Plantae Lehmannianae in Guatemala, Costa-Rica, Columbia, Ecuador etc. collectae: Leguminosae

Auctore Mare Micheli

Plantae Lehmannianae in Guatemala, Costarica, Columbia et Ecuador collectae, additis quibusdam ab aliis collectoribus ex iisdem regionibus necnon e Venezuela et Peruvia allatis, quas determinavit et descripsit adjuvantibus aliis auctoribus

G. Hieronymus

Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance among bacterial enteropathogens isolated from international travelers to Mexico, Guatemala, and India, 2006--2008

The incidence rates of travelers' diarrhea (TD) have remained unchanged for the last fifty years. More recently, there have been increasing recommendations for self-initiated therapy and even prophylactic therapy for TD. There is no recent data on the in vitro activities of commonly used antibiotics for TD therapy and whether there have been any changes in susceptibilities over the last ten years. 456 enteropathogens were isolated from adult travelers to Mexico, India, and Guatemala between the years 2006 to 2008. MICs were determined for 10 different antimicrobials by the agar dilution method. Traditional antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline continue to show high levels of resistance. Current first line antibiotic agents including fluoroquinolones and azithromycin had significantly higher MICs when compared to 10 years ago and MIC90 levels were beyond the CSLI cutoffs for resistance. There were significant geographical differences in resistance patterns when comparing Central America with India. Entertoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates were more resistant to ciprofloxacin (p=0.023), and levofloxacin (p=0.0078) in India; whereas, enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) isolates from Central America showed more resistance. When compared to MICs of isolates 10 years prior, there was a four to ten-fold increase in MIC90s for ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and azithromycin for both ETEC and EAEC. There were no significant changes in rifaximin MICs over the last ten years, which makes it a promising agent for TD. Rising MICs over time implicate the need for continuous surveillance of susceptibility patterns worldwide and for geography specific recommendations in TD therapy.^

SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF SHORT-TERM GROWTH VELOCITY AMONG PRESCHOOLERS OF RURAL GUATEMALA: A PATH ANALYSIS APPROACH (WEIGHT-GAIN, IRON DEFICIENCY, GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS)

This dissertation develops and tests through path analysis a theoretical model to explain how socioeconomic, socioenvironmental, and biologic risk factors simultaneously influence each other to further produce short-term, depressed growth in preschoolers. Three areas of risk factors were identified: child's proximal environment, maturational stage, and biological vulnerability. The theoretical model represented both the conceptual framework and the nature and direction of the hypotheses. Original research completed in 1978-80 and in 1982 provided the background data. It was analyzed first by nested-analysis of variance, followed by path analysis. The study provided evidence of mild iron deficiency and gastrointestinal symptomatology in the etiology of depressed, short-term weight gain. Also, there was evidence suggesting that family resources for material and social survival significantly contribute to the variability of short-term, age-adjusted growth velocity. These results challenge current views of unifocal intervention, whether for prevention or control. For policy formulations, though, the mechanisms underlying any set of interlaced relationships must be decoded. Theoretical formulations here proposed should be reassessed under a more extensive research design. It is suggested that studies should be undertaken where social changes are actually in progress; otherwise, nutritional epidemiology in developing countries operates somewhere between social reality and research concepts, with little grasp of its real potential. The study stresses that there is a connection between substantive theory, empirical observation, and policy issues. ^

SEVERITY OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO GROWTH AND MORBIDITY IN A POPULATION OF PRE-SCHOOLERS IN RURAL GUATEMALA (IRON DEFICIENCY, MORBIDITY, GROWTH)

The objectives of this study were to determine the nature of the relationship between severity of iron deficiency anemia, response to iron treatment, respiratory and gastrointestinal illness and weight change. Seventy-five pre-school children from rural Guatemala received daily oral iron therapy for an eleven week period, and were classified into one of three groups having different degrees of iron deficiency anemia. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected prior and after iron treatment; morbidity data were collected throughout the period of treatment. The outcome variables were percentage weight change, percentage of total days ill with any type of symptom, percentage of total days ill with gastrointestinal symptoms, percentage of total days ill with respiratory symptoms, percentage of total days ill with combination syndrome symptoms. Age, sex and socio-economic status, were independent of any of the independent or outcome variables used. On the other hand, the level of hemoglobin covaried with the height of the children, the smallest children were the most severely anemic. The relationships between hemoglobin levels and weight change, frequency of morbidity (gastrointestinal, respiratory and combination syndrome) and total number of days ill with any symptomatology were investigated. No statistical significance was found in these analyses except when contrasting children with normal hemoglobin levels to iron deficient children, where the findings indicated the normal children experienced more gastrointestinal morbidity. The same relationship were again analyzed but including delta hemoglobin as covariate in the analysis, this latter one was found to be significant at 7% when the percentage of days ill from gastrointestinal morbidity was tested against the hemoglobin groups. The relationship found indicates that, all other covariates accounted for, the percentage of days ill from gastrointestinal morbidity will decrease approximately 1% for each 1% increase in delta of hemoglobin. ^

Alejandra Ciriza; Estela Fernández; Daniel Prieto y Francisco Gutiérrez. El discurso pedagógico. San José, Costa Rica, Radio Nederland; Universidades de San Carlos de Guatemala y Rafael Landívar, 1992, 157 p.

