Population genetic structure of the parasitic nematode Camallanus cotti inferred from DNA sequences of ITS1 rDNA and the mitochondrial COI gene

The population genetic structure of fish parasitic nematode, Camallanus cotti, collected from the Yangtze River, Pearl River and Minjiang River in China was investigated. From these parasites, the similar to 730 bp of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS1 rDNA) and the 428 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were sequenced. For the ITS1 rDNA data set, highly significant Fst values and low rates of migration were detected between the Pearl River group and both the Yangtze River (Fst = 0.70, P < 0.00001; Nm = 0.21) and Minjiang River (Fst = 0.73, P < 0.00001; Nm = 0.18) groups, while low Fst value (Fst = 0.018, P > 0.05) and high rate of migration (Nm = 28.42) were found between the Minjiang and the Yangtze rivers. When different host/locality populations (subpopulations) within each river were considered, subpopulations between the Yangtze River and Minjiang River had low Fst values (<= 0.12) and high Nm values (>3.72), while Pearl River subpopulations were significantly different from the Yangtze River and Minjiang River subpopulations (Fst >= 0.59; Nm < 1). The COI gene data set revealed a similar genetic structure. Both phylogenetic analyses and a statistical parsimony network grouped the Pearl River haplotypes into one phylogroup, while the Yangtze River and Minjiang River haplotypes formed a second group. These results suggested that the Yangtze River and Minjiang River subpopulations constituted a single reproductive pool that was distinct from the Pearl River subpopulations. In addition, the present study did not find host-related genetic differentiation occurring in the same drainage. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

The user-value of rural electrification: An analysis and adoption of existing models and theories

User-value is a determining factor for product acceptance in product design. Research on rural electrification to date, however, does not draw sufficient attention to the importance of user-value with regard to the overall success of a project. This is evident from the analysis of project reports and applicable indicators from agencies active in the sector. Learning from the design, psychology and sociology literatures, it is important that rural electrification projects incorporate the value perception of the end-user and extend their success beyond the commonly used criteria of financial value, the appropriateness of the technology, capacity building and technology uptake. Creating value for the end-user is particularly important for project acceptance and the sustainability of a scheme once it has been handed over to the local community. In this research paper, existing theories and models of value-theory are transposed and applied to community operated rural electrification schemes and a user-value framework is developed. Furthermore, the importance of value to the end-user is clarified. Current literature on product design reveals that user-value has different properties, many of which are applicable to rural electrification. Five value pillars and their sub-categories important for the users of rural electrification projects are identified, namely: functional; social significance; epistemic; emotional; and cultural values. These pillars provide the main structure for the conceptual framework developed in this research paper. It is proposed that by targeting the values of the end-user, the key factors of user-value applicable to rural electrification projects will be identified and the sustainability of the project will be better ensured. © 2014 The Authors.

The reproductive strategies of an endemic Tibetan fish, Gymnocypris selincuoensis

The reproductive traits of Gymnocypris selincuoensis from Selincuo Lake and its tributaries were investigated in 1997 and 1998. The youngest mature male was age 7 with a standard length (SL) of 172.0 mm, and the youngest mature female was age 8 with a SL of 194.0 mm. The L(50)s Of SL and age at first maturity were respectively 250.32 mm and age 9 for males and 224.71 mm and age 8 for females. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) significantly changed with seasons for mature individuals but not for immature individuals. GSIs of mature females at stages IV and V of ovary development increased with SL and reached a maximum value at the SL range from 370 mm to 390 mm; the GSIs of mature males were negatively correlated with SL. The breeding season lasted from early April to early August. Egg size did not significantly change with SL but increased with the delay of spawning. The individual absolute fecundity varied from 1,341 to 28,002 eggs (mean 12,607+/-7,349), and the individual relative fecundity varied from 6.4 to 42.0 eggs.g(-1) (mean 25.5+/-9.7). The individual fecundity increased with total body weight; it also increased with SL for those of SL less than 370 mm. There was a rest of spawning for mature individuals.

