeoecological indicator values.

Age model and pollen analysis from site GIK16867 in the northern Angola Basin

Sporomorphs and dinoflagellate cysts from site GIK16867 in the northern Angola Basin record the vegetation history of the West African forest during the last 700 ka in relation to changes in salinity and productivity of the eastern Gulf of Guinea. During most cool and cold periods, the Afromontane forest, rather than the open grass-rich dry forest, expanded to lower altitudes partly replacing the lowland rain forest of the borderlands east of the Gulf of Guinea. Except in Stage 3, when oceanic productivity was high during a period of decreased atmospheric circulation, high oceanic productivity is correlated to strong winds. The response of marine productivity in the course of a climatic cycle, however, is earlier than that of wind vigour and makes wind-stress-induced oceanic upwelling in the area less likely. Monsoon variation is well illustrated by the pollen record of increased lowland rain forest that is paired to the dinoflagellate cyst record of decreased salinity forced by increased precipitation and run-off.

Foresterie urbaine : recensement mondial des publications, situation actuelle et besoins de recherche des municipalités canadiennes

L’arbre en ville offre plusieurs bienfaits, et ce, même s’il est souvent confronté à des conditions de vie difficiles. Au cours des années, la foresterie urbaine a suscité plusieurs travaux de recherches. Ce projet visait à faire un recensement des publications scientifiques de recherche en foresterie urbaine, à faire l’état de la situation des municipalités en matière de foresterie urbaine et à identifier les besoins de recherche en foresterie urbaine des municipalités canadiennes de 5 000 habitants et plus. Le premier objectif a été réalisé en utilisant plusieurs bases de données d’articles scientifiques et des mots clefs en foresterie urbaine. Un sondage pancanadien a permis de réaliser les deux autres objectifs. Le recensement que nous avons effectué des publications en foresterie urbaine depuis 1800 a montré, comme pour les publications scientifiques en général, mais de façon encore plus marquée, un accroissement de leur nombre ces dernières années. Ce recensement a aussi permis de révéler que les préoccupations de recherche touchent surtout l’effet des arbres sur la santé humaine et la qualité de l’air. L’identification des besoins de recherche réalisée auprès des responsables des espaces verts a permis de constater qu’il y avait toujours place pour la recherche dans ce domaine. Les municipalités veulent connaître, entre autres, quelles espèces d’arbres sont adaptées à l’environnement urbain, quel est l’effet des arbres sur le ruissellement des eaux de pluie et sur la santé humaine. Nous avons aussi constaté qu’il y avait un manque de transfert de connaissances entre les chercheurs et les responsables d’espaces verts ou que les recherches menées ne répondent pas aux besoins exprimés par les répondants. Le présent mémoire a permis de mieux cerner les besoins de recherche des municipalités canadiennes et permettra aux chercheurs de mieux définir les priorités de recherche en foresterie urbaine.

Estética do apocalipse: (re) considerações acerca da (des) arborização urbana de Natal e seu contributo à saúde pública

This study intends to establish a relation between environmental degradation, particularly the devastation of the green canopy, and public health. Utilizing a mapping of the trees included in the researched area, each individual tree was analyzed according to its age, taxonomic listing, architecture, shape and size (determined by aesthetic/convenience reasons or deformed by pruning). Initially investigated were the covert reasons lying underneath the constant aggression against trees (which many times seem to contain elements of hatred and contempt) within the urban environment. In addition to that, the aspects concerning environmental modifications and the consequent impact on public health were also assessed. Two main problems promptly emerged as a result of the removal of trees: a) without a canopy to protect the areas, they became subject to winds directly blown from SW Africa and impregnated with aerosol partic les, which are common causes for respiratory disorders and, b) direct UV solar radiation, which causes some types of skin cancers and eye disorders. To reach such results, we studied the origins and formation of UV radiation induced cancers and searched for the UV radiation spectra of action, e.g., usual intensity and quantity reaching clear and shadowed spaces in a certain area and its consequences. In a second instance, we also searched for pertinent data resources in order to confirm the increase of skin cancer cases due to exposure to UV radiation and the relation between the destruction of the green canopy and the above mentioned problems. We believe that a few significant results have been achieved by this study, namely: the relation between a culture based on medieval beliefs and its consequences on the environment; how this culture exploits and deforms nature in pursuit of financial and psychological interests to a point of transforming the landscape into a copy of something devoid of any relation to latitude and altitude; and above all, the indifference concerning the alarming results carried by these modifications

Estrutura da comunidade arbórea e suas relações com fatores edáficos na floresta de restinga paludosa da Estrada Velha, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul

