Detecção de interface em tanques de petróleo usando transmissores de nível e controladores Fuzzy

This work presents a proposal to detect interface in atmospheric oil tanks by installing a differential pressure level transmitter to infer the oil-water interface. The main goal of this project is to maximize the quantity of free water that is delivered to the drainage line by controlling the interface. A Fuzzy Controller has been implemented by using the interface transmitter as the Process Variable. Two ladder routine was generated to perform the control. One routine was developed to calculate the error and error variation. The other was generate to develop the fuzzy controller itself. By using rules, the fuzzy controller uses these variables to set the output. The output is the position variation of the drainage valve. Although the ladder routine was implemented into an Allen Bradley PLC, Control Logix family it can be implemented into any brand of PLCs

Análise do desempenho de um queimador infravermelho funcionando com gás liquefeito de petróleo e glicerina

The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macro-porous ceramic bed. This paper presents an infrared burner commercial, which was adapted an experimental ejector, capable of promoting a mixture of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and glycerin. By varying the percentage of dual-fuel, it was evaluated the performance of the infrared burner by performing an energy balance and atmospheric emissions. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two-stage (low heat / high heat), using solenoid valves for each fuel. The infrared burner has been tested and tests by varying the amount of glycerin inserted by a gravity feed system. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by a data acquisition system which recorded real-time measurements of the thermocouples attached. The burner had a stable combustion at levels of 15, 20 and 25% of adding glycerin in mass ratio of LPG gas, increasing the supply of heat to the plate. According to data obtained showed that there was an improvement in the efficiency of the 1st Law of infrared burner with increasing addition of glycerin. The emission levels of greenhouse gases produced by combustion (CO, NOx, SO2 and HC) met the environmental limits set by resolution No. 382/2006 of CONAMA

Estudo térmico dos resíduos gerados da destilação atmosférica das misturas diesel/biodiesel de dendê

The growing world demand for energy supplied by fossil fuels, a major contributor to the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere and causing environmental problems, has been encouraging governments and international organizations to reflect and encourage the use of alternative renewable sources. Among these new possibilities deserves attention biodiesel, fuel cleaner and easy to reproduce. The study of new technologies involving that source is necessary. From this context, the paper aims at analyzing the thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis, of the waste generated from atmospheric distillation of mixtures with ratios of 5, 10, 15 and 20% palm biodiesel in diesel with and without addition of BHT antioxidant. It was synthesized biodiesel through palm oil, via homogeneous catalysis in the presence of KOH, with and without the use of BHT and subsequently added to the diesel common indoor type (S1800) from a gas station BR. The diesel was already added with 5% biodiesel, and thus the proportions used for these blends were subtracted from the existing ratio in diesel fuel, resulting in the following proportions palm oil biodiesel: 0% (B5), 5% (B10), 10 % (B15) and 15% (B20). From atmospheric distillation analysis, performed in mixtures with and without BHT were collected residue generated by each sample and performed a thermal study from the thermogravimetric analysis at a heating rate of 10 °C.min-1, nitrogen atmosphere and heating to 600 ° C. According to the specifications of Resolution No. 7/2008 for biodiesel, it was found that the material was synthesized in accordance with the specifications. For mixtures, it was noted that the samples were in accordance with the ANP Resolution No. 42/2009. Given the TG / DTG curves of the samples of waste mixtures with and without BHT antioxidant was able to observe that they showed a single stage of thermal decomposition attributed to decomposition of heavy hydrocarbons and esters and other heavier constituents of the waste sample weighed. The thermal behavior of residues from atmospheric distillation of mixtures of diesel / biodiesel is very important to understand how this affects the proper functioning of the engine. A large amount of waste can generate a high content of particulate material, coke formation and carbonaceous deposits in engine valves, compromising their performance

Influência da adição de cinza do bagaço de cana calcinada em sistemas de pastas para cimentação de poços petrolíferos