Fil: Follari, Roberto. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales

Modelización y generación de mapas del comportamiento espacial de Sporisorium reilianum ((Kühn) Langdon y Fullerton) en Estado de México, México

El presente estudio se realizó con la finalidad de modelizar la distribución espacial del carbón de la espiga del maíz causada por Sporisorium reilianum durante 2006 en el Estado de México y su visualización a través de la generación mapas de densidad. El muestreo se realizó en 100 parcelas georreferenciadas por cada localidad analizada. La incidencia de la enfermedad (porcentaje de plantas enfermas) se determinó al establecer cinco puntos parcela, en cada punto se contabilizaron 100 plantas. Se realizó el análisis geoestadístico para estimar el semivariograma experimental, una vez obtenido, se ajustó a un modelo teórico (esférico, exponencial o gaussiano) a través de los programas Variowin 2.2., su ajuste se validó a través de la validación cruzada. Posteriormente, se elaboraron mapas de agregación de la enfermedad con el método de interpolación geoestadística o krigeado. Los resultados indicaron que la enfermedad se presentó en 20 localidades de 19 municipios del Estado de México; todas las localidades presentaron un comportamiento espacial agregado de la enfermedad, 16 localidades se ajustaron al modelo esférico, dos al modelo exponencial y dos localidades se ajustaron al modelo gaussiano. En todos los modelos se lograron establecer mapas de agregación que permitirá adecuar las acciones de manejo en términos de puntos o sitios específicos.

Aborto inducido y embarazo no planeado en Guatemala

Aunque la legislación guatemalteca permite el aborto inducido solamente para salvar la vida de la mujer, con frecuencia muchas mujeres obtienen abortos, en condiciones de riesgo, y en respuesta a un embarazo no planeado. Estudios recientes indican que el aborto inseguro es un factor clave que contribuye a la morbilidad y mortalidad materna en el país; sin embargo, no existen datos a nivel nacional sobre la incidencia del aborto.

Embarazo no planeado y aborto inseguro en Guatemala: causas y consecuencias

Centro de Investigación Epidemiológica en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (CIESAR)

Morbilidad por aborto en Guatemala: Una visión de la comunidad

Centro de Investigación Epidemiológica en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (CIESAR)

Corona Martínez, Cecilia, comp. 2013. Mapas de la heterodoxia en la literatura argentina. Córdoba: Babel. 181 pp.

Fil: Santiago, Olga. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

Acceso al Aborto medicamentoso para mujeres víctima de violencia sexual, Guatemala

El informe describe las actividades realizadas para mejorar el acceso de las mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual del área rural al aborto seguro con Misoprostol a través de la atención directa o la referencia por proveedores no médicos que atienden y acompañan a las mujeres durante el proceso de sobrevivencia de la violencia

La fuga mental : un "no" al orden establecido en La escala de los mapas, de Belén Gopegui

Un hombre ensimismado, retraído, Sergio Prim, busca una línea de fuga, lo que él llama un "hueco", un espacio entre dos objetos para refugiarse y huir de la otredad. Si Heidegger define la entidad del ser del hombre como un ser con los otros, un co-ser, lo identitario en el protagonista se sitúa justamente en ese no lugar donde puede ser él sin los otros, sólo con sus deseos, imaginación y sueños. El eje temático del texto es la antinomia realidad- construcción imaginaria y, entre los dos, se ubica Brezo, la mujer que Prim ama pero que representa lo real, el mundo sociopolítico al que niega. Para él, la interrelación modifica y consume sentimientos y emociones, rechaza por eso ese mundo hostil del que pretende separarse con el "hueco". Gopegui ha puesto la lupa en su protagonista, ha metaforizado su postura con dicho "hueco" y ha analizado con trazos gruesos a un emergente de tantos individuos que se resisten a instalarse en el orden establecido. Con un enunciado en el que acude a recursos metaficcionales, desdoblamientos, paradojas, tres voces para un narrador resbaladizo, hace coincidir a su personaje con el rizoma deleuziano para oponerlo al árbol raíz que fija un punto, un orden, un poder. Hasta que, finalmente -y a través de una maniobra metaficcional-, le encuentra a su protagonista un lugar para aislarse en el mismo libro que terminamos de leer, en esa nada que hay entre dos palabras, la nada en la que Prim pretende alojarse desde inicio del relato. Una vez más, Gopegui, con un discurso literario impecable, deja traslucir su permanente crítica al pensamiento posmoderno con el que debe convivir y donde sitúa a sus personajes.