Enzyme induction in Neurospora crassa

I. Studies on Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Glycohydrase (NADase)

NADase, like tyrosinase and L-amino acid oxidase, is not present in two day old cultures of wild type Neurospora, but it is coinduced with those two enzymes during starvation in phosphate buffer. The induction of NADase, like tyrosinase, is inhibited by puromycin. The induction of all three enzymes is inhibited by actinomycin D. These results suggest that NADase is synthesized de novo during induction as has been shown directly for tyrosinase. NADase induction differs in being inhibited by certain amino acids.

The tyrosinaseless mutant ty-1 contains a non-dialyzable, heat labile inhibitor of NADase. A new mutant, P110A, synthesizes NADase and L-amino acid oxidase while growing. A second strain, pe, fl;cot, makes NADase while growing. Both strains can be induced to make the other enzymes. These two strains prove that the control of these three enzymes is divisible. The strain P110A makes NADase even when grown in the presence of Tween 80. The synthesis of both NADase and L-amino acid oxidase by P110A is suppressed by complete medium. The theory of control of the synthesis of the enzymes is discussed.

II. Studies with EDTA

Neurospora tyrosinase contains copper but, unlike other phenol oxidases, this copper has never been removed reversibly. It was thought that the apo-enzyme might be made in vivo in the absence of copper. Therefore cultures were treated with EDTA to remove copper before the enzyme was induced. Although no apo-tyrosinase was detected, new information on the induction process was obtained.

A treatment of Neurospora with 0.5% EDTA pH 7, inhibits the subsequent induction during starvation in phosphate buffer of tyrosinase, L-amino acid oxidase and NADase. The inhibition of tyrosinase and L-amino acid oxidase induction is completely reversed by adding 5 x 10^-5M CaCl₂, 5 x 10^-4M CuSO₄, and a mixture of L-amino acids (2 x 10^-3M each) to the buffer. Tyrosinase induction is also fully restored by 5 x 10^-4M CaCl₂ and amino acids. As yet NADase has been only partially restored.

The copper probably acts by sequestering EDTA left in the mycelium and may be replaced by nickel. The EDTA apparently removes some calcium from the mycelium, which the added calcium replaces. Magnesium cannot replace calcium. The amino acids probably replace endogenous amino acids lost to the buffer after the EDTA treatment.

The EDTA treatment also increases permeability, thereby increasing the sensitivity of induction to inhibition by actinomycin D and allowing cell contents to be lost to the induction buffer. EDTA treatment also inhibits the uptake of exogenous amino acids and their incorporation into proteins.

The lag period that precedes the first appearance of tyrosinase is demonstrated to be a separate dynamic phase of induction. It requires oxygen. It is inhibited by EDTA, but can be completed after EDTA treatment in the presence of 5 x 10^-5M CaCl₂ alone, although no tyrosinase is synthesized under these conditions.

The time course of induction has an early exponential phase suggesting an autocatalytic mechanism of induction.

The mode of action of EDTA, the process of induction and the kinetics of induction are discussed.

Part I. Synchronization of the cell division cycle of HeLa cells in suspension cultures. Part II. Studies on chromosomal proteins of HeLa cells during the cell division cycle

Part I

These studies investigate the potential of single and double treatments with either 5-fluorodeoxyuridine of excess thymidine to induce cell division synchrony in suspension cultures of HeLa cells. The patterns of nucleic acid synthesis and cell proliferation have been analyzed in cultures thus synchronized. Several changes in cell population during long incubation with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine or excess thymidine are also described. These results are subjected to detailed evaluation in terms of the degree and quality of synchrony finally achieved.

Part II

Histones and non-histone proteins associated with interphase and metaphase chromosomes of HeLa cells have been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Histones were fractionated by chromatography on Amberlite CG-50 and further characterized by analytical disc electrophoresis and amino acid analysis of each chromatographic fraction. It is concluded that histones of HeLa cells are comprised of only a small number of major components and that these components are homologous to those of other higher organisms. Of all the histones, arginine-rich histone III alone contains cysteine and can polymerize through formation of intermolecular disulfide bridges between histone III monomers.

A detailed comparison by chromatography and disc electrophoresis established that interphase and metaphase histones are made up of similar components. However, certain quantitative differences in proportions of different histones of interphase and metaphase cells are reported. Indirect evidence indicates that a certain proportion of metaphase histone III is polymerized through intermolecular disulfide links, whereas interphase histone III occurs mainly in the monomeric form.