Cementing operation is one of the most important stages in the oil well drilling processes and has main function to form hydraulic seal between the various permeable zones traversed by the well. However, several problems may occur with the cement sheath, either during primary cementing or during the well production period. Cements low resistance can cause fissures in the cement sheath and compromise the mechanical integrity of the annular, resulting in contamination of groundwater and producing zones. Several researches show that biomass ash, in particular, those generated by the sugarcane industry have pozzolanic activity and can be added in the composition of the cementing slurries in diverse applications, providing improvements in mechanical properties, revenue and cement durability. Due to the importance of a low cost additive that increases the mechanical properties in a well cementing operations, this study aimed to potentiate the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as pozzolanic material, evaluate the mechanisms of action of this one on cement pastes properties and apply this material in systems slurries aimed to cementing a well with 800 m depth and geothermal gradient of 1.7 °F/100 ft, as much primary cementing operations as squeeze. To do this, the ash beneficiation methods were realized through the processes of grinding, sifting and reburning (calcination) and then characterization by X-ray fluorescence, XRD, TG / DTG, specific surface area, particle size distribution by laser diffraction and mass specific. Moreover, the ash pozzolanic activity added to the cement at concentrations of 0%, 20% and 40% BWOC was evaluated by pozzolanic activity index with lime and with Portland cement. The evaluation of the pozzolanic activity by XRD, TG / DTG and compressive strength confirmed the ash reactivity and indicated that the addition of 20% in the composition of cement slurries produces improvement 34% in the mechanical properties of the slurry cured. Cement slurries properties evaluated by rheological measurements, fluid loss, free fluid, slurry sedimentation, thickening time and sonic strength (UCA) were satisfactory and showed the viability of using the sugarcane ash in cement slurries composition for well cementing

Nova técnica para obtenção de fraturas com altíssima condutividade em poços de petróleo

Increase hydrocarbons production is the main goal of the oilwell industry worldwide. Hydraulic fracturing is often applied to achieve this goal due to a combination of attractive aspects including easiness and low operational costs associated with fast and highly economical response. Conventional fracturing usually involves high-flowing high-pressure pumping of a viscous fluid responsible for opening the fracture in the hydrocarbon producing rock. The thickness of the fracture should be enough to assure the penetration of the particles of a solid proppant into the rock. The proppant is driven into the target formation by a carrier fluid. After pumping, all fluids are filtered through the faces of the fracture and penetrate the rock. The proppant remains in the fracture holding it open and assuring high hydraulic conductivity. The present study proposes a different approach for hydraulic fracturing. Fractures with infinity conductivity are formed and used to further improve the production of highly permeable formations as well as to produce long fractures in naturally fractured formations. Naturally open fractures with infinite conductivity are usually encountered. They can be observed in rock outcrops and core plugs, or noticed by the total loss of circulation during drilling (even with low density fluids), image profiles, pumping tests (Mini-Frac and Mini Fall Off), and injection tests below fracturing pressure, whose flow is higher than expected for radial Darcian ones. Naturally occurring fractures are kept open by randomly shaped and placed supporting points, able to hold the faces of the fracture separate even under typical closing pressures. The approach presented herein generates infinite conductivity canal held open by artificially created parallel supporting areas positioned both horizontally and vertically. The size of these areas is designed to hold the permeable zones open supported by the impermeable areas. The England & Green equation was used to theoretically prove that the fracture can be held open by such artificially created set of horizontal parallel supporting areas. To assess the benefits of fractures characterized by infinite conductivity, an overall comparison with finite conductivity fractures was carried out using a series of parameters including fracture pressure loss and dimensionless conductivity as a function of flow production, FOI folds of increase, flow production and cumulative production as a function of time, and finally plots of net present value and productivity index

Diagnóstico del estado actual y proyectado a un período de diseño para la red de acueducto de la zona urbana del municipio de Madrid Cundinamarca

83 p.