鞑靼荞麦（Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.）离体再生与遗传转化研究

鞑靼荞麦是我国特有的农业产品，具有抗寒耐旱特性和较高的营养保健功能。荞麦的开花习性及遗传特点导致其人工杂交授粉难以成功，这成为荞麦杂交育种难以获得突破的重要原因。因此利用转基因技术导入有益基因有可能成为荞麦遗传改良的新途径，而再生及转化体系的建立是开展转基因研究的基础。 本文研究了苗龄、外植体、几种激素配比对鞑靼荞麦（Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.）离体培养的影响，初步建立了鞑靼荞麦离体再生体系。结果表明，鞑靼荞麦离体再生的最佳取材时间为苗龄6-8d；诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基为MS＋2.0 mg/L 2,4-D＋1.5 mg/L 6-BA，子叶诱愈率达75％左右，下胚轴的可高达86.62％；愈伤组织分化的最适培养基为MS 0.1mg/L IAA＋2.0mg/L 6-BA＋1.0 mg/L KT＋0.5mg/L TDZ，下胚轴的分化率可达9.52%。下胚轴的诱愈率与分化率均高于子叶，更适于离体再生培养。培养基中加入AgNO3后，能有效降低褐化率。生根最适培养基为含有0.5mg/L NAA的1/2MS培养基，生根率在50％左右。TDZ在诱导鞑靼荞麦的愈伤组织分化出芽的过程中起到明显的促进作用，可提高分化率约20%。 在上述研究基础上，本文还对鞑靼荞麦的遗传转化体系进行了探索性研究。分别利用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导法和微粒轰击法（基因枪法）对黑水苦荞下胚轴进行遗传转化。 在农杆菌介导的方法中，携带有质粒pCAMBIA2301的农杆菌菌株EHA105用于转化。载体质粒pCAMBIA2301包含有gus和npt-II 基因, 并受35s启动子驱动。研究结果表明，在侵染方式选择上，浸泡方式比吸打方式更有效，根癌农杆菌侵染的较适浓度为OD600＝0.5，共培养3天，恢复培养7天，能检测到gus基因的表达。 基因枪法使用质粒pBI121，同样包含有gus和npt-II基因, 并受CaMV35s 启动子驱动。轰击距离为9cm较合适，甘露醇前处理在本研究中未表现出明显优势。 两种转化方法比较，基因枪法比农杆菌介导法更快速有效。 本研究为进一步的遗传操作研究打下基础。 Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.), the traditional and unique agricultural product of China, is a kind of crop with strong drought and cold tolerance, abundant nutrition and high medical value. Artificial hybridization is hard in buckwheat because of its flowering habits and genetic characteristics, which leads to no breakthrough in tartary buckwheat breeding. However, biotechnological approaches, especially genetic transformation for the direct introduction of good genes into tartary buckwheat for quality improvement, hold great promise. In this study, we established tartary buckwheat regeneration system in vitro. It is the foundation for genetic manipulation of this crop. The effects of seedling age, hypocotyl and cotyledon as explants, and proportions of several growth regulators were tested in tissue culture of tartary buckwheat for establishing its in vitro regeneration system. The results showed that the best seedling age for callus induction was 6 to 8 days. On the MS medium containing 2.0mg/L 2, 4-D and 1.5mg/L 6-BA, the induction rate of callus from hypocotyls was up to 86.62%, while from cotyledons was about 75％. The suitable shooting medium was the MS medium+0.1mg/L IAA+2.0mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L KT+0.5mg/L TDZ, and the shooting rate from hypocotyls was 9.52%. The callus induction and shooting rates were higher from hypocotyls than from cotyledons. Browning reduced when the medium mixed with AgNO3. Half strength MS supplemented with 0.5mg/L NAA was the best for rooting, the rate was around 50% after 30 days culture. TDZ can accelerate the shoot differentiation distinctively, and it could improve the shooting rate nearly 20%. On the base of above, the explorative research of the genetic transformation in tartary buckwheat was done. In the study, hypocotyls from Heishui tartary buckwheat were transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated method and microprojectile bombardment method (gene-gun), comparatively. In Agrobacterium-mediated method, a disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring plasmid pCAMBIA2301 was used. The vector pCAMBIA2301 contains gus and npt-II genes, driven by CaMV35s promoter. The results showed that the appropriate concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens for infecting was OD600＝0.5, and co-culture time was 3d. Seven days later after coculture, GUS expression could be tested. In particle bombardment transformation, plasmid pBI121 was used. pBI121 also contains gus and npt-II genes, driven by 35s promoter. Hypocotyls pretreated with mannitol, no effect was observed, and the suitable distance of bombardment is 9cm. Comparing with Agrobacterium-mediated method, gene-gun method is more convenient and effective. All above results could be a basic work for further study in tartary buckwheat transformation.

