Hemodynamic variables and mortality in cardiogenic shock: a retrospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION: Despite the key role of hemodynamic goals, there are few data addressing the question as to which hemodynamic variables are associated with outcome or should be targeted in cardiogenic shock patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hemodynamic variables and cardiogenic shock mortality. METHODS: Medical records and the patient data management system of a multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU) were reviewed for patients admitted because of cardiogenic shock. In all patients, the hourly variable time integral of hemodynamic variables during the first 24 hours after ICU admission was calculated. If hemodynamic variables were associated with 28-day mortality, the hourly variable time integral of drops below clinically relevant threshold levels was computed. Regression models and receiver operator characteristic analyses were calculated. All statistical models were adjusted for age, admission year, mean catecholamine doses and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (excluding hemodynamic counts) in order to account for the influence of age, changes in therapies during the observation period, the severity of cardiovascular failure and the severity of the underlying disease on 28-day mortality. RESULTS: One-hundred and nineteen patients were included. Cardiac index (CI) (P = 0.01) and cardiac power index (CPI) (P = 0.03) were the only hemodynamic variables separately associated with mortality. The hourly time integral of CI drops <3, 2.75 (both P = 0.02) and 2.5 (P = 0.03) L/min/m2 was associated with death but not that of CI drops <2 L/min/m2 or lower thresholds (all P > 0.05). The hourly time integral of CPI drops <0.5-0.8 W/m2 (all P = 0.04) was associated with 28-day mortality but not that of CPI drops <0.4 W/m2 or lower thresholds (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: During the first 24 hours after intensive care unit admission, CI and CPI are the most important hemodynamic variables separately associated with 28-day mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock. A CI of 3 L/min/m2 and a CPI of 0.8 W/m2 were most predictive of 28-day mortality. Since our results must be considered hypothesis-generating, randomized controlled trials are required to evaluate whether targeting these levels as early resuscitation endpoints can improve mortality in cardiogenic shock.

Nachhaltige Geschichte. Festschrift für Christian Pfister

Nachhaltigkeit, Klimawandel und Umweltschutz sind zu festen Bestandteilen der politischen und medialen Agenda geworden. Als Christian Pfister in den 1960er Jahren mit den Wechselwirkungen zwischen Mensch, Umwelt und Raum in Berührung kam, wurden diese Fragen noch kaum diskutiert. Mit seinen Forschungen zur Geschichte des Klimas, der Naturkatastrophen, der Energie und des Verkehrs bewies er ein feines Gespür für zukunftsweisende Themen. Als einer der ersten Historiker wagte er sich an eine Verknüpfung von klimatischen, wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und demographischen Prozessen, deren Bestandteile er später zu einer Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Umweltgeschichte zusammenfügte. Seine Forschung ist der nachhaltigen Entwicklung verpflichtet: der ökologischen und sozialen Verträglichkeit sowie der wirtschaftlichen Effizienz. Dieses «magische Dreieck» dient Christian Pfister als Interpretationsrahmen, der seinen Blick auf die Vergangenheit beeinflusst und seinen Forschungen sowohl innerhalb als auch ausserhalb der Geschichtswissenschaft eine nachhaltige Wirkung verschafft hat.