Reserved parking : marine reserves and small-scale fishing communities: a collection of articles from SAMUDRA report

As the earth’s resources continue to face increasing pressure from a variety of human and natural causes, protection of the environment and biodiversity is a matter of contemporary concern, The conservation of coastal and marine resources, in particular, has become a priority for countries around the world. In this context, marine protected areas (MPAs) are being widely promoted as one of the most effective tools for the conservation of coastal and marine resources. Most MPAs are located in coastal areas of great biodiversity, and hence their development has direct impacts on the lives and livelihoods of coastal communities, especially small-scale and traditional fishing communities. Typically, they are the ones who have to bear the costs of conservation practices–lost livelihood options, expulsion from traditional fishing grounds and living spaces, and violation of human/community rights, to name a few. The articles in this dossier, drawn chronologically from the pages of Samudra Report, the triannual publication of ICSF, draw attention to these issues. They show that conservation and livelihoods are closely intertwined, and that top-down, non-participatory models of conservation can be counter-productive. Despite being poor and powerless, fishing and coastal communities can be powerful allies in conservation efforts, given their longstanding dependence on natural resources and their traditional ecological knowledge systems. As the examples in this dossier reveal, it is possible for fishing communities to protect and conserve the environment, while continuing with sustainable fishing operations. Clearly, only an integrated approach to fisheries management and conservation will prove successful. This dossier will be useful for policymakers, social scientists, non-governmental organizations and others interested in fisheries, conservation, communities and livelihoods.

Caverna

Este trabalho apresenta os processos de pesquisa teórica e produção visual de forma entrelaçada, a partir da experiência em uma residência artística vivida na casa da minha bisavó onde resido. A dissertação divide-se em três capítulos: o primeiro consiste em uma construção metodológica a partir da diluição das fronteiras entre os campos da antropologia e da arte; o segundo é dedicado a tratar de algumas questões que motivaram a produção da instalação Caverna (2014) e outras suscitadas durante esse processo; e, por fim, o terceiro capítulo trata de uma mudança no modo de perceber a própria residência, estimulada pelas ideias de devir e ritornelo criadas por Deleuze e Guatarri, além de apresentar o processo de criação da instalação Escritura (2015).

Plurimidialidade e arte

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo e a realização de procedimentos artísticos singulares que se abrem após o modernismo em diferenças flagrantes, levando a formas contemporâneas de organização do sensível em que as fronteiras entre as especificidades artísticas são cada vez mais diluídas. Conceitos como, dentre outros, o de campo expandido ou campo ampliado, de Rosalind Krauss, de arte inespecífica, de Florencia Garramuño, de intermídia, de Dick Higgins, de quase-cinema, de Hélio Oiticica, de Mistura, de Ricardo Basbaum são de grande importância para a pesquisa, constituindo-se como alvo do trabalho a ser realizado. Por serem constituídos de, ao menos, três mídias distintas (sons, palavras e imagens), que, montadas, se fundem, criando uma obra de múltiplos meios entre as mídias, os vídeos ou os arranjos audiovisuais que apresento nesta dissertação têm como característica central a plurimidialidade

A responsabilidade do cotista do fundo de investimento em participações

A presente dissertação tem por escopo traçar os contornos do regime de responsabilidade do cotista de fundo de investimento em participações FIP. Para tanto, serão analisados os aspectos históricos, a natureza jurídica e a forma como os fundos de investimento são estruturados no direito brasileiro, com foco no fundo de investimento em participações. Tendo em vista que o FIP pode assumir posição de controlador de companhia na qual realiza investimento,a dissertação também trata, de forma sucinta, da estrutura do poder de controle, da identificação do acionista controlador e das hipóteses de sua responsabilização. Na sequência, são apontadas as hipóteses de responsabilização direta e indireta dos cotistas de fundos de investimento em participações. A pesquisa busca demonstrar que o cotista do FIP, em razão da responsabilidade subsidiária decorrente da obrigação de arcar com o patrimônio negativo do fundo, está sujeito a responsabilidade indireta incompatível com o seu papel de investidor. Por fim, aponta-se uma possível solução para o problema da responsabilidade do cotista do FIP.