不同小麦品种（系）中主要矿质元素的含量比较及与品质的关系

采用微波消解、电感耦合高频等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）的方法,对62份不同小麦品种（系）中锌、铁、铜、钙、钠和钾的含量进行了测定。同时利用红外线品质测定仪对主要品质指标粗蛋白、湿面筋、沉降值进行了测定。结果表明，不同小麦品种（系）中各种矿质元素的含量存在差异，2006年小麦品种中铁含量变幅为18.55-58.19 ug/g，平均为30.83ug/g ，最高与最低的相差39.64ug/g；锌含量变幅为5.70-25.80 ug/g，平均为15.13ug/g ，最高与最低相差20.10ug/g。2008年小麦品种（系）中铁含量变幅为16.68-52.25 ug/g，平均为30.10ug/g，最高与最低相差35.58ug/g；锌含量变幅为12.29-33.47 ug/g，平均为21.11ug/g，最高与最低相差21.18ug/g；钙含量变幅为167.53-348.80ug/g，平均为248.59ug/g，最高与最低相差192.59ug/g；铜含量变幅为2.32-5.83 ug/g，平均为2.98ug/g，最高与最低的相差3.61ug/g；钾含量变幅为1822.71-4414.91 ug/g，平均为2617.87ug/g，最高与最低的相差2634.72ug/g；钠含量变幅为10.25-39.82 ug/g，平均为23.05ug/g，最高与最低的相差29.57ug/g。 两年不同小麦品种（系）中矿质元素的含量分析结果表明：铁、铜、钙、钠和钾含量年际变化不明显,说明小麦对铁、铜、钙、钠和钾的吸收较稳定；锌含量变化较大，可能受环境的影响比较大。分析各矿质元素含量与粗蛋白、湿面筋、沉降值及元素之间的相关关系，结果表明，锌含量与粗蛋白含量呈极显著正相关关系，相关系数为0.317，与湿面筋含量之间呈显著正相关，相关系数达到0.246；铁含量与粗蛋白含量呈显著的正相关关系，相关系数是0.262；铜、钙、钠和钾含量与粗蛋白含量、湿面筋和沉降值之间存在正相关，但不显著，其中钠与沉降值之间为负相关。表明施锌或铁对提高小麦粗蛋白和湿面筋有显著效应，其余矿质元素有促进作用但不明显。 利用RAPD分子标记技术对川育23、41058、川育20及其父母本进行分析，力图从分子水平找到小麦矿质元素含量之间的差异性，琼脂糖电泳结果表明不同的小麦品种（系）间扩增出了差异条带。 以上研究结果，将对筛选“微量营养强化型”小麦新材料，选育“微量营养强化型”小麦新品种奠定基础。 62 different wheat cultivars was digested with HNO3 in a tightly closed vessel heated under micro-wave,then contents of zinc，iron,copper，calcium，sodium and potassium were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES)．The main indexes of wheat quality such as total protein、wet glu and sedimentation volume were detected by Infratec 1255 Food & Feed Analyzer at the same time.The obtained results showed that variation for all of the mineral elements concentrations among different cultivars were observed .In 2006, the amplitude variation of the iron content was 18.55-58.19 ug/g,the average value was 30.83ug/g,and 39.64ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the zinc content was 5.70-25.8 ug/g,the average value was 15.13ug/g,and 20.10ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one.In 2008, the amplitude variation of the iron content was 16.68-52.25 ug/g,the average value was 30.10ug/g,and 35.58ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the zinc content was 12.29-33.47 ug/g,the average value was 21.11ug/g,and 21.18ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the calcium content was 167.53-348.80ug/g,the average value was 248.59ug/g,and 192.59ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the copper content was 2.32-5.83 ug/g,the average value was 2.98ug/g,and 3.61ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the potassium content was 1822.71-4414.91 ug/g,the average value was 2617.87ug/g,and 2634.72ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the sodium content was 10.25-39.82 ug/g,the average value was 23.05ug/g,and 29.57ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one. Analysis was made on the annual variation of mineral elements content in different Wheat cultivars ,the result shows:there is no obvious difference of iron ,copper ,sodium、calcium and potassium concentrations in wheat cultivars, suggesting the absorption of the iron, copper, sodium、calcium and potassium by wheat are relatively steady ,but zinc concentrations change obviously ,maybe influenced heavily by environment . The correlation between mineral elements 、mineral elements and total protein、mineral elements and sedimentation volume as well as mineral elements and wet glut were analysed in this paper, the result showed that there was significant positive correlation between zinc content and total protein (the correlation coefficient is 0.317), positive correlation between zinc content and wet glu (the correlation coefficient is 0.246), positive correlation between iron content and total protein (the correlation coefficient is 0.262). there was positive but not obvious correlation between the contents of copper, calcium, sodium or potassium and total protein, wet glut or sedimentation volume,among which was negative correlation between sodium and sedimentation volume.It was indicated zinc or iron fertilization has prominent effects in improving the total protein in wheat, the rest mineral elements have Non- obvious facilitation. The study then forecasted the genetic difference of different wheat by the molecular marker of RAPD in order to find differences in molecular level. Chuanyu23、41058、chuanyu20 as well as their male and female parents were analysed by RAPD markers,Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA revealed the appearance of differential bands . The above-mentioned results of this study establish the foundation to screening the new materials of wheat of " strengthening type of micro- nutrition ", and to breeding the new wheat cultivars of" strengthening type of micro- nutrition ".

