797 resultados para United Nations Security Council
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O trânsito é caracterizado como uma questão de saúde pública pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. O grande número de acidentes de trânsito não retira deste fato o status calamitoso que o mesmo detém, o que acaba por corroborar a preocupação das Nações Unidas em relação ao aumento progressivo da violência no trânsito, o que a fez proclamar a Década de Ação pela Segurança no Trânsito 2011/2020 em consequência da gravidade da situação, que vem ceifando mais vidas do que nos períodos de guerra, o que é corroborado pela constatação do crescimento em 24% do número total de óbitos por acidentes com transporte, no período de 2002 a 2010 pelo Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade da Organização Mundial da Saúde, revelando a importância social desta dissertação, que tem como objetivo identificar os fatores potencializadores de acidentes de trânsito com vitimizações fatais ocorridos na rodovia BR 316 nos quilômetros 21 ao 278, no período de 2010 a 2012. Para tanto, lançou-se mão de uma metodologia baseada em explorações teóricas aliadas a análises de informações provenientes do banco de dados da Polícia Rodoviária Federal que foram tratados a partir da aplicação de técnicas estatísticas descritivas e multivariadas a fim de confirmar a hipótese suscitada. Diante disto, pode-se concluir que o ano de 2011 foi o período marcado pelo maior número de ocorrências, ocorrências estas que se tornaram mais frequentes nos meses de junho, julho e dezembro, respectivamente, os quais se concentraram no turno da tarde e causados, sobretudo, pela falta de atenção, a desobediência à sinalização e a falta de guarda da distância de segurança; saliente-se o fato de que nos turnos da madrugada e noite os acidentes mais frequentes foram causados por ultrapassagens indevidas, condutores dormindo ao volante, defeitos na via e a ingestão de álcool e ainda vale antecipar, que nos intervalos de quilômetros de 41 a 50, 91 a 100, 101 a 110, 121 a 130, 141 a 150, 151 a 160, 201 a 210, 231 a 240, 251 a 260 e 261 a 270 da BR 316, é frequente que dos acidentes que ocorrem resultem dois ou mais feridos graves, sendo que destes feridos graves, nos intervalos de quilômetros 91 a 100 e 121 a 130, 221 a 230, dois ou mais venham a falecer. Desta forma, conclui-se que nos intervalos quilômetros 91 a 100 e 121 a 130, os feridos graves inevitavelmente faleceram. Diante disto, pode-se observar que o efetivo sentido de cidadania que deve ser dado às relações que se configuram a partir da utilização consciente do trânsito está perdido em meio a uma crise moral de sentidos, especialmente, em relação à obediência às leis de trânsito, o que acaba por transformar a rodovia BR 316 em um cenário de perdas iminentes de vidas, sobretudo, quando se remete ao fato de que todo o acidente de trânsito é previsível e evitável.
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O presente trabalho trata da análise teórica da plurifuncionalidade da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) no meio ambiente, que se sustenta como um dever de solidariedade agroambiental. O trabalho foi dividido em três partes, cada uma com dois capítulos, que foram desenvolvidos inicialmente com o estabelecimento do contexto em que se encontram os assuntos abordados, e finalizados com observações acerca das principais ideias estudadas, até a elaboração de considerações finais, que demonstram os resultados alcançados pelo trabalho. Utiliza-se a metodologia teórica e o raciocínio indutivo-crítico, pois se parte do estudo de um fenômeno individualizado, a SAN, para se prejetarem hipóteses que considerem seus efeitos e interações com o meio ambiente natural, para ao final buscar generalizar as soluções encontradas, notadamente a solidariedade em sua dimensão de dever jurídico. Procura-se sustentar a argumentação com obras de referência bibliográficas e outras produções científicas de entidades nacionais e estrangeiras. Discute-se introdutoriamente alguns motivos que levaram à realização da tese, quais sejam os graves problemas que envolvem a alimentação humana na contemporaneidade, destaca sua aproximação com os direitos humanos, especialmente com o princípio da solidariedade e suas características de transdisciplinaridade metodológica, que gera necessariamente efeitos em vários outros campos do conhecimento. São revisados criticamente conceitos firmados pela Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO), especialmente os referentes ao direito à alimentação, direito a estar alimentado, soberania