Diseño y montaje de un equipo para el estudio del Teorema de la Cantidad de Movimiento

El objetivo de este proyecto es construir un banco de prácticas destinado al y análisis del impacto de un chorro contra diferentes obstáculos y estudiar dicho efecto mediante el teorema de cantidad de movimiento. Para ello se ha diseñado un prototipo basado en el banco instalado en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Bilbao. Las diferentes piezas necesarias para la construcción del prototipo se realizaran mediante diferentes medios, algunas de ellas se encargaran a órganos externos a la escuela y otras se fabricaran con equipo disponible en el propio centro. Para el diseño se han tenido en cuenta parámetros y cálculos como los de la instalación hidráulica.

Estudio y diagnóstico de la red de alcantarillado sanitario y pluvial para el proceso de densificación de un sector del Centro de Bogotá

82 p.

Controlo de perdas no sistema de abastecimento do Sistema Travasso, Carrinhos, Mancos e Águas Férreas (Concelho de Pombal)

Os sistemas de abastecimento de água são, nos dias de hoje, fundamentais para a vida da população, contudo se estes sistemas não forem bem planeados antes da construção podem trazer problemas que afetam as condições hidráulicas do sistema de abastecimento e as condições da qualidade da água. A modelação surge como um método de planeamento, conceção e simulação da operação dos sistemas de abastecimento. No presente projeto, procedeu-se ao estudo de um sistema de abastecimento através interpretação da componente hidráulica e da componente da qualidade da água com recurso à modelação utilizando o modelo computacional Epanet 2.0. O caso de estudo foi o sistema de Travasso, Carrinhos Mancos e Águas Férreas gerido pela Câmara Municipal de Pombal. Para a simulação hidráulica foi necessário fazer o levantamento dos elementos de cadastro do projeto, das suas condições de operação bem como o levantamento dos dados dos consumidores de forma a alocar os consumos por nós. Para a simulação da qualidade da água recorreu-se a dados bibliográficos, que foram ajustados de acordo com os valores verificados nas medições. Este projeto permitiu concluir que o sistema em estudo apresenta perdas na ordem dos 57%, valor demasiado elevado para um sistema novo. Outra conclusão que se aferiu foi a duvidosa qualidade da água duas zonas do sistema, resultado dos baixos consumos e consequentes elevados tempos de retenção. Este último problema poderá ser eventualmente ultrapassado através de medições regulares da concentração de cloro na água e através de purgas na rede nas zonas em que a concentração está abaixo do recomendado.