糯小麦杂交后代的基因型鉴定及Wx基因的效应研究

糯小麦在食品加工业、淀粉加工业及其它工业上有着重要用途，是近年来许多国家小麦研究的重要课题。国外糯小麦选育尚未突破高产与糯性相结合的难点，国内目前还没有培育出高蛋白强筋型的糯小麦品种，这在一定程度上与缺乏合适的育种方法和高效、实用的糯小麦分子标记辅助育种技术有关。国内外对Wx基因效应的研究主要利用缺体－四体系、重组自交系或近等基因系，还未见有利用遗传背景相同的BC5F2代回交改良群体的报道。 糯性位点近等基因系是小麦淀粉品质育种的重要材料，而我国目前还没有一套中国栽培小麦遗传背景的糯性位点近等基因系。为了选育部分糯小麦、全糯小麦和中国栽培小麦遗传背景的糯性位点近等基因系，我们利用Wx蛋白电泳和高效实用的分子标记技术体系来鉴定糯小麦杂交后代的基因型，结果证明该体系能有效地用于糯小麦的分子标记辅助育种。以中国春糯性位点全套近等基因系为研究材料，对小麦Wx基因的6个STS标记和1个CAPS标记进行了筛选，改良PCR扩增条件以及产物检测方式后，从这些标记中筛选出3个标记，包括鉴定Wx-A1、Wx-D1位点的2个共显性STS标记和Wx-B1位点的1个显性STS标记。利用上述3个分子标记从BC5F2 代回交改良群体中筛选出了8种Wx基因型，经卡方检验，其分离比符合3对基因的分离比例，其中基因型为aabbdd的植株有2株，直链淀粉含量分别为1.81%和0.82%，为全糯小麦；基因型为AAbbdd，aabbDD的部分糯性植株各有1株，直链淀粉含量分别为15.24%和17.57%。以上4株植株的农艺性状和品质性状接近回交亲本“川育12”，并明显优于全糯材料“98Y1441”，表明采用回交法与Wx基因分子标记辅助选择相结合，有助于培育高产、优质的全糯和部分糯小麦。同时，本研究中建立的分子标记技术体系，也为选育具有中国栽培小麦遗传背景的糯性位点近等基因系奠定了基础。 在基因型鉴定的基础上，利用糯小麦杂交后代BC5F2代回交改良群体研究了各基因缺失降低直链淀粉含量的效果和各基因合成直链淀粉的能力，以及直链淀粉含量与农艺性状、品质性状、淀粉糊化特性等的相关性。缺失不同Wx基因的8种基因型，直链淀粉含量差异显著。研究单缺失基因型发现，减少效应最大的是Wx-B1b基因，Wx-B1b和Wx-D1b基因没有显著差异，减少效应最小的是Wx-A1b基因。研究双缺失基因型发现，Wx基因合成直链淀粉的能力，Wx-B1a基因最高，Wx-A1a基因最低，而Wx-B1a和Wx-D1a基因差异很小；直链淀粉含量与株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状相关不显著，表明淀粉品质育种可以与高产育种实现有机结合；直链淀粉含量与SDS-沉降值呈显著负相关(r=-0.726)，说明直链淀粉含量降低在一定程度上有利于提高小麦营养与加工品质，这一结果至今未见有文献报道；全糯类型的淀粉糊化特性与其他类型显著不同，具有最高的峰值粘度和稀懈值，最低的低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、峰值时间、糊化温度、起始糊化温度，表明糯小麦淀粉在食品和工业上具有特殊用途；稀懈值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.969)，其他粘度参数与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关(最终粘度r=0.797，低谷粘度r=0.910、反弹值r=0.954、峰值时间r=0.970、糊化温度r=0.962、起始糊化温度r=0.932)。以上结论可为糯小麦品种选育和淀粉品质改良提供理论依据。 Waxy wheat is very important in food processing industry, starch processing industry and the other industries, so it is a focus of wheat research in many countries these years. Foreign wheat breeders have not conquered the difficulty of high yield combined with waxy character, and there is no waxy wheat variety with high protein and strong gluten in China at present，all of which were caused by lacking proper breeding methods and effective, applied molecular markers-assisted selection technique at a certain extent. Until now, research about the effect of waxy genes mainly depended on nullisomic-tetrasomic lines, recombinant lines or near-isogenic lines, and it is lacking the reports of using improved BC5F2 backcross progenies under the common genetic background. Near-isogenic lines at the Wx loci are important materials for wheat starch quality breeding. However, there are no such lines under the Chinese cultivated wheat genetic background. To develop partial waxy wheats, waxy wheats and near-isogenic lines at the Wx loci under the Chinese cultivated wheat genetic background, we use SDS-PAGE of waxy proteins and effective, applied molecular marker-assisted selection technical system to identify the genotype of waxy wheat’s progenies. The results indicated that such a system is applicable in waxy wheat’s molecular marker-assisted selection effectively. A series of Chinese Spring Wx loci near-isogenic lines were used to identify the specific bands of six STS markers and one CAPS marker of Wx genes. After optimizing PCR amplification and separating of PCR products, three co-dominant and dominant STS-markers were identified at the Wx-A1, Wx-D1 