alimentar, Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN), desnutrição, subnutrição e má nutrição. Considera-se a SAN em sua dimensão plurifuncional porque implica necessariamente em repercussões éticas e jurídicas no âmbito dos direitos humanos, a partir da ideia teórica da solidariedade, que é estudada desde a sua formação antiga, quando associada à virtude, até à modernidade e a aproximação com a política e o direito, entendida no presente como princípio que sustenta o dever jurídico ligado à gestão racional de bens ambientais voltados à alimentação, delimitados em especial no direito agroambiental, percebendo-se a solidariedade então como fundamento de direitos, valor superior qualificada pela fraternidade, e ao mesmo tempo prevista em documentos internacionais de direitos humanos e em diversas constituições. Os interesses difusos são necessariamente examinados, pois a SAN é um interesse geral da sociedade humana, e implica na preservação dos bens ambientais alimentares, considerados indivisíveis na visão solidária, que deve ser integrada aos valores liberdade e igualdade, tornando-os princípios com interpretação mais humana, limitando seu exercício absoluto e ainda justificando-os. A ideia de solidariedade faz com que seja possível chegar aos direitos partindo do dever agroambiental e, diante das várias correntes teóricas que tratam do dever jurídico, considera-se que seja autônomo em relação ao direito subjetivo, mas traduzindo deveres ligados a finalidades sociais, de interesse público, que se manifestam em ambiente democrático, podendo o dever agroambiental ser considerado fenômeno com raízes de ética pública, com elevados valores ambientais, decisivos em sua dimensão jurídica de obrigações e responsabilidades, de todos em relação a todos, inclusive com normas objetivas nacionais e internacionais de proteção de bens agroambientais. Sustenta-se que nesse sentido a ética pública ligada à ética ambiental pode ser decisiva na observância ao direito, para além do convencimento meramente externo, mas enquanto manifestação também interna, ética, que carrega de sentido o dever jurídico solidário ligado à plurifuncionalidade da SAN. Também são elaboradas críticas à tradicional argumentação acerca dos direitos das gerações futuras, pela imprecisão e incerteza científica que os cinge, afastando-os da possibilidade de figurarem como objeto do direito, para assentar que os direitos de que se falam são precisamente traduzidos como deveres das gerações presentes, sendo estes deveres o vínculo jurídico entre gerações sucessivas. Nesse sentido, a solidariedade intergeracional passa a ter um liame jurídico contínuo, estudado através da teoria dos direitos fundamentais, o que lhe confere como característica a fluidez entre as gerações, e que por isso exige o aproveitamento racional dos recursos ambientais naturais, amparado nos princípios da precaução e informação, na ética da responsabilidade dirigida a todas as gerações, que demanda a incorporação de longo tempo nas ações humanas, que possibilite a ampla educação ambiental, e o desenvolvimento do pensamento altruísta, transtemporal, que considere problemas ambientais transfonteiriços e os bens ambientais naturais finitos, sendo indispensável conscientização da geração presente e de sua classe política para a afirmação da solidariedade. Estuda-se ainda que o dever de gestão racional dos bens ambientais naturais alimentares é dever de solidariedade, pois se considera que cada indivíduo usa uma parcela imaterial e indivisa desse bem coletivo, que pode ser público ou privado, mas que se sujeita à solidariedade. Nesse contexto só prevalece o direito de propriedade, em relação aos seus atributos tradicionais, se o objetivo comum de preservação dos bens ambientais alimentares não fornecer uma justificativa suficiente para impor readequação da atividade, abstenção de conduta, ou mesmo medidas sancionadoras decorrentes de responsabilização objetiva. Finalmente, enquanto contribuição científica, o trabalho apresenta um ensaio para a construção das características do dever de solidariedade agroambiental, quais sejam, o seu objeto e os sujeitos, a sua estrutura, que abrange a natureza das obrigações dele decorrente, e o regime principiológico. A conclusão geral apresentada é que o dever de solidariedade agroambiental, demonstrado sua ocorrência pela plurifuncionalidade da SAN, corresponde à ideia de justiça e moralidade política, fenômeno no qual é percebida intensa conexão entre o direito e a ética ambiental, compreensão relevante para resolução de conflitos que envolvam alimentação humana e a utilização de bens ambientais naturais.