Metaphase chromosomes are associated with an additional acid-soluble protein fraction which is absent from interphase chromosomes. All of these additional acid-soluble proteins of metaphase chromosomes are shown to be non-histones and it is concluded that the histone/DNA ratio is identical in interphase and metaphase chromosomes. The bulk of acid-soluble non-histone proteins of metaphase chromosomes were found to be polymerized through disulfide bridges; corresponding interphase non-histone proteins displayed no evidence of similar polymerization.

The factors responsible for the condensed configuration and metabolic inactivity of metaphase chromosomes are discussed in light of these findings.

The relationship between histone and DNA synthesis in nondividing differentiated chicken erythrocyte cells and in rapidly dividing undifferentiated HeLa cells is also investigated. Of all the histones, only arginine-rich histones are synthesized in mature erythrocytes. Histone synthesis in HeLa cells was studied in both unsynchronized and synchronized cultures. In HeLa cells, only part of the synthesis of all histone fractions is dependent on concurrent DNA synthesis, whereas all histones are synthesized in varying degrees even in the absence of DNA synthesis.

Hydrothermal experiments on the thermal stability of amino substances in sediments

Aspartic acid, threonine, serine and other thermally unstable amino acids have been found in fine-grained elastic sediments of advanced geologic age. The presence of these compounds in ancient sediments conflicts with experimental data determined for their simple thermal decomposition.

Recent and Late Miocene sediments and their humic acid extracts, known to contain essentially complete suites of amino acids, were heated with H₂O in a bomb at temperatures up to 500°C in order to compare the thermal decomposition characteristics of the sedimentary amino compounds.

Most of the amino acids found in protein hydrolyzates are obtained from the Miocene rock in amounts 10 to 100 times less than from the Recent sediment. The two unheated humic acids are rather similar despite their great age difference. The Miocene rock appears uncontaminated by Recent carbon.

Yields of amino acids generally decline in the heated Recent sediment. Some amino compounds apparently increase with heating time in the Miocene rock.

Relative thermal stabilities of the amino acids in sediments are generally similar to those determined using pure aqueous solutions. The relative thermal stabilities of glutamic acid, glycine, and phenylalanine vary in the Recent sediment but are uniform in the Miocene rock.

Amino acids may occur in both proteins and humic complexes in the Recent sediment, while they are probably only present in stabilized organic substances in the Miocene rock. Thermal decomposition of protein amino acids may be affected by surface catalysis in the Recent sediment. The apparent activation energy for the decomposition of alanine in this sediment is 8400 calories per mole. Yields of amino compounds from the heated sediments are not affected by thermal decomposition only.

Amino acids in sediments may only be useful for geothermometry in a very general way.

A better picture of the amino acid content of older sedimentary rocks may be obtained if these sediments are heated in a bomb with H₂O at temperatures around 150°C prior to HCl hydrolysis.

Leucine-isoleucine ratios may prove to be useful as indicators of amino acid sources or for evaluating the fractionation of these substances during diagenesis. Leucine-isoleucine ratios of the Recent and Miocene sediments and humic acids are identical. The humic acids may have a continental source.

The carbon-nitrogen and carbon-hydrogen ratios of sediments and humic acids increase with heating time and temperature. Ratios comparable to those in some kerogens are found in the severely heated Miocene sediment and humic acid.

Efeitos da ingestão materna de sorbitol na lactação sobre o perfil nutricional, bioquímico e toxicológico das proles amamentadas