Cartas ao congresso nacional: expressões escritas da cidadania no processo constituinte de 1988

A pesquisa de doutorado que apresento teve como objeto de estudo cartas escritas por diferentes sujeitos, enviando ideias para a Constituição brasileira promulgada em outubro de 1988. As cartas selecionadas são todas documentos manuscritos por diferentes sujeitos, componentes de um largo acervo documental, que apresenta indícios de que seus autores não concluíram o ensino fundamental, do tempo e do espaço em que foram escritas, hoje parte do fundo patrimonial do Museu da República. Esta pesquisa inseriu-se na temática sobre pluralidade de conhecimentos/saberes que circulam socialmente, especialmente os traduzidos por expressões escritas de sujeitos jovens e adultos. Entendi essa produção como um processo de participação política, ou seja, minha hipótese central pode ser assim resumida: sujeitos, em seus processos de produção de cidadania, ao escreverem cartas à elaboração da Constituição, em exercício de participação política, se autoproduzem como cidadãos, pela escrita. Mais do que exercício de cidadania, a abordagem e interpretação que fiz das escritas epistolares mostraram também que os sujeitos tinham conhecimentos que talvez ignorassem, e que independiam de conhecimentos formais para expressaram outros sentidos de cidadania, afirmando direitos tantas vezes negados. Esse reconhecimento levou-me à certeza de que estava diante de práticas sociais em que a noção de justiça cognitiva podia ser identificada, pelo fato de as pessoas, fora do espaço do conhecimento formal, revelarem outros conhecimentos indispensáveis ao exercício da cidadania, demonstrando a condição de iguais a pessoas escolarizadas em espaços formais. Assim sendo, devo admitir que o conhecimento formal não é condição para o exercício da cidadania, e que a presença de outros conhecimentos para além dos formais da cultura escrita, constituídos em redes, porque forjados na vida, no cotidiano em que os sujeitos vivem, e enredados em suas mais diferentes histórias que os constituem, e assim representados no modo como escreviam, permitiu reconhecer politicamente esses sujeitos de direito, fora do espaço da chamada educação formal. Esse reconhecimento levou-me à certeza (sempre provisória) de uma prática social em que a justiça cognitiva podia ser identificada, pelo fato de as pessoas, fora do espaço do conhecimento formal, revelarem outros conhecimentos indispensáveis ao exercício da cidadania, porque se reconheciam em patamar de igualdade com pessoas escolarizadas.

Phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes

The taxomic classification and phylogenetic relationships within the bear family remain argumentative subjects in recent years. Prior investigation has been concentrated on the application of different mitochondrial (mt) sequence data, herein we employ tw

Molecular phylogeny of Sinocyclocheilus (Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

More than 10 species within the freshwater fish genus Sinoncyclocbeilus adapt to caves and show different degrees of degeneration of eyes and pigmentation. Therefore, this genus can be useful for studying evolutionary developmental mechanisms, role of natural selection and adaptation in cave animals. To better understand these processes, it is indispensable to have background knowledge about phylogenetic relationships of surface and cave species within this genus. To investigate phylogenetic relationships among species within this genus, we determined nucleotide sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp) and partial ND4 gene (1032 bp) of 31 recognized ingroup species and one outgroup species Barbodes laticeps. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum parsimony. Bayesian, and maximum likelihood analyses. Our phylogenetic results showed that all species except for two surface species S. jii and S. macrolepis clustered as five major monophyletic clades (I, II, III, IV, and V) with strong supports. S. jii was the most basal species in all analyses, but the position of S. macrolepis was not resolved. The cave species were polyphyletic and occurred in these five major clades. Our results indicate that adaptation to cave environments has occurred multiple times during the evolutionary history of Sinocyclocheilus. The branching orders among the clades I, II, III, and IV were not resolved, and this might be due to early rapid radiation in Sinocyclocheilus. All species distributed in Yunnan except for S. rhinocerous and S. hyalinus formed a strongly supported monophyletic group (clade V), probably reflecting their common origins. This result suggested that the diversification of Sinocyclocheilus in Yunnan may correlate with the uplifting of Yunnan Plateau. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation

