Institutional Persistence and Change in England's Common Law: 1700-1865

Institutions are widely regarded as important, even ultimate drivers of economic growth and performance. A recent mainstream of institutional economics has concentrated on the effect of persisting, often imprecisely measured institutions and on cataclysmic events as agents of noteworthy institutional change. As a consequence, institutional change without large-scale shocks has received little attention. In this dissertation I apply a complementary, quantitative-descriptive approach that relies on measures of actually enforced institutions to study institutional persistence and change over a long time period that is undisturbed by the typically studied cataclysmic events. By placing institutional change into the center of attention one can recognize different speeds of institutional innovation and the continuous coexistence of institutional persistence and change. Specifically, I combine text mining procedures, network analysis techniques and statistical approaches to study persistence and change in England’s common law over the Industrial Revolution (1700-1865). Based on the doctrine of precedent - a peculiarity of common law systems - I construct and analyze the apparently first citation network that reflects lawmaking in England. Most strikingly, I find large-scale change in the making of English common law around the turn of the 19th century - a period free from the typically studied cataclysmic events. Within a few decades a legal innovation process with low depreciation rates (1 to 2 percent) and strong past-persistence transitioned to a present-focused innovation process with significantly higher depreciation rates (4 to 6 percent) and weak past-persistence. Comparison with U.S. Supreme Court data reveals a similar U.S. transition towards the end of the 19th century. The English and U.S. transitions appear to have unfolded in a very specific manner: a new body of law arose during the transitions and developed in a self-referential manner while the existing body of law lost influence, but remained prominent. Additional findings suggest that Parliament doubled its influence on the making of case law within the first decades after the Glorious Revolution and that England’s legal rules manifested a high degree of long-term persistence. The latter allows for the possibility that the often-noted persistence of institutional outcomes derives from the actual persistence of institutions.

The Language of "Patronage" in Islamic societies before 1700

No resulta fácil escribir sobre el lenguaje del mecenazgo en las sociedades islámicas, dado que en el árabe y el persa medievales no existe un término preciso para describirlo. A través de los siglos y en contextos diferentes se utilizan diversos términos para designar tal rea lidad. En ocasiones unas simples palabras bastaban para expresar relaciones de jerarquía, ascenso social o conocimiento entre las personas, mientras que otras veces se requería de un auténtico caudal lingüístico por el que se narraban, calibraban y enjuiciaban dichas relaciones. El uso de dichas palabras, así como su significado, estaba también definido espacial y socialmente. Este estudio pretende ofrecer una descripción de los problemas básicos a los que nos enfrentamos, ilustrándolos mediantes ejemplos procedentes de la medicina, la astrología y en ocasiones de la filosofía y la teología

Venäjän asevoimat muutoksessa : kohti 2030-lukua

Venäjän asevoimat on ollut muutoksen tilassa Neuvostoliiton hajoamisesta vuodesta 1991 lähtien. Venäjän asevoimia on kehitetty aseellisten konfliktien vanavedessä, kuten Tšetšenian, Georgian ja Ukrainan konfliktit ovat osoittaneet, sekä taloudellisten resurssien asettamissa rajoissa. Vuonna 1999 Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulussa julkaistiin teos Venäjän asevoimat 2000-luvun alussa.Siinä arvioitiin Venäjän asevoimien johtamisjärjestelmän, toimintaympäristön, puolustushaarojen, aselajien ja asejärjestelmien tilaa ja kehitystä vuosituhannen vaihteessa. Käsillä oleva teos Venäjän asevoimat muutoksessa – kohti 2030-lukua jatkaa Venäjän asevoimat 2000-luvun alussa-kirjassa aloitettua Venäjän asevoimien kehityksen analysointia 20 teema-artikkelissa. Kirjan kirjoittajat ovat Puolustusvoimien Venäjä-asiantuntijoita ja Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun yleisesikuntaupseerikurssin opiskelijoita.

