Seasonal mean air temperatures and ice phenology characteristics of Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake (2002-2009)

Time series of brightness temperatures (T(B)) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) are examined to determine ice phenology variables on the two largest lakes of northern Canada: Great Bear Lake (GBL) and Great Slave Lake (GSL). T(B) measurements from the 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89.0 GHz channels (H- and V- polarization) are compared to assess their potential for detecting freeze-onset/melt-onset and ice-on/ice-off dates on both lakes. The 18.7 GHz (H-pol) channel is found to be the most suitable for estimating these ice dates as well as the duration of the ice cover and ice-free seasons. A new algorithm is proposed using this channel and applied to map all ice phenology variables on GBL and GSL over seven ice seasons (2002-2009). Analysis of the spatio-temporal patterns of each variable at the pixel level reveals that: (1) both freeze-onset and ice-on dates occur on average about one week earlier on GBL than on GSL (Day of Year (DY) 318 and 333 for GBL; DY 328 and 343 for GSL); (2) the freeze-up process or freeze duration (freeze-onset to ice-on) takes a slightly longer amount of time on GBL than on GSL (about 1 week on average); (3) melt-onset and ice-off dates occur on average one week and approximately four weeks later, respectively, on GBL (DY 143 and 183 for GBL; DY 135 and 157 for GSL); (4) the break-up process or melt duration (melt-onset to ice-off) lasts on average about three weeks longer on GBL; and (5) ice cover duration estimated from each individual pixel is on average about three weeks longer on GBL compared to its more southern counterpart, GSL. A comparison of dates for several ice phenology variables derived from other satellite remote sensing products (e.g. NOAA Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS), QuikSCAT, and Canadian Ice Service Database) show that, despite its relatively coarse spatial resolution, AMSR-E 18.7 GHz provides a viable means for monitoring of ice phenology on large northern lakes.

Education reform; being the report of the Education Reform Council.

William Garnett, chairman.

Breakers ahead; or, Uncle Jack's stories of great shipwrecks of recent times: 1869 to 1890.

Mode of access: Internet.

University of Michigan Football Team, 1901

Top Row: Wesley Winkler, Ralph Drake, Charles Rothschild, Norman Sterry, Kenneth Robinson, Alfred Chadwick, Weldon Fix, Ross Kidston, Les Barkenbus, Harrison Weeks, David Dunlap, George Gregory, Harold Baker, Cecil Gooding, George Sadler

Third Row: student mngr. H.C. Crafts, Edward Dickey(?), David Beardsley, William Snushall, ? Smith, George Davison, Kennedy Potter, ? Clark, Charles Van Valkenberg, Neil Snow, Joseph Horgan, James Forrest, William Foote, Webb Sadler, ? Hayes

Second Row: trainer Keene Fitzpatrick, ? Smith, Samuel Sackett, Everett Sweeley, Herbert Graver, Walter Shaw, Hugh White, Albert Herrnstein, Curtis Redden, Dan McGugin, Ebin Wilson, Bruce Shorts, Arthur Redner, Temple Owens

Front Row: Ralph Husson, Albert Preussman, Arthur Urquhart, Willie Heston, Benjamin Southworth, coach Fielding Yost, Charles Crane, Jerome (mascot), John Lewis, Frank Doty, Frank Belknap

Birth and mortality statistics of the Virgin Islands of the United States. 1901-1919.

On t.-p., seal of Department of the navy, Bureau of medicine & surgery.

Corporations; a study of the origin and development of great business combinations and of their relation to the authority of the state.

Mode of access: Internet.

Some remarks upon the Church of Great Haseley, Oxfordshire. Read at a meeting of the Oxford Society for Promoting the Study of Gothic Architecture, November 19, 1839. Together with extracts form Delafield's ms. in the Bodleian Library, entitled "Notitia Hasleiana."

Mode of access: Internet.

The nutrition of Great Lakes Cladophora /

"EPA-600/3-76-044."

Idaho city : queen of the gold camps /

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The Victoria history of the county of Surrey.

Mode of access: Internet.

Patriotism and the fellowship of nations; a little primer of great problems,

Mode of access: Internet.

Little journeys to the homes of great physicians : William Beaumont - physiologist ; Augustus Charles Bernays - surgeon ; Williams McKim Marriott - pediatrician /

Mode of access: Internet.

Two centuries' growth of American law, 1701-1901 : by members of the faculty of the Yale law school.

Mode of access: Internet.