Segmentação de dados de perfilamento a laser em áreas urbanas utilizando uma abordagem Bayesiana

In this paper is presented a region-based methodology for Digital Elevation Model segmentation obtained from laser scanning data. The methodology is based on two sequential techniques, i.e., a recursive splitting technique using the quad tree structure followed by a region merging technique using the Markov Random Field model. The recursive splitting technique starts splitting the Digital Elevation Model into homogeneous regions. However, due to slight height differences in the Digital Elevation Model, region fragmentation can be relatively high. In order to minimize the fragmentation, a region merging technique based on the Markov Random Field model is applied to the previously segmented data. The resulting regions are firstly structured by using the so-called Region Adjacency Graph. Each node of the Region Adjacency Graph represents a region of the Digital Elevation Model segmented and two nodes have connectivity between them if corresponding regions share a common boundary. Next it is assumed that the random variable related to each node, follows the Markov Random Field model. This hypothesis allows the derivation of the posteriori probability distribution function whose solution is obtained by the Maximum a Posteriori estimation. Regions presenting high probability of similarity are merged. Experiments carried out with laser scanning data showed that the methodology allows to separate the objects in the Digital Elevation Model with a low amount of fragmentation.

Edema agudo pulmonar associado à obstrução das vias aéreas. Relato de caso

BAKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Negative pressure pulmonary edema has been defined as non-cardiogenic edema, with transudation of fluid to the interstitial space of the lungs due to an increase in negative intrathoracic pressure secondary to obstruction of the upper airways. This is the case of a healthy patient who underwent general anesthesia and developed acute pulmonary edema after extubation. CASE REPORT: A 23-year old female patient, physical status ASA II, underwent gynecologic videolaparoscopy under general anesthesia. The procedure lasted 3 hours without intercurrence. After extubation the patient developed laryngeal spasm and reduction in oxygen saturation. The patient improved after placement of an oral cannula and administration of oxygen under positive pressure with a face mask. Once the patient was stable she was transferred to the recovery room where, shortly after her arrival, she developed acute pulmonary edema with elimination of bloody serous secretion. Treatment consisted of elevation of the head, administration of oxygen via a face mask, furosemide and fluid restriction. Chest X-ray was compatible with acute pulmonary edema and normal cardiac area. Electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram and cardiac enzymes were normal. The condition of the patient improved and she was discharged from the hospital the following day, asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Acute pulmonary edema associated with obstruction of the upper airways can aggravate surgical procedures with low morbidity, affecting mainly young patients. Early treatment should be instituted because it has a fast evolution and, in most cases, resolves without lasting damages. © Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia, 2008.

Comparação de métodos para determinação da estabilidade de agregados por vias seca e úmida em diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo

The purpose of the work is to evaluate the stability by dry and humid of theaggregate in different systems or the use and management in Argissolos: agricultural, pasture and torest utilization. This work was realized in agricultural property, in Anhumas city, SR Several analyses including percentage of the aggregate (by way of dry and humid); the weighted mean diameter of the aggregate calculation and statistic analysis. Conclusion: the organic matter content of the A horizon of the soil under forest is 64 % more than the soil under pasture and 79 % more than the soil under annual crop; the WMDA of the aggregate obtained by dry and humid ways of the horizon A and its mean value for the soil decrease in the following sequence: PVAd - forest > PVe -pasture > PVd - annual culture, respectively, with the following values: 1.33560 and 1.445496 (D), 2.81114 and 2.351380 (H); 0.66748 and 1.011830 (D); 2.79642 and 1.624250 (H); 0.32468 and 0.993775 (S), 1.25808 and 0.983135 mm (H); the two methods are equally sensitive to reveal the effect of the soil use and management; the organic matter provides additional stability to the aggregates submitted to humid sieving and clay to the dry sieving: the WMDA obtained by dry and humid ways are statistically different for the soil profiles.

