Caracterización del mucilago de cacao CCN 51 mediante espectrofotometría UV-visible y absorción atómica” caso: Ecuador-zona 6

Más de 12000 m3 de mucilago de cacao CCN-51 son producidos y abandonados en las fincas de cacao en el Ecuador cada año. El estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar este residuo en la Zona 6. Las muestras se obtuvieron de 10 lugares dentro de la zona de estudio, las mismas que están geo referenciadas. Para el análisis se usó espectrofotometría UV-Visible para la identificación de azucares reductoras totales, y espectrofotometría de absorción atómica para identificar minerales. Además se determinó parámetros físicos. Los resultados de los análisis fueron los siguientes: pH 4.05±0.004, los sólidos solubles fue de 17.15±0.86 0Brix, la acidez Titulable fue 245.25±21.19 meq/L. Por otra parte las azucares reductoras totales fueron de 1228.82±178.52 g/L y los de calcio, sodio y potasio fueron de 169.21±31.04 mg/L, 161.85±40.41 mg/L, 462.9±49.96 mg/L respectivamente. Se analizó una muestra mediante espectroscopia de infrarrojo para identificar glucosa y sacarosa, los resultados de este análisis fueron 398 g/L, 800g/l, posteriormente se realizó un análisis t student con el resultado obtenido en espectrofotometría UV-Visible de las azucares reductoras totales, como resultado final se estableció que no existe diferencia significativa entre las dos técnicas instrumentales.

UV and visible photoconductivity of undoped diamond films: morphology and related electrical transport phenomena

UV and visible photoconductivity and electrical features of undoped diamond thin films grown by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (MP-CVD) on silicon and copper substrates are studied. The results are correlated with morphology properties analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and micro-Raman. The photoconductivity presents several bands from 1.8 to 3.8 eV that are dependent on the substrate used to grow the samples in spite of some common bands observed. The J-V curve tin DC) in samples grown on Si has a rectifier behaviour (Schottky emission) in opposition to the samples grown on Cu that have no rectification (SCLC conduction). With these results we can conclude that diamond based optoelectronic devices behaviour is controlled by two kinds of structural defects localized in microcrystal and in its boundaries. A general structure model for the optoelectronic behaviour is discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

CHARACTERIZING THE FIRST HISTORIC ERUPTION OF NABRO, ERITREA: INSIGHTS FROM THERMAL AND UV REMOTE SENSING

June 2011 saw the first historic eruption of Nabro volcano, one of an ongoing sequence of eruptions in the Afar-Red Sea region since 2005. It halted air travel in northern Africa, contaminated food and water sources, and displaced thousands from their homes. Due to its remote location, little was known about this event in terms of the quantity of erupted products and the timing and mechanisms of their emplacement. Geographic isolation, previous quiescence and regional civil unrest meant that this volcano was effectively unmonitored at the time of eruption, and opportunities for field study are limited. Using free, publicly available satellite data, I examined rates of lava effusion and SO2 emission in order to quantify the amount of erupted products and understand the temporal evolution of the eruption, as well as explore what information can be gleaned about eruption mechanisms using remote sensing data. These data revealed a bimodal eruption, beginning with explosive activity marked by high SO2 emission totalling 1824 - 2299 KT, and extensive ash fall of 270 - 440 km2. This gave way to a period of rapid effusion, producing a ~17 km long lava flow, and a volume of ~22.1 x 106 m3. Mass balance between the SO2 and lava flows reveals no sulfur 'excess', suggesting that nearly all of the degassed magma was extruded. The 2011 eruption of Nabro lasted nearly 6 weeks, and may be considered the second largest historic eruption in Africa. Work such as this highlights the importance of satellite remote sensing for studying and monitoring volcanoes, particularly those in remote regions that may be otherwise inaccessible.