Venäjän asevoimat 2000-luvun alussa

Venäjän yhteiskunta on ollut Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen jälkeen koko 1990-luvun jatkuvien muutosten kourissa. Samanlainen kehitys näyttää jatkuvan siirryttäessä uudelle vuosituhannelle. Venäjän asevoimien uudistamiseksi käynnistetyn laajan ja kunnianhimoisen reformisuunnitelman tavoitteena on uudistaa niin asevoimien rakenne, tehtävät kuin niiden käyttöperiaatteetkin. Lähivuosina näemme, millainen uusi sotilaallinen doktriini lopulta on sekä millaiseksi asevoimien rooli Venäjän yhteis- kunnassa muotoutuu. Venäjän yhteiskunnan poliittinen kehitys vaikuttaa siihen, miten ja millaisissa tilanteissa asevoimia suunnitellaan tulevaisuudessa käytettävän. Venäjän taloudellinen tilanne toisaalta lopulta ratkaisee, missä muodossa sotilaallinen reformi toteutuu sekä minkälaiset asevoimat Venäjällä on 2000-luvun ensimmäisinä vuosikymmeninä. Käytettävissä olevat asevoimat, mukaan lukien henkilöstön koulutustaso, sekä sen laadulliset ja määrälliset ominaisuudet vaikuttavat aina operaatiotaitoon ja taktiikkaan. Näyttäisi kuitenkin siltä, että Venäjän operaatiotaidossa ja taktiikassa tulee tapahtumaan seuraavien vuosikymmenien aikana joitakin muutoksia. Suunniteltujen ja käynnissä olevien Venäjän asevoimien kehityssuunnitelmien toteutuminen kestää vuosia, joten liian pitkälle menevien johtopäätösten tekemistä nykytilanteen perusteella, tai edes muutaman seuraavan vuoden kokemusten pohjalta, tulee välttää, koska Venäjällä selvästi on voimakas poliittinen tahto panostaa huomattavia resursseja maan asevoimiin. Tällä hetkellä Venäjän tulevaisuuteen liittyy joka tapauksessa niin monia epävarmuustekijöitä, etteivät venäläiset todennäköisesti pysty itsekään ennustamaan, mikä on yhteiskunnan tilanne vaikkapa viiden vuoden päästä. Todennäköisten kehitystrendien ennustaminen on olemassa olevien tosiasioiden valossa kuitenkin mahdollista. Puolustusvoimien tehtävänä on seurata kaikkien lähialueidemme asevoimien kehittymistä, jotta tiedämme mihin suuntaan ja missä tarkoituksessa asevoimia eri maissa kehitetään. Samalla voimme kehittää omaa puolustusjärjestelmäämme oikeaan suuntaan, jotta kykenemme vastaamaan alkavan vuosituhannen turvallisuuspoliittisiin haasteisiin riittävän suorituskykyisillä ja nykyaikaisen sodan kuvan mukaan koulutetuilla joukoilla. Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Taktiikan laitoksen tehtäviin kuuluu kaikkien naapurivaltioidemme asevoimien operaatiotaidon ja taktiikan kehityksen seuraaminen.

Comunicação e prática política nas monarquias ibéricas de antigo regime (1700-1750): Évora, Córdova, Ouro Preto e Quito

O presente estudo trata da prática política nos diferentes espaços das monarquias ibéricas na primeira metade do século XVIII. Tendo como objecto de análise principal a correspondência de quatro municípios seleccionados como observatórios (Évora, Córdova, Ouro Preto e Quito), pretende-se conhecer com maior detalhe as variações desta mesma prática em função dos contextos. Partindo da ideia de que o modelo político-administrativo implementado na América seria, na essência, decalcado do peninsular, procura-se aqui entender as mutações resultantes desta transferência. Ao longo deste trabalho defender-se-á a ideia de que, apesar das semelhanças entre o aparelho burocrático metropolitano e americano, a prática política nos territórios extra-europeus revestia-se de um conjunto de especificidades que a diferenciavam de forma clara. Neste sentido, argumenta-se que estas mutações condicionavam igualmente quais seriam os interlocutores das coroas nas diferentes regiões. Ou seja, que uma mesma instância teria, nos territórios ultramarinos e peninsulares, graus de participação nos processos de negociação e articulação política consideravelmente diferentes, algo que de que os municípios são um bom exemplo. Para o efeito serão comparados aspectos como os ritmos da comunicação; o relevo de cada instância na comunicação com a coroa; o perfil dos indivíduos que, nos diferentes territórios, ocupavam os ofícios da malha administrativa; as dinâmicas de especialização de competências ou de concentração de funções num mesmo cargo; a conflitualidade institucional e a existência de iniciativas políticas de cariz supramunicipal; Abstract: This study deals with the political practice in different areas of the Iberian monarchies in the first half of the eighteenth century. The main object of study is the correspondence of four selected municipalities (Évora, Cordoba, Ouro Preto and Quito), and it aims to know in greater detail the variations of this same practice on different contexts. Starting from the idea that the political and administrative model implemented in America would, in essence, be modeled on the peninsular, the intent is to understand the changes resulting from this transfer. Throughout this work we will argue that, despite the similarities between the metropolitan and American bureaucracy, political practice in non-European territories possessed a set of characteristics that were very specific. In this sense, it is argued that these mutations would also determine which would be the interlocutors of the crowns in different regions. That is, if the same instance would, in the overseas and peninsular territories, have different levels of participation in the negotiation and in the political articulation processes, something that municipalities are a good example of. For this purpose, aspects such as the rhythms of communication; the importance of each instance in the correspondence with the crown; the profile of the individuals who, in different territories, occupied the offices of the administrative network; the dynamics of specialization or concentration of functions in the same position; the institutional conflicts and the existence of supramunicipal initiatives will be compared.