Sorbitol é um poliol encontrado em produtos para fins especiais, como diet e light, Dentro deste contexto, incluem-se as lactantes como grandes consumidoras, almejando o retorno mais rápido ao peso pré-gestacional. Devido à grande carência em dados referentes às consequências metabólicas do consumo excessivo destes tipos de produtos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos da ingestão materna de sorbitol na lactação sobre os perfis nutricional, bioquímico e toxicológico nas proles amamentadas. O teste da Salmonella/microssoma foi utilizado, inicialmente, na avaliação mutagênica e citotóxica com linhagens de S. enterica sorovar Typhimurium (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104 e TA1535). Verificamos a capacidade de reversão da mutação (I.M.) e sobrevivência (%), em diferentes concentrações (0,4; 4; 40; 400; 4000 e 5000 μg/placa). Os resultados foram considerados positivos para valores de I.M. ≥ 2,0. Ratas wistar lactantes (6 por grupo experimental), cada uma com 6 filhotes, receberam sorbitol (0,00015 mg/g/dia; 0,0015 mg/g/dia e 0,15 mg/g/dia), nos primeiros 14 dias da lactação. Neste período, avaliamos a biometria das mães e proles, consumo de ração e ingestão hídrica das mães. Após a lactação, as ratas mães foram ordenhadas, e, junto com as proles, sacrificadas por punção cardíaca, para coleta de sangue total. Os fígados das proles foram submetidos ao método de perfusão, para obtenção de hepatócitos em cultura primária, ao final dos 14 dias de lactação. Os fêmures das proles foram retirados, para obtenção da medula óssea. A bioquímica de sangue das proles (glicose, triglicerídeo, colesterol total, LDL, proteínas totais, albumina, ALT, AST, cálcio total e ionizado) foi analisada, assim como a bioquímica do leite ordenhado (triglicerídeos). Os testes do micronúcleo em medual óssea e hepatócitos, assim como o teste Cometa em sangue total, foram utilizados para avaliação genotóxica e citotóxica, de acordo com as diretrizes da OECD. Os resultados mostraram que, em concentrações mais baixas (0,00015 e 0,0015 mg/g), o sorbitol induziu o ganho de peso, principalmente na menor concentração (0,00015 mg/g), e alterações no perfil lipídico do sangue em todas as concentrações. As quantidades de triglicerídeo no leite variaram em função da dose ingerida, reduzida na maior concentração (0,15 mg/g) e aumentada na menor (0,00015 mg/g). A maior concentração (0,15 mg/g) resultou em perda de peso das mães e proles, diminuição de proteínas viscerais totais, albumina e aumento de enzimas hepáticas (ALT e AST) nas proles. Os resultados do teste da Salmonella/microssoma não indicaram mutagenicidade, entretanto, uma relação de dependência entre dose e Índice de Mutagenicidade (I.M.). Ambos os testes, micronúcleos de medula óssea e hepatócitos, apresentaram uma citotoxicidade dose dependente, estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo controle, corroborando com a genotoxicidade do teste Cometa e dependência de dose encontrada no teste da Salmonella/microssoma. Em concentrações mais baixas, parece existir modulação das vias lipogênicas, em contrapartida, nas mais altas a toxicidade parece dificultar tais alterações, induzindo o efeito contrário. Concluimos que o consumo excessivo de sorbitol resulta em alterações metabólicas e toxicológicas em lactentes, mesmo sendo considerado seguro pelo FDA e ANVISA.

Global transcriptional responses of the toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, to nitrogen stress, phosphorus stress, and growth on organic matter

Whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to assess the transcriptomic response of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa during growth with low levels of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (low N), low levels of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (low P), and in the presence of high levels of high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMWDOM). Under low N, one third of the genome was differentially expressed, with significant increases in transcripts observed among genes within the nir operon, urea transport genes (urtBCDE), and amino acid transporters while significant decreases in transcripts were observed in genes related to photosynthesis. There was also a significant decrease in the transcription of the microcystin synthetase gene set under low N and a significant decrease in microcystin content per Microcystis cell demonstrating that N supply influences cellular toxicity. Under low P, 27% of the genome was differentially expressed. The Pho regulon was induced leading to large increases in transcript levels of the alkaline phosphatase phoX, the Pst transport system (pstABC), and the sphX gene, and transcripts of multiple sulfate transporter were also significantly more abundant. While the transcriptional response to growth on HMWDOM was smaller (5–22% of genes differentially expressed), transcripts of multiple genes specifically associated with the transport and degradation of organic compounds were significantly more abundant within HMWDOM treatments and thus may be recruited by Microcystis to utilize these substrates. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the nutritional physiology of this toxic, bloom-forming cyanobacterium and the role of N in controlling microcystin synthesis.