UV-A radiation effects on higher plants: exploring the known unknown

Ultraviolet-A radiation (UV-A: 315–400 nm) is a component of solar radiation that exerts a wide range of physiological responses in plants. Currently, field attenuation experiments are the most reliable source of information on the effects of UV-A. Common plant responses to UV-A include both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on biomass accumulation and morphology. UV-A effects on biomass accumulation can differ from those on root: shoot ratio, and distinct responses are described for different leaf tissues. Inhibitory and enhancing effects of UV-A on photosynthesis are also analysed, as well as activation of photoprotective responses, including UV-absorbing pigments. UV-A-induced leaf flavonoids are highly compound-specific and species-dependent. Many of the effects on growth and development exerted by UV-A are distinct to those triggered by UV-B and vary considerably in terms of the direction the response takes. Such differences may reflect diverse UV-perception mechanisms with multiple photoreceptors operating in the UV-A range and/or variations in the experimental approaches used. This review highlights a role that various photoreceptors (UVR8, phototropins, phytochromes and cryptochromes) may play in plant responses to UV-A when dose, wavelength and other conditions are taken into account.

Cinétique de photolyse d’oxydes d’azote sous rayonnement UV

Le smog photochimique est un phénomène qui prend de l'ampleur dans les grandes villes industrialisées. Il est la cause de plusieurs maladies respiratoires. Son apparition provient majoritairement des polluants émis par les véhicules automobiles, soit les hydrocarbures et les oxydes d'azote. Le rayonnement du soleil interagit avec ces espèces chimiques et le dioxygène présent dans l'atmosphère pour mener à une production d'ozone troposphérique importante. L'ozone en basse altitude endommage les écosystèmes et est nocif pour la santé humaine. Le sujet de recherche est d'abord axé sur la réaction limitante du processus qui crée le smog photochimique : la photolyse du dioxyde d'azote. Quoique cette réaction est assez bien connue dans la littérature en phase gazeuse, les données expérimentales en phase condensée sont manquantes. Les travaux ont été effectués dans le but de combler le manque d'information à ce sujet. En premier lieu, les conditions optimales pour l'isolation du NO[indice inférieur 2] par matrice de gaz rare ont été déterminées. Par la suite, l'irradiation des échantillons du mélange NO[indice inférieur 2] et gaz rare a été effectuée. Par spectroscopie infrarouge à angle rasant, il a été possible de suivre l'évolution de la destruction des molécules de NO[indice inférieur 2] en fonction du temps. Différentes hypothèses sont émises afin d'interpréter les données de cinétique obtenues. Ces hypothèses sont alors testées à partir d'expériences sous-jacentes ou expliquées selon des principes théoriques. Finalement, un modèle exprimant le profil du champ électrique à l'intérieur de films minces a été construit. Ce modèle s'inspire des effets d'interférences observés par spectroscopie d'absorption-réflexion. En guise de conclusion, une proposition d'expérience pour supporter le modèle du champ électrique est décrite. La portée du modèle s'étend à tous les processus impliquant un rayonnement lumineux sur une surface réfléchissante. Bien qu'il serve principalement à expliquer le taux de photolyse observé dans le cadre du projet de maîtrise, le modèle est applicable à plusieurs spectroscopies en réflexion.

THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ALTERATIONS OF CASSAVA STARCH GRANULES INDUCED BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, UV RAYS AND MICROWAVE

Starches are applied in several fields of industry. Amylose and amylopectin (natural polymers) constitute the starch in vegetable cells. In some processes native starches cannot support high stress conditions (high temperatures/acidity). Then, modification methods are developed aiming the improving of starch technological utilization. Oxidative modification with H2O2 has been the subject of many researches. UV rays as well microwave irradiation can be used. The aim was to confirm possible thermogravimetric alterations in native cassava starch (A) granules due to a double starch modification: 1st step) H2O2 standard solutions 0.1 mol L-1 (B), 0.2 mol L-1 (C) and 0.3 mol L-1 (D) and UV rays exposure for 1h; 2nd step) microwave irradiation for 5 min. The results of thermogravimetric curves (TG-DTA) show that the behaviors of the starch proprieties were modified. Highlighting, the modified samples C and D showed a decrease on the thermal stability step. This alteration turned them suitable to many field of industry like the paper one.