Tecnologias aplicadas à manutenção preventiva

Este estudo consiste na análise de todo o processo de manutibilidade de uma indústria de fundição injetada de alumínio e zamac, liga composta por zinco, alumínio, magnésio e cobre, de forma a perceber qual o método utilizado anteriormente neste aspeto, o que se poderia implementar e o que se poderia melhorar. Com o concretizar do mesmo concluiu-se que esta empresa não tinha qualquer sistema de manutenção implementado nem uma base de dados ou histórico de intervenções e manutenções corretivas e preventivas na medida que se baseavam no funcionamento dos equipamentos até à sua paragem não programada, por avaria. Apenas nestes casos se procedia a algum trabalho de reparação ou manutenção sendo que o tempo de paragem poderia ir de apenas algumas horas a alguns dias ou semanas. Em termos de stock, apenas se reservam alguns elementos mais críticos e de fácil reparação das máquinas. Inicialmente, tentou-se perceber que tipo de histórico, em termos de avarias e manutenção a empresa tinha que pudesse servir como ponto de partida para o meu estudo, sendo que não existiam registos de avarias, paragens forçadas ou processos de algum tipo de manutenção. Como ponto de partida, analisei registos de produção das máquinas onde constam alguns dados de paragens de produção e os respetivos motivos. Estes registos baseiam-se em folhas onde cada operador, no fim de cada turno de trabalho, preenche com o trabalho desenvolvido naquele turno e, em caso de alguma paragem, regista o tempo em que a máquina esteve parada e o motivo. Em simultâneo, foram consultados registos de faturação de aquisição de peças, pagamentos de mão-de-obra a técnicos. De seguida, tentou-se perceber como é que as intervenções nas máquinas são efetuadas, sendo que além de trabalhos de eletricidade, automação e hidráulica, tudo é feito com ferramenta e mão-de-obra própria da empresa. Também aqui foi-me facultada documentação relativa aos vários custos de mão-de-obra da empresa bem como de técnicos subcontratados. Tendo já recolhido e tratado toda a informação no que às avarias diz respeito, analisei os tempos e avarias para tentar perceber quais as mais críticas e que era responsáveis por maior parte de tempo de paragem das máquinas.Após as avarias identificadas e quantificadas temporalmente, calculei os custos de cada motivo de paragem não programada, tratei essa informação e foram propostos alguns procedimentos sendo que os cálculos foram refeitos teoricamente para se apurar poupanças significativas no caso de implementação de um plano de manutenção preventivo. Houve abertura por parte da administração da empresa a fazer ligeiras alterações na constituição das máquinas de modo a ficarem mais robustas e está-se a tentar pôr em prática um plano de manutenção preventivo aproveitando o tempo de paragem programada das máquinas para se fazerem pequenos trabalhos de reparação, alteração ou simples limpeza. Por fim são apresentados dados teóricos, após cálculos estatísticos baseados em modelos de Weibull, de alterações a médio/curto prazo em termos de tempos de paragem e custos com as alterações propostas evidenciando a importância que uma manutenção preventiva tem numa empresa, tornando-se cada vez mais uma ferramenta essencial no aumento de competitividade de qualquer instituição com fins lucrativos.

Incidence and clinical impact of infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of infective endocarditis (IE) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). This study was performed using the GAMES database, a national prospective registry of consecutive patients with IE in 26 Spanish hospitals. Of the 739 cases of IE diagnosed during the study, 1.3% were post-TAVI IE, and these 10 cases, contributed by five centres, represented 1.1% of the 952 TAVIs performed. Mean age was 80 years. All valves were implanted transfemorally. IE appeared a median of 139 days after implantation. The mean age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index was 5.45. Chronic kidney disease was frequent (five patients), as were atrial fibrillation (five patients), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (four patients), and ischaemic heart disease (four patients). Six patients presented aortic valve involvement, and four only mitral valve involvement; the latter group had a higher percentage of prosthetic mitral valves (0% vs. 50%). Vegetations were found in seven cases, and four presented embolism. One patient underwent surgery. Five patients died during follow-up: two of these patients died during the admission in which the valve was implanted. Conclusions: IE is a rare but severe complication after TAVI which affects about 1% of patients and entails a relatively high mortality rate. IE occurred during the first year in nine of the 10 patients.

Alternativas de integración de ecosistemas estratégicos a la planificación urbana. Estudio de caso: el crecimiento urbano sobre la función eco-sistémica del corredor natural Usaquén – Suba. Periodo 2003– 2016

Los modelos de gestión urbana a nivel global, incorporan en la planeación y en el desarrollo de los entornos urbanos, al suelo natural de soporte como estructura fundamental; debido principalmente a sus funciones ecosistémicas y a los bienes ambientales que provee, incluyendo la biodiversidad y la conservación de entornos con calidad paisajística, entre otros. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo principal de esta investigación, consiste en hacer un seguimiento y caracterización del ecosistema estratégico del corredor biológico borde norte en la ciudad de Bogotá, con el fin de identificar y dar visibilidad a los aspectos críticos, que son necesarios a tener en cuenta en la política e instrumentos de planeación, para el tratamiento de ésta área. En el desarrollo de esta investigación, se aplicaron las nociones metodológicas de la ecología urbana, dando inicio con una fase de diagnóstico y caracterización de la situación actual, seguido de la formulación de alternativas, entre las que se destacan, la restauración ecológica. En el diagnóstico se pudo identificar que, si bien existe disponibilidad de agua y de cobertura vegetal en las condiciones de suelo, también está presente una gran presión inmobiliaria en el sector, lo cual, ha promovido la alteración de los predios, haciendo urgente un tratamiento integral de restauración ecológica de éste corredor, que permita la recuperación de la función ecosistémica, aportando beneficios a la ciudad.