Secondary structural analysis of the mRNA regions encoding the hemagglutinin cleavage site basic amino acids of the avian influenza virus H5N1 subtype samples

Here we report the codon bias and the mRNA secondary structural features of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site basic amino acid regions of avian influenza virus H5N1 subtypes. We have developed a dynamic extended folding strategy to predict RNA secondar

Effect of amino acids on cryopreservation of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) sperm

The effects of three amino acids (proline, glutamine, and glycine) added to the freezing medium Tes-Tris-egg yolk (TTE) for cryopreservation of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) spermatozoa were studied. This is the first report on the effects of amino acids on nonhuman primate sperm cryopreservation. The addition of 5 mM proline, 10 mM glutamine, and 10 or 20 mM glycine each significantly improved post-thaw sperm motility and membrane and acrosome integrity compared with the control (TTE alone). However, a significant decrease in motility and membrane/acrosome integrity was observed when amino acid concentrations increased to 60 mM for proline and glutamine, and 80 mM for glycine. The results suggest that adding a limited amount of amino acids to the freezing media is beneficial for freezing cynomolgus monkey sperm.

Effects of aniracetam on extracellular levels of transmitter amino acids in the hippocampus of the conscious gerbils: an intracranial microdialysis study

The effects of aniracetam on extracellular amino acid levels in the hippocampus of conscious gerbils, with or without transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, were measured by microdialysis and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Increased extracellular levels of aspartate and glutamate that were observed in the hippocampus of conscious gerbils during transient global forebrain ischemia were reversed by aniracetam. In contrast, the level of extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid was increased, while taurine was maintained at a higher level than other amino acids by administration of aniracetam (100 mg/kg, p.o.) 60 min before ischemia. Further, in contrast to ischemic animals, administration of aniracetam (100 mg/kg, p.o.) enhanced the release of glutamate and aspartate in the normal gerbil hippocampus. The results suggest that these effects might be due to a partial calcium agonist activity of aniracetam, and that the effects of aniracetam on amino acid levels might be a mechanism of protection against delayed neuronal death in the ischemic hippocampus, thereby improving memory dysfunction induced by ischemia/reperfusion. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular characterization and expression pattern of AFPIV during embryogenesis in gibel carp(Carassiu auratus gibelio)

As a new type of AFPs, AFPIV has been firstly identified in longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus), and in recent years, its cDNA and amino acid sequence have been reported, and its pancreatic synthesis has been firstly reported in polar fish. However, its expression patterns during fish embryogenesis have not been elucidated yet. By differential screening, we cloned the CagAFPIV in gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, demonstrated its predominant expression during embryogenesis. RT-PCR detection revealed that CagAFPIV was first transcribed from blastula stage and kept a high level during embryogenesis and declined remarkably in hatched larva. In situ hybridization revealed that CagAFPIV transcripts were firstly distributed over the margin and marginal blastomere in blastula stage embryos, at the early-gastrula stage the positive signals distributed in the marginal cells and the internalization cells, and later restricted to the cells the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) from later gastrula stage to larva stage. Consistently, the CagAFPIV protein also kept a high level during embryogenesis, and the high protein level retained some days after the larva hatched. Our work, for the first time, revealed the dynamic expression and distribution of CagAFPIV during embryogenesis.

Kinetic study of the 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid produced by oxidation of microcystin in aqueous solutions

Microcystins (MCs) are a family of related cyclic hepatotoxic heptapeptides, of which more than 70 types have been identified. The chemically unique nature of the C20 beta-amino acid, (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca4,6-dienoic acid (Adda), portion of the MCs has been exploited to develop a strategy to analyze the entirety. Oxidation of MCs causes the cleavage of MC Adda to form 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (MMPB). In the present study, we investigated the kinetics of MMPB produced by oxidation of the most-often-studied MC variant, MC-LR (L = leucine, R = arginine), with permanganate-periodate. This investigation allowed insight regarding the influence of the reaction conditions (concentration of the reactants, temperature, and pH) on the conversion rate. The results indicated that the reaction was second order overall and first order with respect to both permanganate and MC-LR. The second-order rate constant ranged from 0.66 to 1.35 M/s at temperatures from 10 to 30 degrees C, and the activation energy was 24.44 kJ/mol. The rates of MMPB production can be accelerated through increasing reaction temperature and oxidant concentration, and sufficient periodate is necessary for the formation of MMPB. The initial reaction rate under alkaline and neutral conditions is higher than that under acidic conditions, but the former decreases faster than the latter except under weakly acidic conditions. These results provided new insight concerning selection of the permanganate-periodate concentration, pH, and temperature needed for the oxidation of MCs with a high and stable yield of MMPB.