Novel bio-based amine curing agents for epoxy resins: the way towards fully bio-based composite materials

Epoxy resins are widely used in many applications, such as paints, adhesives and matrices for composites materials, since they present the possibility to be easily and conveniently tailored in order to display a unique combination of characteristics. In literature, various examples of bio-based epoxy resins produced from a wide range of renewable sources can be found. Nevertheless, the toxicity and safety of curing agents have not been deeply investigated and it was observed that all of them still present some environmental drawback. Therefore, the development of new environmentally friendly fully bio-based epoxy systems is of great importance for designing green and sustainable materials. In this context, the present project aims at further exploring the possibility of using bio-based compounds as curing agents for epoxy resin precursors. A preliminary evaluation of several amine-based compounds demonstrated the feasibility of using Adenine as epoxy resin hardener. In order to better understand the crosslinking mechanism, the reaction of Adenine with the mono-epoxy compound Glycidyl 2-methylphenyl ether (G2MPE), was study by 1H-NMR analysis. Then Adenine was investigated as hardener of Diglycidil ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), which is the simplest epoxy resin based on bisphenol A, in order to determine the best hardener/resin stoichiometric ratio, and evaluate the crosslinking kinetics and conversion and the final mechanical properties of the cured resin. Then, Adenine was tested as hardener of commercial epoxy resins, in particular the infusion resin Elan-tron® EC 157 (Elantas), the impregnation resin EPON™ Resin 828 (Hexion) and the bio-based resin SUPER SAP® CLR (Entropyresins). Such systems were used for the production of composites materials reinforced with chopped recycled carbon fibers and natural fibers (flax and jute). The thermo-mechanical properties of these materials have been studied in comparison with those ones of composites obtained with the same thermosetting resin reinforced with chopped virgin carbon fibers.

Confronto della prestazione applicativa di assorbitori UV in film plastici sottili per uso agricolo

Con il presente progetto di tesi si è voluto mettere a confronto due assorbitori UV in film di polietilene per uso agricolo. I film sono stati prodotti con un estrusore multistrato e sono stati caratterizzati, in analisi elementare per la determinazione del contenuto totale di azoto e in cromatografia liquida per la determinazione specifica del contenuto dei due assorbitori UV. I film sono stati esposti in condizioni sperimentali diverse: esposizione in stufa a 60°C con ventilazione forzata, esposizione alla luce artificiale e conservazione a temperatura ambiente. Ad intervalli di tempo prestabiliti sui campioni sono state fatte le seguenti valutazioni: determinazione delle proprietà meccaniche, analisi spettrofotometriche (FT-IR e UV) e determinazione qualitativa della migrazione dell’additivo. Alla fine del periodo di tesi si è potuto concludere che i due UVA mostrano la stessa compatibilità con la matrice polimerica, ma presentano una diversa fotostabilità. L’UVA normalmente impiegato in questo settore infatti ha una fotostabilità leggermente superiore a quella del nuovo UVA testato.

Modelling UV response of biomolecules: from electronic structure to ab-initio dynamics.

The interaction of organic chromophores with light initiates ultrafast processes in the timescale of femtoseconds. An atomistic understanding of the mechanism driving such photoinduced reactions opens up the door to exploit them for our benefit. This thesis studies the interactions of ultraviolet light with the DNA/RNA molecules and the amino-acid tryptophan. Using some of the most accurate electronic structure methods and sophisticated environmental modelling, the works documented herein enable quantitative comparisons with cutting-edge experimental data. The relaxation pathways undertaken by the excited molecule are revealed through static and dynamical investigations of the excited-state potential energy surface. The profound role played by the dynamic response of the environment to guide the excitation in these timescales is addressed thoroughly.