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Este artigo visa pensar, analisar e descrever as práticas do Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância, na relação com um campo de vizinhança com outras intervenções de saber e poder voltadas às crianças e adolescentes, no Brasil. Para tanto, realiza uma breve história da atualidade do complexo tutelar articulado pela rede de proteção, garantia e defesa dos direitos oferecida pelo Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância em conjunto com outras entidades, instituições, grupos, comunidades, organizações não governamentais, fundações, bancos, países, universidades, localidades e agências ligadas à Organização das Nações Unidas. Por meio de análises baseadas em Michel Foucault, de Paul Veyne, em Robert Castel e em Jacques Donzelot, analisamos estas práticas cotidianas, no campo da sociedade disciplinar, da biopolítica, da gestão de riscos e do complexo tutelar, na medida em que formam um dispositivo econômico e político que opera na relação sujeito de direitos e sujeito econômico.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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O artigo apresenta como as operações de paz contemporâneas, conduzidas pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) para gerenciar e/ou resolver conflitos armados, têm lidado com a questão da segurança pública. Como parte do esforço de estabelecer uma paz duradoura nesses territórios, as atividades realizadas pela Organização incluem a reforma do setor de segurança e a estruturação de uma força policial democrática como parte de um amplo processo de construção da paz. Baseado em bibliografia sobre o assunto, documentos das Nações Unidas e observações pessoais, o texto aborda conceitos sobre as operações de paz, as ideias que norteiam a construção de uma polícia democrática, suas finalidades no contexto da segurança pública pós-conflito armado, as atividades realizadas para consecução desse objetivo e os problemas enfrentados pela ONU.
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Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais (UNESP - UNICAMP - PUC-SP) - FFC
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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O artigo em pauta é resultante de fala em mesa-redonda proferida no Colóquio Internacional Michel Foucault, a judicialização da vida, realizado, em outubro de 2011, na Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. O texto ora descrito é parte de análises realizadas há anos em pesquisas documentais, com as ferramentas de Michel Foucault, com relatórios de agências multilaterais ligadas ao sistema Nações Unidas, em especial, UNICEF e UNESCO, no Brasil. Buscamos interpelar estas práticas e descrever como as mesmas são prescritivas de conduta e são estratégias de governo neoliberal, articulando a promoção, defesa e garantia de direitos à economia política, em nome da defesa da vida e da construção da paz e segurança mundial.
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Background Mental and physical disorders are associated with total disability, but their effects on days with partial disability (i.e. the ability to perform some, but not full-role, functioning in daily life) are not well understood. Aims To estimate individual (i.e. the consequences for an individual with a disorder) and societal effects (i.e. the avoidable partial disability in the society due to disorders) of mental and physical disorders on days with partial disability around the world. Method Respondents from 26 nationally representative samples (n=61 259, age 18+) were interviewed regarding mental and physical disorders, and day-to-day functioning. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) was used to assess mental disorders; partial disability (expressed in full day equivalents) was assessed with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in the CIDI 3.0. Results Respondents with disorders reported about 1.58 additional disability days per month compared with respondents without disorders. At the individual level, mental disorders (especially post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and bipolar disorder) yielded a higher number of days with disability than physical disorders. At the societal level, the population attributable risk proportion due to physical and mental disorders was 49% and 15% respectively. Conclusions Mental and physical disorders have a considerable impact on partial disability, at both the individual and at the societal level. Physical disorders yielded higher effects on partial disability than mental disorders.