Background: Despite the small number of ursid species, bear phylogeny has long been a focus of study due to their conservation value, as all bear genera have been classified as endangered at either the species or subspecies level. The Ursidae family repre

Assessment of quality of fish landed at the Cochin fisheries harbour

Assessment of quality of fish and shrimps landed at the fish harbour, Cochin, was made over the period January, 1980 to December, 1982. A total of 201 samples were analysed. Nearly 75% of the samples scored between 6-10 in a 10 point hedonic scale and the percentage unacceptability based on sensory assessment was 5. 5%. In 10.1% of the samples, total volatile nitrogen was >30 mg% and in 8.3% of the samples trimethylamine- nitrogen was >10 mg%. Both, the gr Torrymeter and Intellectron Fish Tester VI readings marked significant correlation with sensory scores and chemical indices; but failed to bear any significant correlation with bacterial counts. Of the 5-1 total samples 66.7% had total plate count (TPC) ≥10 super(5) g super(-1) and 8.5% were considered unacceptable based on TPC >5x10 super(5) g super(-1); 63.2% of the samples were free from Escherichia coli; 26.4% had >20 E. coli g super(-1) and 20.4% of the samples contained faecal streptococci >10 super(3) g super(-1). Seven percent of the samples showed coagulase positive staphylococci >100 g super(-1). Salmonella could not be detected in any of the samples examined. Crushed ice samples and the platform of the harbour had high bacterial loads.

The complete mitochondrial genomes of two species from Sinocyclocheilus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and a phylogenetic analysis within Cyprininae

We determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequences for two species of surface- and cave-dwelling-cyprinid fishes, Sinocyclocheilus grahami and S. altishoulderus. Sequence comparison of 13 protein-coding genes shows that the mutation pattern of each single gene is quite similar to those of other vertebrate animal species. Analysis of the ratios of Ka/Ks at these loci between Sinocyclocheilus and two other cyprinid species (Cyprinus carpio and Procypris rabaudi) show that Ka/Ks ratios are differed, consistent with purifying selection and variation in functional constraint among genes. Bayesian analysis and maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences for 14 cyprinid taxa support the monophyly of the family Cyprininae, and further confirm the monophyly of the genus Sinocyclocheilus. The two Sinocyclocheilus species fall within the Cyprinion-Onychostoma lineage, including Cyprinus, Carassius, and Procypris, rather than among the Barbinae, as previously suggested on morphological grounds.