Expression pattern and developmental behaviour of cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) during folliculogenesis and oogenesis in fish

In vertebrates, folliculogeneis establishes an intricate system for somatic cell-oocyte interaction, and ultimately leads to the acquisition of their respective competences. Although the formation process and corresponding interactions are strikingly similar in diverse organisms, knowledge of genes and signaling pathways involved in follicle formation is very incomplete and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain enigmatic. CNBP has been identified for more than ten years, and the highest level of CNBP transcripts has been observed in adult zebrafish ovary, but little is known about its functional significance during folliculogeneis and oogenesis. In this study, we clone CNBP cDNA from gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), and demonstrate its predominant expression in gibel carp ovary and testis not only by RTPCR but also by Western blot. Its full-length cDNA is 1402 bp, and has an ORF of 489 nt for encoding a peptide of 163 aa. And its complete amino acid sequence shared 68.5%-96.8% identity with CNBPs from other vertebrates. Based on the expression characterization, we further analyze its expression pattern and developmental behaviour during folliculogeneis and oogenesis. Following these studies, we reveal an unexpected discovery that the CagCNBP is associated with follicular cells and oocytes, and significant distribution changes have occurred in degenerating and regenerating follicles. More interestingly, the CagCNBP is more highly expressed in some clusters of interconnected cells within ovarian cysts, no matter whether the cell clusters are formed from the original primordial germ cells or from the newly formed cells from follicular cells that invaded into the atretic oocytes. It is the first time to reveal CNBP relevance to folliculogeneis and oogenesis. Moreover, a similar stage-specific and cell-specific expression pattern has also been observed in the gibel carp testis. Therefore, further studies on CNBP expression pattern and developmental behaviour will be of significance for understanding functional roles of CNBP during gametogenests. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cloning and characterization of the gene for UDPGlc dehydrogenase from the cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB 905

Using degenerate primers based on conserved regions of the UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UDPGDH) gene, an initial 476-bp DNA fragment was amplified from the water-bloom forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB 905. TAIL-PCR and ligation-mediated PCR were used to amplify the flanking regions to isolate an about 2.5-kb genomic DNA fragment. Sequence analysis revealed an ORF encoding a putative 462 amino acid protein, designated Mud for Microcystis UDPGDH. The Mud amino acid sequence is closely related to UDPGDH sequences from cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 (73% identity, 81% similarity), and bacterium Bacillus subtilis (51% identity and 67% similarity). The cloned mud gene was expressed in Escherichia coli using the pGEX-4T-1 fusion expression vector system to generate a GST-Mud fusion protein that exhibited UDPGDH activity. The cytosolic fraction of M aeruginosa FACHB 905 was subjected to Western analysis with an anti-Mud antibody, which revealed a single band of approximately 49 kD, consistent with the deduced molecular mass of the enzyme. The Mud protein could thus be characterized as a UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, which was a key enzyme for polysaccharide synthesis and has, for the first time, been studied in algae.

Identification of two novel interferon-stimulated genes from cultured CAB cells induced by UV-inactivated grass carp hemorrhage virus

Interferon (IFN) exerts its antiviral effect by inducing the expression of a number of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to establish a host antiviral state. Earlier studies identified some important fish IFN system genes from IFN-induced CAB cells (crucian carp Carassius auratus L. embryonic blastulae cells) after treatment with UV-inactivated GCHV (grass carp hemorrhage virus). Herein, the cloning of 2 novel IFN-stimulated genes, termed Gig1 and Gig2, is described for the same cell system. The complete cDNA sequences of Gig1 and Gig2 contain 1244 bp encoding for a 194-amino-acid protein and 693 bp for a 158-amino-acid protein, respectively. A search of public databases revealed that these are 2 novel IFN-stimulated genes, since neither significant homologous genes nor conserved motifs were identified. Active GCHV, UV-inactivated GCHV and CAB IFN-containing supernatant (ICS) induced transcription of these genes and distinct kinetics were observed. An analysis of differences in expression between the 2 genes and the IFN signal factors CaSTAT1 and CaIRF7 indicated that GCHV infection activated different signal pathways for their up-regulation. Upon virus infection, the transcription of Gig1 but not of Gig2 is strongly suppressed by cycloheximide (CHX). In contrast, following treatment with CAB IFN-containing supernatant, CHX does not inhibit either gene transcription. The results suggest that GCHV infection can induce expression of both Gig1 and Gig2 via newly synthesized CAB IFN, most probably through the JAK-STAT signal pathway, and can also directly activate Gig2 transcription without ongoing protein synthesis.