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Background Associations between specific parent and offspring mental disorders are likely to have been overestimated in studies that have failed to control for parent comorbidity. Aims To examine the associations of parent with respondent disorders. Method Data come from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys (n = 51 507). Respondent disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and parent disorders with informant-based Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria interviews. Results Although virtually all parent disorders examined (major depressive, generalised anxiety, panic, substance and antisocial behaviour disorders and suicidality) were significantly associated with offspring disorders in multivariate analyses, little specificity was found. Comorbid parent disorders had significant sub-additive associations with offspring disorders. Population-attributable risk proportions for parent disorders were 12.4% across all offspring disorders, generally higher in high- and upper-middle-than low-/lower-middle-income countries, and consistently higher for behaviour (11.0-19.9%) than other (7.1-14.0%) disorders. Conclusions Parent psychopathology is a robust non-specific predictor associated with a substantial proportion of offspring disorders.
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Objective This study analyzed the internal functioning, organization and political participation of the local food and nutrition security council and possible implications of their participation on the creation of a municipal food and nutrition security policy in the city of Sao Paulo. Methods This qualitative study was done in three stages: document analysis; observation of meetings and semi-structured interviews with board members considered key informants. The axis of analysis was the political participation of the council, considering its internal aspects, like board members, operating dynamics of political participation of its members and the relationship between these topics and the council's actions for the definition and creation of a food and nutrition security policy. Results The intellectual profile of the board members does not represent the majority of the population, thereby facilitating the omission of actual issues in council discussions. Its strict internal dynamics and the asymmetry of its members generally prevent the active participation of board members and, specifically, discussions about a food and nutrition security policy. The so-called "militant members" have a differentiated, more aggressive participation, with greater mastery of the subject and its topics. Conclusion The board member profiles, internal organization of the council, complexity of the subject and its low insertion in the society distance the council from social needs and lead them to act incipiently with regard to the municipal policies of food and nutrition security.
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This study deals with the protection of social rights in Europe and aims to outline the position currently held by these rights in the EU law. The first two chapters provide an overview of the regulatory framework in which the social rights lie, through the reorganisation of international sources. In particular the international instruments of protection of social rights are taken into account, both at the universal level, due to the activity of the United Nations Organisation and of its specialized agency, the International Labour Organization, and at a regional level, related to the activity of the Council of Europe. Finally an analysis of sources concludes with the reconstruction of the stages of the recognition of social rights in the EU. The second chapter describes the path followed by social rights in the EU: it examines the founding Treaties and subsequent amendments, the Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of Workers of 1989 and, in particularly, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the legal status of which was recently treated as the primary law by the Treaty of Lisbon signed in December 2007. The third chapter is, then, focused on the analysis of the substantive aspects of the recognition of the rights made by the EU: it provides a framework of the content and scope of the rights accepted in the Community law by the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which is an important contribution to the location of the social rights among the fundamental and indivisible rights of the person. In the last section of the work, attention is focused on the two profiles of effectiveness and justiciability of social rights, in order to understand the practical implications of the gradual creation of a system of protection of these rights at Community level. Under the first profile, the discussion is focused on the effectiveness in the general context of the mechanisms of implementation of the “second generation” rights, with particular attention to the new instruments and actors of social Europe and the effect of the procedures of soft law. Second part of chapter four, finally, deals with the judicial protection of rights in question. The limits of the jurisprudence of the European Union Court of Justice are more obvious exactly in the field of social rights, due to the gap between social rights and other fundamental rights. While, in fact, the Community Court ensures the maximum level of protection to human rights and fundamental freedoms, social rights are often degraded into mere aspirations of EU institutions and its Member States. That is, the sources in the social field (European Social Charter and Community Charter) represent only the base for interpretation and application of social provisions of secondary legislation, unlike the ECHR, which is considered by the Court part of Community law. Moreover, the Court of Justice is in the middle of the difficult comparison between social values and market rules, of which it considers the need to make a balance: despite hesitancy to recognise the juridical character of social rights, the need of protection of social interests has justified, indeed, certain restrictions to the free movement of goods, freedom to provide services or to Community competition law. The road towards the recognition and the full protection of social rights in the European Union law appears, however, still long and hard, as shown by the recent judgments Laval and Viking, in which the Community court, while enhancing the Nice Charter, has not given priority to fundamental social rights, giving them the role of limits (proportionate and justified) of economic freedoms.