Intercambios mercantiles en el Pacífico sur: el comercio de exportación de Perú y Cadis 1700-1820

Introducción: El comercio en general ha sido y es una de las actividades económicas mas importantes. Durante el siglo XVIII permitió la gran expansión de las grandes potencias e incluso la captación de nuevos mercados fue la causa que enfrentó a Inglaterra con Francia y España en guerras continentales que jalonaron todo el siglo. Dominar el mar era condición ine qua non para obtener la supremacía comercial…

Patrones generales del comercio marítimo por el Pacífico: mercados y rutas 1700-1850

Introducción El comercio entre los diversos pueblos ha servido para establecer y mantener relaciones entre ellos, en forma directa para el intercambio de bienes demandados por unos y suplidos por otros, pero también para establecer nexos culturales y sociales. En la región del Pacífico americano, el océano sirvió como facilitador de ese intercambio, al ofrecer una vía de transporte que vinculaba a casi todos los países, desde Chile hasta México de manera accesible y con pocas dificultades, exceptuadas las grandes distancias. Igualmente permitía el desarrollo  de relaciones comerciales con el resto del mundo…

La elite de Santiago de Guatemala y el cabildo colonial. 1700-1770

Resumen Examina la relación entre la elite de Santiago de Guatemala y el cabildo de esa ciudad entre 1700 y 1770. Abstract This essay examines  the relations between the elite of Santiago de Guatemala and the cabildo (municipal council) of that city between 1700 and 1770.

Changes In Liver Cell Dna Methylation Status In Diabetic Mice Affect Its Ft-ir Characteristics.

Lower levels of cytosine methylation have been found in the liver cell DNA from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice under hyperglycemic conditions. Because the Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) profiles of dry DNA samples are differently affected by DNA base composition, single-stranded form and histone binding, it is expected that the methylation status in the DNA could also affect its FT-IR profile. The DNA FT-IR signatures obtained from the liver cell nuclei of hyperglycemic and normoglycemic NOD mice of the same age were compared. Dried DNA samples were examined in an IR microspectroscope equipped with an all-reflecting objective (ARO) and adequate software. Changes in DNA cytosine methylation levels induced by hyperglycemia in mouse liver cells produced changes in the respective DNA FT-IR profiles, revealing modifications to the vibrational intensities and frequencies of several chemical markers, including νas -CH3 stretching vibrations in the 5-methylcytosine methyl group. A smaller band area reflecting lower energy absorbed in the DNA was found in the hyperglycemic mice and assumed to be related to the lower levels of -CH3 groups. Other spectral differences were found at 1700-1500 cm(-1) and in the fingerprint region, and a slight change in the DNA conformation at the lower DNA methylation levels was suggested for the hyperglycemic mice. The changes that affect cytosine methylation levels certainly affect the DNA-protein interactions and, consequently, gene expression in liver cells from the hyperglycemic NOD mice.

Modulation of post-coital dopaminergic tone by prior parity

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of reproductive experience on dopaminergic profile in three different brain tissues, hypothalamus, striatum and cortex in rats on 7th-8th day of pregnancy during the light-dark shift (between 1700-1900h). Results showed that in hypothalamus, dopamine levels increased and DOPAC/DA decreased as a function of parity. In cortex, no differences were observed. In striata, the haloperidol-induced HVA and HVA/DA increases were less intense in experienced animals. These findings suggested that reproductive experience produced functional central changes during pregnancy, with different neurochemical responses depending on the brain region.

Mosquitoes infected with dengue viruses in Brazil

Dengue epidemics have been reported in Brazil since 1985. The scenery has worsened in the last decade because several serotypes are circulating and producing a hyper-endemic situation, with an increase of DHF/DSS cases as well as the number of fatalities. Herein, we report dengue virus surveillance in mosquitoes using a Flavivirus genus-specific RT-Hemi-Nested-PCR assay. The mosquitoes (Culicidae, n = 1700) collected in the Northeast, Southeast and South of Brazil, between 1999 and 2005, were grouped into 154 pools. Putative genomes of DENV-1, -2 and -3 were detected in 6 mosquito pools (3.8%). One amplicon of putative DENV-1 was detected in a pool of Haemagogus leucocelaenus suggesting that this virus could be involved in a sylvatic cycle. DENV-3 was found infecting 3 pools of larvae of Aedes albopictus and the nucleotide sequence of one of these viruses was identified as DENV-3 of genotype III, phylogenetically related to other DENV-3 isolated in Brazil. This is the first report of a nucleotide sequence of DENV-3 from larvae of Aedes albopictus.