and Wx-B1 loci, respectively, which were used to identify the genotype of waxy wheat’s progenies. Eight Wx genotypes were developed from the improved BC5F2 backcross progenies, which follows Mendelian segregation. Among them, there were two aabbdd waxy plants whose amylose content in the BC5F3 seeds were 1.81% and 0.82%, respectively. In addition, there were partial waxy plants (AAbbdd and aabbDD) whose amylose content in the BC5F3 seeds were 15.24 % and 17.57%, respectively. Most agronomic and quality traits of these four plants resembled those of the recurrent parent “Chuanyu 12”, and superior to waxy wheat parent “98Y1441”. This shows that backcross approach in combination with molecular marker-assisted selection of waxy genes is helpful to develop partial and full waxy wheat with good traits in the waxy wheat breeding program. At the same time, molecular marker-assisted selection technical system in this paper, also establish the base for breeding the near-isogenic lines at the Wx loci under the Chinese cultivated wheat genetic background. According to the results of genotype identification, we use waxy wheat’s improved BC5F2 backcross progenies to verify the effects of null alleles on reducing amylose content and determine the amylose synthesis capacity of each Wx gene independently, and investigate the relativity among amylose content with agonomic traits, quality traits, starch pasting properties respectively. There was significant difference in amylose content of the eight genotypes carrying different null Wx alleles. The reducing effect of the single null alleles was the most significant in Wx-B1b, followed by Wx-D1b and Wx-A1b, and there was no significant difference between Wx-B1b and Wx-D1b. The results of the double null lines further demonstrated that for the capacity of amylose synthesis, Wx-B1a was the highest, followed by Wx-D1a and Wx-A1a, and there was no significant difference between Wx-B1a and Wx-D1a. Amylose contents of the eight genotypes were not significantly correlated with plant height, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, which showed that starch quality breeding could integrate with high yield breeding. Amylose contents of the eight genotypes were negatively significantly correlated with SDS-sedimentation value(r=-0.726), which suggested that reduction in amylose content is propitious to improve quality at a certain extent. Starch pasting properties of the full waxy type was significantly different from the other seven types, with the highest peak viscosity and breakdown, and lowest valley viscosity, final viscosity, setback, peak time, pasting temperature and starting pasting temperature. It indicated that waxy wheat starch has special use in food and industry. Breakdown was negatively significantly correlated with amylose contents (r=-0.969), and the other parameters were positively significantly correlated with amylose contents (r=0.797 for final viscosity, r=0.910 for trough viscosity, r =0.954 for setback, r =0.970 for peak time, r=0.962 for pasting temperature and r=0.932 for starting pasting temperature ). The results of the study are very useful for waxy wheat variety breeding and starch quality improvement.

小麦胚乳蛋白组分和Glu-B3位点基因核心编码区差异与小麦品质关系的研究