Acesso a medicamentos essenciais em farmácias e drogarias do Município de Araraquara

A survey to determine the availability of 20 essential medicines for the diseases with highest prevalence in primary health care was conducted in the city of Araraquara. The presence and the price of these medicines in private sector pharmacies and drugstores of the city were recorded. Two forms, recommended by the WHO, were used in the survey, one for availability and the other for prices. The drugs most commonly available in pharmacies and drugstores were: propranolol (90.5%), captopril (96%) and ranitidine (96%), while the least available were ferrous sulfate (27%), beclomethasone (33.8%) and ibuprofen (41.9%). The drugs that showed the greatest variation among the prices charged were: propranolol (97.1%), hydrochlorothiazide (96.4%) and glibenclamide (95.0%), while the least variable were salbutamol (30.8%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (30.2%). Generic drugs, which were half (10) of those assessed, had the lowest prices. The indicators of access, referring to the ability of patients to acquire drugs for the treatment of major diseases at the primary health care level, showed that no establishment stocked all 20 essential drugs and that wide variations existed in their prices, undermining their availability to drug users, whose only sources are pharmacies and drugstores. These data demonstrate the importance of the popular pharmacy to improve the access to medicines, by lowering the cost and increasing the availability of the items selected for the National List of Essential Drugs (RENAME).

Enfrentando o futuro da proteção social: acesso, financiamento e solidariedade - Síntese

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Experiencias emblemáticas en la superación de la precariedad y pobreza urbanas en América Latina y el Caribe: acceso al suelo urbano para los pobres

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Notas sobre o acesso aos mercados e a formação de uma Area de Livre-Comércio com os Estados Unidos

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Crédito bancário no Brasil: participação das pequenas empresas e condições de acesso

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La medición de los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio en las áreas urbanas de América Latina

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El ordenamiento territorial como opción de políticas urbanas y regionales en América Latina y el Caribe

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Las nuevas funciones urbanas: gestión para la ciudad sostenible

El concepto y la práctica en materia de gestión urbana-territorial se han modificado sustancialmente en los últimos años en América Latina y el Caribe, desarrollándose para abarcar asuntos y problemas vinculados al desarrollo urbano, que tradicionalmente no hacían parte del quehacer profesional en esta materia. Las razones: la consolidación de los procesos de descentralización y la modernización del estado en el marco del desafío que la globalización impone a los países de la región. La consolidación de una nueva economía urbana, que se caracteriza por una estrecha interrelación entre sistemas complejos (servicios, comunicaciones, producción, información, infraestructura) como asimismo el surgimiento de una estructura social-territorial marcada por los problemas de equidad y vulnerabilidad hacen parte de una realidad del hábitat en la región que impone nuevos desafíos y tareas. Precisamente estas nuevas formas de conceptualizar las intervenciones y la gestión urbana son presentadas por un conjunto de expertos en el presente documento. En primer lugar Ricardo Jordán y Daniela Simioni presentan el proyecto Instrumentos y estrategias de gestión urbana para el desarrollo sostenible", que considera particularmente el rol del municipio en tres ejes temáticos claves para la gestión urbana: las intervenciones para la pobreza urbana; la gestión de servicios públicos y la rehabilitación de lugares centrales. Todo ello en el marco de las características que asume hoy el proceso de urbanización en la región. A continuación Carmen Bellet Sanfeliu y Josep Maria Llop Torne nos presentan un programa de trabajo en torno al tema de las ciudades intermedias y la urbanización mundial, desarrollado por la Unión Internacional de Arquitectos (UIA). El énfasis esta puesto en el diseño de estrategias de gestión para ciudades intermedias sustentadas en una amplia participación de la comunidad. Rubén Pesci aporta otro novedoso enfoque para desarrollar una gestión que tenga por objetivo la sostenibilidad en ciudades intermedias en América Latina. La presentación involucra los aspectos conceptuales y de definición, un análisis de la situación y la descripción de algunos casos emblemáticos en la región. Vinculado con la presentación anterior, finalmente Liana Vallicelli presenta un caso 'Clásico' en América Latina: Curitiba (Brazil). Fundamental en este sentido es la evaluación que se hace de la experiencia y de las lecciones aprendidas para la gestión sostenible."

Desarrollo sustentable de los asentamientos humanos: logros y desafíos de las políticas habitacionales y urbanas de América Latina y el Caribe

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Localización de infraestructura educativa para localidades urbanas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires

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Energia e pobreza: problemas de desenvolvimento energético e grupos sociais marginais em áreas rurais e urbanas do Brasil

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