Alternativas para el manejo de aguas pluviales en medios urbanos. Estudio de caso : implementación y manejo de los canales pluviales en las cuencas del Salitre y Tintal en el marco del proceso de recuperación Río Bogotá 2000- 2014

Los canales pluviales han cobrado vital importancia para el manejo ambiental de las ciudades, al hacer parte del sistema hídrico, brindar servicios ambientales y facilitar el drenaje de las aguas lluvias, principalmente. Sin embargo, se quiere trascender la visión ingenieril de ser estructuras encargadas exclusivamente del transporte de aguas lluvias. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las políticas y las acciones implementadas en el manejo de estos canales en Bogotá desde el 2000 hasta el 2014, para revisar las intervenciones realizadas con la finalidad de proponer alternativas que además permitan cumplir con lo ordenado en la sentencia del Consejo de Estado, sobre la recuperación del Río Bogotá. El resultado de este estudio evidenció que aunque no se han llevado a cabo las acciones críticas de adecuación de los canales se ha avanzado en el fortalecimiento institucional y la coordinación inter sectorial para el desarrollo de acciones de gestión integrales. Al final se plantea algunas acciones para el manejo de los canales entre las que se destacan (i) ser integrales y en coordinación con programas ambientales, de espacio público y de gestión del riesgo; (ii) ser coherentes con los nuevos sistemas de gestión de las aguas urbanas; y (iii) fomentar la apropiación ciudadana de los elementos hídricos.

La seguridad energética de Estados Unidos a inicios del siglo XXI: ¿securitización o politización del acceso a recursos energéticos?

Tradicionalmente, la consolidación de la seguridad energética en Estados Unidos se ha mostrado como un asunto de seguridad nacional. En especial, la escasez de recursos energéticos ha sido vista como un problema existencial que requiere de medidas de emergencia en el marco de un proceso de securitización. Sin embargo, esta investigación surgiere que el tema ha sido mayoritariamente politizado a inicios del siglo XXI. Quizá este proceso de securitización tan solo fue implícitamente planteado con ocasión de la invasión a Irak en 2003, en la medida en que dicha intervención pudo haberse inspirado por la necesidad de derrocar a un régimen que había impedido el acceso estadounidense a recursos petroleros iraquíes. En este orden de ideas, la investigación analiza las políticas de seguridad energética de los gobiernos de George W. Bush y Barack H. Obama con el propósito de entender el grado en el que estas estuvieron vinculadas a sus respectivas agendas de seguridad nacional.

Spatial variability of satured soil hydraulic conductivity in the region of Araguaia River - Brazil.

This study evaluates the spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity in the soil in an area of 51,850 ha at the headwaters of the Araguaia River MT/GO. This area is highly vulnerable because it is a location of recharging through natural water infiltration of the Guarani Aquifer System and an area of intense increases in agriculture since its adoption by growers in the last 30 years. Soil samples were collected at 383 points, geographically located by GPS. The samples were collected from depths of 0 - 20 cm and 60 - 80 cm. Exploratory statistics and box-plot were used in the descriptive analysis and semivariogram were constructed to determine the spatial model. The exploratory analysis showed that the mean hydraulic conductivity in the superficial layer was less than at the level of 60-80 cm; however, the greatest variability evaluated with a coefficient of variation also was from this layer. Data tended towards a normal distribution. These results can be explained by the greater soil compaction in the superficial layer. The semivariogram models, adjusted for the two layers, were exponential and demonstrated moderate and strong dependence, with ranges of 5000 and 3000 utm respectively. It was concluded that soil use is influencing the spatial distribution model of the hydraulic conductivity in the region.