小麦加工品质改良已成为我国小麦育种的主要目标之一。特别是我国加入WTO以后，对小麦产品的质量提出了更高的要求，小麦品质改良的任务将更加艰巨和重要，小麦胚乳蛋白是影响小麦加工品质性状的重要因素。因此，深入了解小麦胚乳蛋白对加工品质性状的影响及其分子基础，为品质改良提供理论依据和科学指导，对加速我国小麦品质育种和优质小麦生产具有重要意义。本研究选用在麦谷蛋白5个基因位点(Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1、Glu-B3和Glu-D3)上均含不同等位基因的小麦品种99G45和京771及Pm97034和京771杂交F9代共164个麦谷蛋白纯合系，及228个中国推广普通小麦品种和高代育成品系为试材，研究了麦谷蛋白Glu-1和Glu-3位点基因等位变异对籽粒蛋白、湿面筋含量、Zeleny沉降值和SDS沉降值间的关系；本研究还利用小麦A、B和D基因组中低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）基因特异引物，通过PCR方法克隆了1个Glu-A3位点和3个Glu-B3位点LMW-GS基因片段，在此基础上分析了不同等位基因对品质造成差异的分子基础；另外，本研究对中国近年推广的部分品种和育成的高代品系资源的多样性进行了分析。现将主要研究结果简述如下： 1. 对来自三个麦区的148份材料的醇溶蛋白组成进行了分析，结果表明，各麦区醇溶蛋白模式具有较大差异。在ω区,A7、B、E、F、G、J、P、Q、S和U仅存在于西南秋播麦区；A3、M、N、R、W和X仅存在于黄淮特种麦区；K仅存在于北方冬麦区；A6是北方冬麦区出现频率最高的带型模式，而西南秋播麦区中D出现的频率最高。ω-区的E、H和M几种模式是以前国内外未曾报道的。且初步确定，这些模式对品质性状具有正效应。至于γ区,A、B、D、E和F在各区均有出现，其中B和E在各区出现的频率都很高，在26.1-39.6％之间。相反，H 仅出现在黄淮特种麦区，J仅限于西南秋播麦区。对于β-区醇溶蛋白，B型模式在所有区中都相当高，而模式A仅存在于第三区.对于α-区，模式A在Ⅲ区而模式D在Ⅱ区出现的频率很高。1BL.1RS易位系在中国小麦品种中出现频率高达41.2％，在I, II和Ⅲ麦区的出现频率分别为 45.5、43.5和35.2%。各生态区模式的差异可能是品种适应不同生态条件和人为选择的结果，但这有待进一步证明。由于醇溶蛋白位点（Gli-1）与LMW-GS位点（Glu-3）紧密连锁，本结果可为下面确定普通小麦LMW-GS等位基因变异所用。 2. 利用Gli-1与Glu-3的紧密连锁，以228个小麦品种/系为材料，首次对中国小麦品种麦谷蛋白亚基的6个位点进行综合分析，研究小麦籽粒蛋白与品质性状间的关系，结果表明6个高分子量（HMW）和低分子量（LMW）麦谷蛋白位点对蛋白质含量的效应大小为，Glu-D1>Glu-B3>Glu-A1=Glu-B1> Glu-A3=Glu-D3；对GMP含量的效应大小为, Glu-A3>Glu-B3>Glu-D1> Glu-B1>Glu-A1>Glu-D3；对湿面筋含量的效应大小为, Glu-B1>Glu-B3= Glu-D3>Glu-A3>Glu-A1>Glu-D1；对Zeleny沉降值的效应大小为, Glu-A1> Glu-B3>Glu-D3>Glu-D1>Glu-B1>Glu-A3；对SDS沉降值的效应大小为, Glu-B3>Glu-A1=Glu-D1=Glu-A3>Glu-D3>Glu-B1。对蛋白含量而言，各位点的最佳组合方式为1、17+18、5+10、Glu-A3e、Glu-B3g、Glu-D3b；对湿面筋含量而言，各位点的最佳组合方式为1、6+8、5+10、Glu-A3d、Glu-B3c、Glu-D3b；对Zeleny沉降值而言，各位点的最佳组合方式为N、17+18、5+10、Glu-A3d、Glu-B3d、Glu-D3b；对SDS沉降值而言，各位点的最佳组合方式为1、7+8、2.2+12、Glu-A3b、Glu-B3g、Glu-D3b。另外，分析了稀有亚基对5+12与2.2+12与品质性状的关系，认为5+12对品质有负效应，2.2+12对品质有正效应。在品质育种时，应对优异组合或优异亚基加以利用。 3. 首次利用重组自交系（RILs）为材料，研究麦谷蛋白亚基表达量与品质性状的关系，通过对重组自交系中各HMW-GS表达量的分析，认为，就单个亚基的表达量而言，7亚基最高；其次为2亚基、5亚基、12亚基和10亚基；亚基9和1的表达量最小；N亚基不表达。对成对出现的亚基对而言，x型和y型亚基的总表达量2+12>5+10>7+9>17+18。就单个亚基与品质性状的关系而言，仅有10亚基的表达量与蛋白含量的相关性达5%的显著水平，2亚基的表达量与湿面筋含量呈负相关，显著水平也达5%，其余单个亚基对品质性状均无显著影响；就x型/y型亚基的比例来看，2/12和5/10对湿面筋含量都有显著的负效应；对某一位点等位基因控制的亚基表达总量来看，2+12对SDS沉降值有显著负效应。另外，本研究得出：2＋12的亚基对的负效应主要体现在2亚基上，且在同一位点上，x型亚基的表达量大于y型。所以推导稀有亚基组合2+10很可能也是劣质亚基。 4. 以 Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1、Glu-B3和Glu-D3作为5个因素对99G45/京771和Pm97034/京771杂交后代的蛋白质含量和SDS沉降值进行多因素方差分析。结果表明，Glu-A1和Glu-D3对蛋白含量的加性效应达5％显著水平；Glu-D1 * Glu-D3对蛋白质含量的互作效应也达5%显著水平；其余位点的加性和互作效应对蛋白质含量的影响均不显著。对SDS 沉降值而言，Glu-D1的加性效应最大,贡献率为4.2 % ,达1 %显著水平,其次是Glu-B1位点,贡献率为3.3% ,达5%显著水平。其余位点对SDS 沉降值的加性和互作效应均未达5%显著水平。总体而言, 各位点对蛋白含量的效应大小为Glu-D3 > Glu-A1 > Glu-D1>Glu-B1>Glu-B3；对SDS沉降值的效应大小为Glu-D1>Glu-B1> Glu-D3>Glu-A1> Glu-B3。Glu-D1和Glu-D3位点上等位基因变异对蛋白含量有显著或极显著影响，含Glu-D1d和Glu-D3 GD、Glu-D3 JD基因的株系分别比含Glu-D1a和Glu-D3 PD基因的株系有较高的蛋白含量；在该遗传背景下，麦谷蛋白各基因位点对蛋白含量的效应大小依次排列为：Glu-A1位点1>N；Glu-B1位点7+9>17+18>14+15；Glu-D1位点5+10>2+12；Glu-B3位点GB>JB>PB；Glu-D3位点GB>JB>PB。对SDS沉降值的效应大小依次排列为：Glu-A1位点1>N；Glu-B1位点7+9=17+18>14+15；Glu-D1位点5+10>2+12；Glu-B3位点GB>JB>PB；Glu-D3位点GB>JB>PB。所以，对蛋白含量和SDS沉降值均较好的组合为1，7+9，5+10，GB，GD。 5. 因为GB和PB对品质的效应有显著差异，选取LMW-GS位点特异扩增引物对京771、99G45和Pm97034的Glu-B3位点进行扩增，结果得到三个不一样的扩增片段（Genebank号为DQ539657－DQ539659），得到的基因片段与Genebank中已报道的同类序列高度同源。