Modeling Ultrafast Spectroscopy of the NADH Dimer: From UV-VIS to X-rays

Ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy is a conceptually simple and versatile tool for resolving photoinduced dynamics in molecular systems. Due to the fast development of new experimental setups, such as synchrotron light sources and X-ray free electron lasers (XFEL), new spectral windows are becoming accessible. On the one hand, these sources have enabled scientist to access faster and faster time scales and to reach unprecedent insights into dynamical properties of matter. On the other hand, the complementarity of well-developed and novel techniques allows to study the same physical process from different points of views, integrating the advantages and overcoming the limitations of each approach. In this context, it is highly desirable to reach a clear understanding of which type of spectroscopy is more suited to capture a certain facade of a given photo-induced process, that is, to establish a correlation between the process to be unraveled and the technique to be used. In this thesis, I will show how computational spectroscopy can be a tool to establish such a correlation. I will study a specific process, which is the ultrafast energy transfer in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dimer (NADH). This process will be observed in different spectral windows (from UV-VIS to X-rays), accessing the ability of different spectroscopic techniques to unravel the system evolution by means of state-of-the-art theoretical models and methodologies. The comparison of different spectroscopic simulations will demonstrate their complementarity, eventually allowing to identify the type of spectroscopy that is best suited to resolve the ultrafast energy transfer.

Studio sul rilascio di metalli da PET nell'acqua minerale naturale dopo stoccaggio ed esposizione a raggi UV

La tesi sperimentale svolta presso IZSLER (Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna) tratta la migrazione di sostanze dai MOCA (Materiali ed Oggetti a Contatto con gli Alimenti) in materiale plastico agli alimenti, in un’ottica di sicurezza alimentare. In particolare, ci si è concentrati sul rilascio di metalli e semimetalli (rispettivamente 17 e 2) nell’acqua minerale naturale confezionata in bottiglie in PET (Polietilene Tereftalato). Si sono presi in considerazione 14 marchi commerciali di acqua. In particolare, si sono studiate le variabili tempo e radiazione solare per comprendere se queste avessero effetto sul rilascio di tali metalli e semimetalli e in che misura potessero influenzarlo. Due gruppi di bottiglie, ciascuno composto dagli stessi marchi commerciali di acqua minerale naturale, sono stati posizionati e stoccati per un periodo di 8 mesi in differenti condizioni. Un gruppo è stato collocato in un armadio, al buio a temperatura ambiente, mentre l’altro è stato posizionato in ambiente esterno, esposto ai raggi UV e alle temperature ambientali. Le analisi, eseguite mediante strumentazione ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry), sono state svolte direttamente sull’acqua imbottigliata, all'inizio e al termine del periodo di stoccaggio, per entrambi i gruppi di campioni. È stato valutato il rilascio, per singolo elemento e per marchio commerciale, considerando le due differenti modalità di conservazione (buio e luce). I risultati ottenuti sono stati confrontati con i Limiti di Migrazione Specifica (LMS) indicata dalla normativa (Reg. (UE) 10/2011 e successive modifiche) per comprendere se i campioni analizzati risultassero conformi o meno, e sono stati commentati anche in relazione a quanto noto dalla letteratura scientifica. Un focus specifico è stato dedicato al caso dell’antimonio.

Níveis de penetração dos raios UV

Pôster com informações básicas sobre os níveis de penetração na pele dos raios UV e sobre ações que podem aumentar o risco de queimaduras solares.

Inhibitory Effects Of A Cured Antibacterial Bonding System On Viability And Metabolic Activity Of Oral Bacteria.