Molecular cloning and characterisation of a fish PKR-like gene from cultured CAB cells induced by UV-inactivated virus

The double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is an important component in an antiviral defence pathway that is mediated by interferon (IFN) in vertebrates. Previously, some important IFN system genes had been identified from an IFN-producing CAB (crucian carp Carassius auratus blastulae embryonic) cells after treatment with UV-inactivated GCHV (grass carp haemorrhage virus). Here, a fish PKR-like gene, named CaPKR-like, is cloned and sequenced from the same virally infected CAB cells. It has 2192 base pairs in length with a largest open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 513 amino acid residues. BLAST search reveals that the putative CaPKR-like protein is most homologous to human PKR and also has a high-level homology with all members of a family of eIF2alpha kinases. Structurally, CaPKR-like possesses a conserved C-terminal catalytic domain of eIF2alpha kinase family and the most similarity to mammalian PKRs. Within its N-terminus, there are no dsRNA-binding domains conserved in mammalian PKRs instead of two putative Z-DNA binding domains (Zalpha). Like mammalian PKRs, CaPKR-like had a very low level of constitutive expression in normal CAB cells but was up-regulated in response to active GCHV, UV-inactivated GCHV and CAB IFN, implying that the transcriptional activation of CaPKR-like by viral infection is mediated possibly by newly produced CAB IFN, which was further supported by using cycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis. The results together suggested that CaPKR-like was the first identified fish gene most similar to mammalian PKRs. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