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The study was arranged to manifest its objectives through preceding it with an intro-duction. Particular attention was paid in the second part to detect the physical settings of the study area, together with an attempt to show the climatic characteristics in Libya. In the third part, observed temporal and spatial climate change in Libya was investigated through the trends of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and cloud amount over the peri-ods (1946-2000), (1946-1975), and (1976-2000), comparing the results with the global scales. The forth part detected the natural and human causes of climate change concentrat-ing on the greenhouse effect. The potential impacts of climate change on Libya were ex-amined in the fifth chapter. As a case study, desertification of Jifara Plain was studied in the sixth part. In the seventh chapter, projections and mitigations of climate change and desertification were discussed. Ultimately, the main results and recommendations of the study were summarized. In order to carry through the objectives outlined above, the following methods and approaches were used: a simple linear regression analysis was computed to detect the trends of climatic parameters over time; a trend test based on a trend-to-noise-ratio was applied for detecting linear or non-linear trends; the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test for trend was used to reveal the behavior of the trends and their significance; PCA was applied to construct the all-Libya climatic parameters trends; aridity index after Walter-Lieth was shown for computing humid respectively arid months in Libya; correlation coefficient, (after Pearson) for detecting the teleconnection between sun spot numbers, NAOI, SOI, GHGs, and global warming, climate changes in Libya; aridity index, after De Martonne, to elaborate the trends of aridity in Jifara Plain; Geographical Information System and Re-mote Sensing techniques were applied to clarify the illustrations and to monitor desertifi-cation of Jifara Plain using the available satellite images MSS, TM, ETM+ and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The results are explained by 88 tables, 96 figures and 10 photos. Temporal and spatial temperature changes in Libya indicated remarkably different an-nual and seasonal trends over the long observation period 1946-2000 and the short obser-vation periods 1946-1975 and 1976-2000. Trends of mean annual temperature were posi-tive at all study stations except at one from 1946-2000, negative trends prevailed at most stations from 1946-1975, while strongly positive trends were computed at all study stations from 1976-2000 corresponding with the global warming trend. Positive trends of mean minimum temperatures were observed at all reference stations from 1946-2000 and 1976-2000, while negative trends prevailed at most stations over the period 1946-1975. For mean maximum temperature, positive trends were shown from 1946-2000 and from 1976-2000 at most stations, while most trends were negative from 1946-1975. Minimum tem-peratures increased at nearly more than twice the rate of maximum temperatures at most stations. In respect of seasonal temperature, warming mostly occurred in summer and au-tumn in contrast to the global observations identifying warming mostly in winter and spring in both study periods. Precipitation across Libya is characterized by scanty and sporadically totals, as well as high intensities and very high spatial and temporal variabilities. From 1946-2000, large inter-annual and intra-annual variabilities were observed. Positive trends of annual precipi-tation totals have been observed from 1946-2000, negative trends from 1976-2000 at most stations. Variabilities of seasonal precipitation over Libya are more strikingly experienced from 1976-2000 than from 1951-1975 indicating a growing magnitude of climate change in more recent times. Negative trends of mean annual relative humidity were computed at eight stations, while positive trends prevailed at seven stations from 1946-2000. For the short observation period 1976-2000, positive trends were computed at most stations. Annual cloud amount totals decreased at most study stations in Libya over both long and short periods. Re-markably large spatial variations of climate changes were observed from north to south over Libya. Causes of climate change were discussed showing high correlation between tempera-ture increasing over Libya and CO2 emissions; weakly positive correlation between pre-cipitation and North Atlantic Oscillation index; negative correlation between temperature and sunspot numbers; negative correlation between precipitation over Libya and Southern Oscillation Index. The years 1992 and 1993 were shown as the coldest in the 1990s result-ing from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, 1991. Libya is affected by climate change in many ways, in particular, crop production and food security, water resources, human health, population settlement and biodiversity. But the effects of climate change depend on its magnitude and the rate with which it occurs. Jifara Plain, located in northwestern Libya, has been seriously exposed to desertifica-tion as a result of climate change, landforms, overgrazing, over-cultivation