How to avoid the problems of target-setting

Purpose: Advocates and critics of target-setting in the workplace seem unable to reach beyond their own well-entrenched battle lines. While the advocates of goal-directed behaviour point to what they see as demonstrable advantages, the critics of target-setting highlight equally demonstrable disadvantages. Indeed, the academic literature on this topic is currently mired in controversy, with neither side seemingly capable of envisaging a better way forward. This paper seeks to break the current deadlock and move thinking forward in this important aspect of performance measurement and management by outlining a new, more fruitful approach, based on both theory and practical experience. Design/methodology/approach: The topic was approached in three phases: assembling and reading key academic and other literature on the subject of target-setting and goal-directed behaviour, with a view to understanding, in depth, the arguments advanced by the advocates and critics of target-setting; comparing these published arguments with one's own experiential findings, in order to bring the essence of disagreement into much sharper focus; and then bringing to bear the academic and practical experience to identify the essential elements of a new, more fruitful approach offering all the benefits of goal-directed behaviour with none of the typical disadvantages of target-setting. Findings: The research led to three key findings: the advocates of goal-directed behaviour and critics of target-setting each make valid points, as seen from their own current perspectives; the likelihood of these two communities, left to themselves, ever reaching a new synthesis, seems vanishingly small (with leading thinkers in the goal-directed behaviour community already acknowledging this); and, between the three authors, it was discovered that their unusual combination of academic study and practical experience enabled them to see things differently. Hence, they would like to share their new thinking more widely. Research limitations/implications: The authors fully accept that their paper is informed by extensive practical experience and, as yet, there have been no opportunities to test their findings, conclusions and recommendations through rigorous academic research. However, they hope that the paper will move thinking forward in this arena, thereby informing future academic research. Practical implications: The authors hope that the practical implications of the paper will be significant, as it outlines a novel way for organisations to capture the benefits of goal-directed behaviour with none of the disadvantages typically associated with target-setting. Social implications: Given that increased efficiency and effectiveness in the management of organisations would be good for society, the authors think the paper has interesting social implications. Originality/value: Leading thinkers in the field of goal-directed behaviour, such as Locke and Latham, and leading critics of target-setting, such as Ordóñez et al. continue to argue with one another - much like, at the turn of the nineteenth century, proponents of the "wave theory of light" and proponents of the "particle theory of light" were similarly at loggerheads. Just as this furious scientific debate was ultimately resolved by Taylor's experiment, showing that light could behave both as a particle and wave at the same time, the authors believe that the paper demonstrates that goal-directed behaviour and target-setting can successfully co-exist. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Taxonomic review of the genus Sinocrossocheilus Wu (Teleostei : Cyprinidae), with a description of four new species

All Sinocrossocheilus species, except S. microstomatus, are reviewed. Four new species, S. labiata, S. papillolabra, S. nigrovittata, and S. longibulla, are described. The genus Sinocrossocheilus differs from other genera of Cyprinidae by the last simple dorsal fin ray being unserrated and unossified, the last unbranched anal fin ray being unserrated and unossified, the 5-branched anal fin rays, the mouth gap being inferior, the rostral cap covering the lower jaw and connecting directly with the lower lip, a row of fleshy lobes on the lower jaw, and a cloudy black spot above the pectoral fin. Sinocrossocheilus labiata is small and has 22 predorsal scales; S. longibulla has a very large air bladder; S. papillolabra possesses a well-developed ventral fin and a wide band covered by fleshy papillae on the lower lip; and S. nigrovittata possesses black longitudinal stripes along the lateral line. Crossocheilus bamaensis and Crossocheilus liuchengensis are transferred to the genus Sinocrossocheilus. Sinocrossocheilus species are endemic to the central and eastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China, where river systems are anfractuous, including seasonal rivers, cave rivers, underground rivers, and streamlets between mountains. These separated rivers probably provide conditions for the allopatric speciation of the Sinocrossocheilus.

Triplophysa rosa sp nov.: a new blind loach from China

A new blind loach of Triplophysa Rendahl 1933 was collected from a subterranean pool in a cave at Wulong County, Chongqing City, China, in November 2002. The new species, named Triplophysa rosa sp. nov., can be distinguished from its congeners by the following unique characters: eyes vestigial; 9 branched dorsal-fin rays; 12 branched pectoral-fin rays; 7 branched pelvic-fin rays; 6 branched anal-fin rays; 7 + 7 branched caudal-fin rays; distal margin of dorsal-fin concave; tip of pelvic-fin surpasses vertical level of anus; caudal-fin deeply forked; whole body scaleless and colourless. (c) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

The Hypogean fishes of China

China has 92 described species of hypogean (cave and artesian) fishes. That is nearly one third of all the described hypogean fish species (299), more than any other country. Of all Chinese hypogean fishes 56 species show troglomorphisms, i.e., adaptation