Observation of pi(+)pi(-)pi(+)pi(-) photoproduction in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV at the STAR detector

We present a measurement of pi(+)pi(-)pi(+)pi(-) photonuclear production in ultraperipheral Au-Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV from the STAR experiment. The pi(+)pi(-)pi(+)pi(-) final states are observed at low transverse momentum and are accompanied by mutual nuclear excitation of the beam particles. The strong enhancement of the production cross section at low transverse momentum is consistent with coherent photoproduction. The pi(+)pi(-)pi(+)pi(-) invariant mass spectrum of the coherent events exhibits a broad peak around 1540 +/- 40 MeV/c(2) with a width of 570 +/- 60 MeV/c(2), in agreement with the photoproduction data for the rho(0)(1700). We do not observe a corresponding peak in the pi(+)pi(-) final state and measure an upper limit for the ratio of the branching fractions of the rho(0)(1700) to pi(+)pi(-) and pi(+)pi(-)pi(+)pi(-) of 2.5% at 90% confidence level. The ratio of rho(0)(1700) and rho(0)(770) coherent production cross sections is measured to be 13.4 +/- 0.8(stat.) +/- 4.4(syst.)%.

Optimal recovery process conditions for manganese-peroxidase obtained by solid-state fermentation of eucalyptus residue using Lentinula edodes

Enzyme production is a growing field in biotechnology and increasing attention has been devoted to the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of lignocellulosic biomass for production of industrially relevant lignocellulose deconstruction enzymes, especially manganese-peroxidase (MnP), which plays a crucial role in lignin degradation. However, there is a scarcity of studies regarding extraction of the secreted metabolities that are commonly bound to the fermented solids, preventing their accurate detection and limiting recovery efficiency. In the present work, we assessed the effectiveness of extraction process variables (pH, stirring rate, temperature, and extraction time) on recovery efficiency of manganese-peroxidase (MnP) obtained by SSF of eucalyptus residues using Lentinula edodes using statistical design of experiments. The results from this study indicated that of the variables studied, pH was the most significant (p < 0.05%) parameter affecting MnP recovery yield, while temperature, extraction time, and stirring rate presented no statistically significant effects in the studied range. The optimum pH for extraction of MnP was at 4.0-5.0, which yielded 1500-1700 IU kg (1) of enzyme activity at extraction time 4-5 h, under static condition at room temperature. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence of laser surface texturing on surface microstructure and mechanical properties of adhesive joined steel sheets

This work discusses the resultant microstructure of laser surface treated galvanised steel and the mechanical properties of adhesively bonded surfaces therein. The surface microstructure obtained at laser intensities between 170 and 1700 MW cm 22 exhibit zinc melting and cavity formation. The wavy surface morphology of the treated surface exhibits an average roughness Ra between 1.0 and 1.5 mu m, and a mean roughness depth R(z) of 8.6 mu m. Atomic force microscopic analyses revealed that the R(z) inside the laser shot cavities increased from 68 to 243 nm when the incident laser intensity was increased from 170 to 1700 MW cm(-2). X-ray fluorescence analyses were used to measure Zn coating thicknesses as a function of process parameters. Both X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrated that the protective coating remains at the material surface, and the steel structure beneath was not affected by the laser treatment. Tensile tests under peel strength conditions demonstrated that the laser treated adhesively joined samples had resistance strength up to 88 MPa, compared to a maximum of only 23 MPa for the untreated surfaces. The maximum deformation for rupture was also greatly increased from 0.07%, for the original surface, to 0.90% for the laser treated surfaces.

Ipolamiide and fulvoipolarniide from Stachytarpheta glabra (Verbenaceae): A structural and spectroscopic characterization

The phenylethanoid glycoside acteoside and the iridoids ipolamiide and 4-methoxycarbonyl-7-methylcyclopenta[c]pyran (fulvoipolamiide) were isolated from the leaves of Stachytarpheta glabra. The solid state structure of fulvoipolamiide was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. The molecules of fulvoipolamiide are displayed in layers parallel to the crystallographic axis a. This molecule is planar with electron delocalization in the fused ring system and the pyran rings of adjacent layers in the solid state structure are involved in a pi-pi stacking interaction. Raman spectroscopy has also been used to characterize the most important bands present in the spectra of fulvoipolamiide and ipolamiide, and comparison made with literature allows the assignment of some key markers, specially the bands in the 1600-1700 cm(-1) range. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.