硫手性有机小分子催化剂的设计、合成及其在不对称亚胺氢转移还原中的应用

过去十多年，世界手性药物市场需求迅速增长，手性制药工业的发展壮大，已经引起了各国政府、学术界，特别是企业界的高度重视。手性药物中含有大量的手性胺单元，因此研究高效构建手性胺结构单元的方法具有重要的意义和实用价值，而亚胺的不对称还原是合成手性胺最便捷的方法。 手性有机小分子路易斯碱催化三氯氢硅不对称还原亚胺是最近几年才发展起来的一类新的亚胺不对称还原方法。尽管在对映选择性和底物适用范围等方面已经获得了突破性的进展，但是，高性能的路易斯碱催化剂仅局限于N-甲酰氨基酸酰胺一种类型，而且其底物适用范围和催化活性仍不够理想。因此，发展新型催化剂很有必要。 手性硫氧化物作为手性诱导剂的应用已经有数十年的时间，广泛应用在不对称合成及天然产物的全合成中。理论上，硫氧结构单元也可以作为路易斯碱，对硅烷类试剂进行活化，而且硫氧键还有碳氧键难以比拟的先天优势，硫原子自带手性特征，在反应过程中，手性中心离反应位点更近，因此，从手性硫氧化合物出发，极有可能开发出新的高效手性路易斯碱催化剂。最近，Kobayashi和Khiar在亚胺的不对称烯丙基化反应中用手性亚砜活化烯丙基三氯硅烷，获得了较好的ee值，但反应中手性亚砜的用量都需要化学计量以上，因此还不能算做真正意义上的催化剂，进一步的文献调研也未见真正意义上的硫手性有机小分子催化剂。 本文首次成功将硫手性亚磺酰胺衍生物应用于催化三氯氢硅对亚胺的不对称还原，在经过对亚磺酰胺衍生物的多次结构优化，开发出了合成容易，催化活性和立体选择性都很优良，并且有着前所未有的底物普适性的新型手性路易斯碱催化剂。 我们首先尝试将商品化的20mol%叔丁基亚磺酰胺和对甲基亚磺酰胺直接用作催化剂催化三氯氢硅对亚胺的不对称还原，尽管仅获得中等的收率和很低的对映选择性，但证明我们的设计思路是可行的。在此基础上，我们以叔丁基亚磺酰胺为原料和基本骨架，设计合成了一系列的亚磺酰胺类催化剂，通过对催化剂的结构改造，发现当催化剂中存在较强酸性的酚羟基时，催化效果得到大幅提高。随着对催化剂的进一步结构优化，我们找到了一个结构简单，催化效果还不错的催化剂，经过反应条件优化以后，催化反应的收率最高能达到98%，对映选择性最高达93%，并且这个催化剂的底物适应范围比之前报道的催化剂都要广泛。针对酚羟基在催化剂中的重要作用，我们进行了仔细的机理研究后发现，在催化反应中，催化剂极有可能是通过双分子机理去活化三氯氢硅从而实现不对称催化的，而酚羟基的作用就是通过分子间氢键促进双分子催化剂与三氯氢硅的络合。受此启发，我们设计了一系列具有双齿结构的催化剂，通过对双齿催化剂的结构优化，最终筛选出了一个结构更加简单，但催化效果更好的双齿催化剂。10mol%该催化剂催化亚胺还原最高获得95%的收率和96%的ee值。这一结果也进一步验证了我们先前对催化剂机理的推测。 随后，我们还尝试将这些催化剂用于二级胺和芳香酮的直接还原胺化反应中，虽然能获得不错的收率，但对映选择性却很差，我们对反应条件进行了仔细的摸索，仍然没有获得突破。但这些实验为进一步研究二级胺和酮的不对称直接还原胺化反应奠定了良好的基础。 In the past decade, the rapid growth of the global chiral drug market and the significant development of the chiral pharmaceutical industry have attracted a great deal of attention from government, academia and enterprises. Chiral amine is an important structural motif of chiral drugs. Therefore, development of methods for the construction of this motif is of great importance. Catalytic enantioselective reduction of imines represents one of the most straightforward and efficient methods for the preparation of chiral amines. The chiral Lewis base organocatalysts promoted asymmetric reduction of imines by HSiCl3 has recently achieved significant advancements. Although big breakthroughs have been made in terms of substrate generality and enantioselectivity, the highly effective catalysts are limited to N-formyl amino acid amides, of which the efficiency and substrate scope remain unsatisfactory. Therefore, development of novel organocatalysts for this transformation is in great demand. Chiral sulfoxides have been well established as efficient and versatile stereocontrollers and have been extensively used in asymmetric synthesis and total synthesis of natural products. The S=O structural motif of sulfoxide could also behave as Lewis base activator for cholorsilane reagents, which, moreover, could be even better than caboxamide considering that the sulfur atom is chiral and thus the chirality center is closer to the reaction center. There exist great potentials that highly effective novel Lewis base organocatalysts could be developed starting from S-chiral sulfoxides. Recently, several S-chiral sulfoxides were reported by Kobayashi and Khiar to be used as Lewis base catalyst to activate allyltrichlorosilanes in asymmetric allylations and good enantioselectivities were obtained. However, these S-chiral sulfoxides were all used at a more than stoichiometric amount and were thus not authentically catalytic. A careful literature survey further revealed that there has been so far no S-chiral organocatalyst available. In this study, we, for the first time, successfully used S-chiral sulfinamides as Lewis base organocatalysts for the asymmetric reduction of ketimines by HSiCl3. After several rounds of structural optimization, we developed the first example of highly effective S-chiral organocatalysts, which promoted the asymmetric reduction of ketimines with trichlorosilane in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity with unprecedented substrate spectrum. In our initial practice, we examined 20mol% of the commercially available (R)-tert-butanesulfinamide and (S)-toluenesulfinamide as the catalyst in the hydrosilylation of ketimine. Although the product was only furnished in moderate yield and low ee, these results demonstrated that our strategy of catalyst design is on the right way. Next, starting from chiral tert-butanesulfinamide, we prepared a series of tert-butanesulfinamide derivatives via simple reductive amination and examined their catalytic efficiencies in the reduction of ketimine. We found that the catalyst bearing a phenolic hydroxyl group exhibited good reactivity and enantioselectivity. On the basis of which, we obtained a structurally simple and highly effective novel organocatalyst, affording the product in 98% yield and 93% ee under optimal reaction conditions. After careful exploration on the role of phenolic hydroxyl group in the catalyst, we speculated that two molecules of the catalyst be involved in the course of reaction, of which the assembly around the silicon center is facilitated by the intermolecular hydrogen bonding through the phenolic hydroxyl groups. Thus, we incorporated two units of sulfonamide into one molecular and prepared a new type of bissulfinamides organocatalysts and examined their catalytic efficiencies in the reduction of ketimine. After optimizing the structure of these catalysts, we finally obtained a novel organocatalyst which has even simpler molecular structure but showed better efficacies, 10mol% of which afforded up to 97% yield and 96% ee under optimal reaction conditions. These results further proved our speculation about the catalytic mechanism. We also examined the newly developed S-chiral organocatalysts in direct asymmetric reductive amination of secondary amines with aromatic ketone. The product was furnished in good yield but in low ee. No better results could be obtained despite our intense opimization efforts. Nevertheless, these experiments laid excellent foundations for eventual success.