通过克隆片段组成的分析，发现对Pm97034的序列较京771和99G45段少一个7氨基酸的重复单元，这可能是它较另外两个片段对面筋强度影响小的主要原因；另外，在99G45的序列中，124位处出现L（亮氨酸）代替P（脯氨酸），158位处出现了T（苏氨酸）代换M(蛋氨酸)，这可能是99G45Glu-B3位点序列对SDS沉降值的效应显著优于Pm97034的原因。 6．通过对RILs各位点同普通小麦品种（系）各位点与品质关系的比较，发现对SDS沉降值的效应，各位点在不同研究材料中是不同的，普通小麦中：Glu-B3>Glu-A1=Glu-D1=Glu-A3>Glu-D3>Glu-B1，RILs中：Glu-D1>Glu-B1> Glu-D3>Glu-A1> Glu-B3。利用重组自交系材料（完全排除了1BL/1RS易位干扰）所得到的结果与Gupta and MacRitchie (1994)所得结论一致。进一步证实了1BL/1RS易位对小麦品质的重要影响。对蛋白含量而言，普通小麦品种（系）中，Glu-D1>Glu-B3>Glu-A1=Glu-B1> Glu-A3=Glu-D3，RILs中，Glu-D3 > Glu-A1 > Glu-D1>Glu-B1>Glu-B3，和对SDS沉降值的效应一样，推断在非1BL/1RS易位的情况下，各位点对其效应应为Glu-D3 > Glu-A1 > Glu-D1>Glu-B1>Glu-B3。 对同一位点的等位基因而言，普通小麦和重组自交系中Glu-A1和Glu-D1上的等位基因对品质性状的贡献是一致的，但Glu-B1上的等位基因对SDS沉降值的贡献发生了变化，普通小麦中17+18>7+9，RILs中7+9>17+18，这可能也是1BL/1RS造成的。 Baking quality improved is one of the main object of wheat bread in China. The overall objective of the present studies was to increase the understanding about protein quality in wheat, i.e. to make it possible to improve the production of wheat with desired quality for different end-uses. With the analysis of gluten protein in RILs, 99G45/Jing 771 and Pm97034/Jing, and 228 wheat cultivars or lines in China, the correlations between glutenin compositions and protein content, glutenin macropolymer(GMP), wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation value and SDS sedimentation value contentand breadmaking quality were studied. Also a rapid and efficient detection method of geneticpolymorphism at Glu-B3 loci in wheat was established using polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The results obtained were as follows: 1. Cultivated Chinese wheat germplasm has been a valuable genetic resource in international plant breeding. Patterns of gliadin among cultivated Chinese accessions are unknown, despite the proven value and potential novelty. The objective of this work was to analyse the diversity within improved Chinese wheat germplasm. The electrophoretic banding patterns of gliadin in common wheat cultivars and advanced lines were determined by acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For 148 leading commercial cultivars and promising advanced lines used in our study, 48 patterns were identified, 29 corresponding to ω-gliadin, 9 to γ-gliadin, 5 to β-gliadin and 5 to α-gliadin. The most frequent patterns were A6 in ω; B in γ; B in β and A in the region of α. 116 band types appeared in the148 samples: 94 accessions had unique gliadin types, and 22 gliadin types while not unique were found in 54 accessions. The gliadin patterns of Chinese wheat cultivars and lines greatly differed from the patterns of wheat lines from other countries. Three patterns, E, J, H, M, N and O in the ω-zone had not previously been reported. Three wheat zones，the Northern Winter Wheat Region, the Yellow and Huai Valley River valleys Winter Wheat Region and the Southwestern Winter Wheat Region，in China showed different frequencies in their gliadin patterns. This information can be used to monitor genetic diversity with Chinese wheat germplasm. 2. To analyse the relationship between the loci and characteristics quality, we utilized the 228 cultivars/lines. The results showed that : For protein content, Glu-D1 >Glu-B3>Glu-A1=Glu-B1>Glu-A3=Glu-D3. For GMP content, Glu-A3>Glu-B3 >Glu-D1>Glu-B1>Glu-A1>Glu-D3. For wet gluten content, Glu-B1>Glu-B3= Glu-D3>Glu-A3>Glu-A1>Glu-D1. For Zeleny sedimentation value, Glu-A1>Glu-B3> Glu-D3>Glu-D1>Glu-B1>Glu-A3, For SDS sedimentation value, Glu-B3>Glu-A1= Glu-D1= lu-A3>Glu-D3>Glu-B1。