and population growth. Soils have been degraded, vegetation cover disappeared and the groundwater wells were getting dry in many parts. The effect of desertification on Jifara Plain appears through reducing soil fertility and crop productivity, leading to long-term declines in agri-cultural yields, livestock yields, plant standing biomass, and plant biodiversity. Desertifi-cation has also significant implications on livestock industry and the national economy. Desertification accelerates migration from rural and nomadic areas to urban areas as the land cannot support the original inhabitants. In the absence of major shifts in policy, economic growth, energy prices, and con-sumer trends, climate change in Libya and desertification of Jifara Plain are expected to continue in the future. Libya cooperated with United Nations and other international organizations. It has signed and ratified a number of international and regional agreements which effectively established a policy framework for actions to mitigate climate change and combat deserti-fication. Libya has implemented several laws and legislative acts, with a number of ancil-lary and supplementary rules to regulate. Despite the current efforts and ongoing projects being undertaken in Libya in the field of climate change and desertification, urgent actions and projects are needed to mitigate climate change and combat desertification in the near future.
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The development of the Internet has made it possible to transfer data ‘around the globe at the click of a mouse’. Especially fresh business models such as cloud computing, the newest driver to illustrate the speed and breadth of the online environment, allow this data to be processed across national borders on a routine basis. A number of factors cause the Internet to blur the lines between public and private space: Firstly, globalization and the outsourcing of economic actors entrain an ever-growing exchange of personal data. Secondly, the security pressure in the name of the legitimate fight against terrorism opens the access to a significant amount of data for an increasing number of public authorities.And finally,the tools of the digital society accompany everyone at each stage of life by leaving permanent individual and borderless traces in both space and time. Therefore, calls from both the public and private sectors for an international legal framework for privacy and data protection have become louder. Companies such as Google and Facebook have also come under continuous pressure from governments and citizens to reform the use of data. Thus, Google was not alone in calling for the creation of ‘global privacystandards’. Efforts are underway to review established privacy foundation documents. There are similar efforts to look at standards in global approaches to privacy and data protection. The last remarkable steps were the Montreux Declaration, in which the privacycommissioners appealed to the United Nations ‘to prepare a binding legal instrument which clearly sets out in detail the rights to data protection and privacy as enforceable human rights’. This appeal was repeated in 2008 at the 30thinternational conference held in Strasbourg, at the 31stconference 2009 in Madrid and in 2010 at the 32ndconference in Jerusalem. In a globalized world, free data flow has become an everyday need. Thus, the aim of global harmonization should be that it doesn’t make any difference for data users or data subjects whether data processing takes place in one or in several countries. Concern has been expressed that data users might seek to avoid privacy controls by moving their operations to countries which have lower standards in their privacy laws or no such laws at all. To control that risk, some countries have implemented special controls into their domestic law. Again, such controls may interfere with the need for free international data flow. A formula has to be found to make sure that privacy at the international level does not prejudice this principle.
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The global food crisis of 2007–08 seems to be forgotten. Media attention at the time focused on food riots in Haiti and Mozambique, while world leaders and more than a dozen international organizations gathered for several food summits, calling for immediate relief measures. But not a single government seems to remember its obligations under the Right to Food (R2F) which the United Nations (UN) had enshrined back in 1948. Today we have to acknowledge that the R2F still lacks an adequate response under the present multilateral rules and disciplines applying to food production and trade. This chapter examines the present rules and disciplines under the AoA and of those contemplated in the Doha Development Round. Here we find that despite claims to the contrary they contribute precious little to the R2F. Some of the present rules, or the lack thereof, can even act as disincentives for global and national food security. Various forms of production and export subsidies, food aid abuse and export restrictions, are still WTO-legal, with few remedies available to food insecure developing countries. This amounts to a violation of their R2F obligations by many WTO Members.