(Estrutura da comunidade arbórea e suas relações com fatores edáficos na floresta de restinga paludosa da estrada Velha, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul). O presente estudo tem como objetivo estudar a estrutura da comunidade arbórea da floresta de restinga paludosa da Estrada Velha (32º07’S; 52º09’W) localizada no município do Rio Grande, na Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul e suas correlações com fatores edáficos. Para a amostragem do componente arbóreo foram demarcadas três transecções paralelas, ao longo das quais foram alocadas 30 unidades amostrais de 10m X 10m, de forma não contígua e amostrados todos os indivíduos com perímetro a altura do peito maior ou igual a 15 cm. Foram coletadas amostras de solo para análises químicas e granulométricas e realizadas medidas da coluna d’água nas unidades amostrais. Os principais parâmetros fitossociológicos foram estimados para descrever a estrutura da floresta, bem como os índices de Diversidade de Shannon (H’) e de Equabilidade de Pielou (J’). A similaridade com outras florestas no Rio Grande do Sul foi estimada pelo índice de Jaccard (ISj). As relações entre a abundância das espécies nas unidades amostrais e fatores edáficos foram avaliadas por meio de análise de componentes principais (PCA) e análise de correspondência canônica (CCA). Foram registrados 585 indivíduos distribuídos em 19 espécies, 17 gêneros e 16 famílias. A família com maior riqueza específica foi Moraceae e as espécies com maiores valores de importância foram Citronela gongonha (Mart.) R.A. Howard, Erythrina crista-galli L., Sebastiania brasiliensis Spreng., Ficus cestrifolia Schott. e Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman. O Índice de diversidade foi 1,99 nat.ind-1 e o de Equabilidade foi 0,68. As análises multivariadas de ordenação evidenciaram um gradiente de distribuição das espécies correlacionado principalmente com a densidade de C. gongonha e fatores edáficos como pH, Ca, CTC(t), MO, K e nível de alagamento. O componente arbóreo mostrou similaridade florística (ISj) com outras florestas paludosas localizadas em maiores latitudes no Estado.

La biodiversidad urbana como síntoma de una ciudad sostenible. Estudio de la zona del Yanuncay en Cuenca, Ecuador

Al testear la situación de la biodiversidad urbana y los espacios verdes en la zona del Yanuncay de Cuenca (Ecuador), se pretendió revelar particularidades de la co-determinación entre la biodiversidad y las áreas verdes al interior de la ciudad. Se calcularon seis indicadores y tres índices que mostraron niveles alarmantemente bajos, que sugieren la necesidad de acciones inmediatas con el fin de recuperar la biodiversidad perdida. Por ejemplo, en el caso del indicador de la Permeabilidad del Suelo Público el 83.53% del suelo no es permeable; en cuanto a la Proximidad a Espacios Verdes el 98.82% del área de estudio no se aproxima al objetivo mínimo; en lo referente al cálculo de la Densidad de Árboles por Tramo de Calle el 98.83% de los tramos tienen arbolado insuficiente. Un aporte importante del trabajo es la construcción del Índice de Verde Urbano (IVU) que conjuga el indicador de Superficie Verde por Habitante con el de Proximidad Simultánea a Tres Tipos de Espacios Verdes, de este modo se puede tener una mirada tanto de la cantidad como de la cobertura e influencia, a distintas escalas, que estas áreas tienen sobre las personas. En este índice se constata que el 91.76% del área no cumple con el valor mínimo. Estos datos nos permiten afirmar que la ciudad actual y su producción de áreas verdes no contribuyen a la sostenibilidad ecológica y por ende a la biodiversidad urbana. Si no se proponen cambios urgentes al modelo de ciudad vigente, estos valores se volverán aún más alarmantes.

Genes found in partial sequencing od Phytophthora cinnamomi

Members of the oomycete cause extensive losses in agriculture and widespread degradation in natural plant communities, being responsible for the death of thousands of trees every year. Two of the representative species are Phytophthora infestans, which causes late blight of potato, and Phytophthora cinnamomi, which causes chestnut ink disease, responsible for losses on sweet chestnut production in Europe. Genome sequencing efforts have been focused on the study of three species: P. infestans, P. sojae and P. ramorum. Phytophthora infestans has been developed as the model specie for the genus, possessing excellent genetic and genomics resources including genetic maps, BAC libraries, and EST sequences. Our research team is trying to sequence the genome of P. cinnamomi in order to gain a better understanding of this oomycete, to study changes in plant-pathogen relationships including those resulting from climate change and trying to decrease the pathogen’s impact on crops and plants in natural ecosystems worldwide. We present here a preliminary report of partially sequenced genomic DNA from P. cinnamomi encoding putative protein-coding sequences and tRNAs. Database analysis reveals the presence of genes conserved in oomycetes.