For protein content, the best combination of 6 loci is (1,17+18,5+10,Glu-A3e, Glu-B3g,Glu-D3b). For wet gluten content, the best combination of 6 loci is (1,6+8,5+10,Glu-A3d,Glu-B3c,Glu-D3b). For Zeleny sedimentation value, the best combination of 6 loci is (N,17+18,5+10,Glu-A3d, Glu-B3d, Glu-D3b). For SDS sedimentation value, the best combination of 6 loci is(7+8,2.2+12,Glu-A3b, Glu-B3g,Glu-D3b)。Additional, we analysed the relationship between the subunits 5+12 and 2.2+12, think that 5+12 was negative for quality, 2.2+12 is postive for quality. It should be effective utilized. 3. It’s the first time to utilize RILs to study the relationship between subunits expression quantity and characteristics quality. The results showed that: For single subunit, the expression quantity of 7 is the highest. Then the 2, 5, 12 and 10. The expression of subunit 9 and 1 is the lowest. Subunit N is not expressed. For subunits, the expression quantity of x type and y type are 2+12>5+10>7+9>17+18. The significant relation of 5% only showed between the expression quantity of subunit 10 and protein content. The relationship between expression quantity of others and characteristic quality was not significant. For x type/ytype, 2/12 and 5/10 is negative relation insignificant level. For the subunit(s) in a loci, Only 2+12 effect SDS sedimentation value negative in significant level. 4. With RILs 99G45/Jing 771 and Pm97034/Jing 771, we found that: The effective of Glu-A1, Glu-D3 and Glu-D1 * Glu-D3 for protein content is significant at 5% level. The effect of other loci for protein wre not significant. For SDS sedimentation value, the effect of Glu-D1is the highest, which contribution is 4.2 % .Then the Glu-B1, contribution is 3.3%. The effect of other loci for SDS sedimentationvalue were not significant. In total, for protein content: Glu-D3 > Glu-A1 > Glu-D1>Glu-B1>Glu-B3; for SDS sedimentationvalue: Glu-D1>Glu-B1> Glu-D3>Glu-A1>Glu-B3. The effect of alleles in Glu-D1 and Glu-D3 loci are significant at 1% or 5%. In Glu-A1, 1>N; Glu-B1, 7+9>17+18>14+15; Glu-D, 5+10>2+12; Glu-B3, GB>JB>PB; Glu-D3, GB>JB>PB. For SDS sedimentation, Glu-A1, 1>N; Glu-B1, 7+9=17+18>14+15; Glu-D1, 5+10>2+12; Glu-B3, GB>JB>PB; Glu-D3, GB>JB>PB. The best combinations for SDS sedimentation value is 1，7+9，5+10，GB，GD. 5. Because of the difference of GB and PB for SDS sedimentation value, we selected the specific primer for LMW-GS loci to amplified the Glu-B3 of Jing771, 99G45and Pm97034. We got 3 amplify fragment (Gene Bank accession number are DQ539657－DQ539659）. We found that the fragment of Pm97034 were deleted a repetitive 7 amino acid domain, which is perhaps the reason effect the gluten strength. Furthermore, in the position 124 of sequence 99G45, L has been replaced with P. Position 158, T replaced M, which may be the reason why the Glu-B3 locus of 99G45 is prefer to Pm97034 when refer to SDS sedimentation value. 6. Comparing the results of RILs and common wheat, we found that perhaps just the1BL/1RS made the difference of loci in different accession.