To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Clearfil SE Protect (CP) and Clearfil SE Bond (CB) after curing and rinsed against five individual oral microorganisms as well as a mixture of bacterial culture prepared from the selected test organisms. Bacterial suspensions were prepared from single species of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces viscosus and Lactobacillus lactis, as well as mixed bacterial suspensions from these organisms. Dentin bonding system discs (6 mm×2 mm) were prepared, cured, washed and placed on the bacterial suspension of single species or multispecies bacteria for 15, 30 and 60 min. MTT, Live/Dead bacterial viability (antibacterial effect), and XTT (metabolic activity) assays were used to test the two dentin system's antibacterial effect. All assays were done in triplicates and each experiment repeated at least three times. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Scheffe's f-test (5%). Greater than 40% bacteria killing was seen within 15 min, and the killing progressed with increasing time of incubation with CP discs. However, a longer (60 min) period of incubation was required by CP to achieve similar antimicrobial effect against mixed bacterial suspension. CB had no significant effect on the viability or metabolic activity of the test microorganisms when compared to the control bacterial culture. CP was significantly effective in reducing the viability and metabolic activity of the test organisms. The results demonstrated the antimicrobial efficacy of CP both on single and multispecies bacterial culture. CP may be beneficial in reducing bacterial infections in cavity preparations in clinical dentistry.

A Highly Improved Method For Sensitive Determination Of Amitriptyline In Pharmaceutical Formulations Using An Unmodified Carbon Nanotube Electrode In The Presence Of Sulfuric Acid.

The present paper describes a novel, simple and reliable differential pulse voltammetric method for determining amitriptyline (AMT) in pharmaceutical formulations. It has been described for many authors that this antidepressant is electrochemically inactive at carbon electrodes. However, the procedure proposed herein consisted in electrochemically oxidizing AMT at an unmodified carbon nanotube paste electrode in the presence of 0.1 mol L(-1) sulfuric acid used as electrolyte. At such concentration, the acid facilitated the AMT electroxidation through one-electron transfer at 1.33 V vs. Ag/AgCl, as observed by the augmentation of peak current. Concerning optimized conditions (modulation time 5 ms, scan rate 90 mV s(-1), and pulse amplitude 120 mV) a linear calibration curve was constructed in the range of 0.0-30.0 μmol L(-1), with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991 and a limit of detection of 1.61 μmol L(-1). The procedure was successfully validated for intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy. Moreover, its feasibility was assessed through analysis of commercial pharmaceutical formulations and it has been compared to the UV-vis spectrophotometric method used as standard analytical technique recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia.

Yellowing And Bleaching Of Grey Hair Caused By Photo And Thermal Degradation.

Yellowing is an undesirable phenomenon that is common in people with white and grey hair. Because white hair has no melanin, the pigment responsible for hair colour, the effects of photodegradation are more visible in this type of hair. The origin of yellowing and its relation to photodegradation processes are not properly established, and many questions remain open in this field. In this work, the photodegradation of grey hair was investigated as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation, and its ultrastructure was determined, always comparing the results obtained for the white and black fibres present in grey hair with the results of white wool. The results presented herein indicate that the photobehaviour of grey hair irradiated with a mercury lamp or with solar radiation is dependent on the wavelength range of the incident radiation and on the initial shade of yellow in the sample. Two types of grey hair were used: (1) blended grey hair (more yellow) and (2) grey hair from a single-donor (less yellow). After exposure to a full-spectrum mercury lamp for 200 h, the blended white hair turned less yellow (the yellow-blue difference, Db(*) becomes negative, Db(*)=-6), whereas the white hair from the single-donor turned slightly yellower (Db(*)=2). In contrast, VIS+IR irradiation resulted in bleaching in both types of hair, whereas a thermal treatment (at 81 °C) caused yellowing of both types of hair, resulting in a Db(*)=3 for blended white hair and Db(*)=9 for single-donor hair. The identity of the yellow chromophores was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results obtained with this technique were contradictory, however, and it was not possible to obtain a simple correlation between the sample shade of yellow and the absorption spectra. In addition, the results are discussed in terms of the morphology differences between the pigmented and non-pigmented parts of grey hair, the yellowing and bleaching effects of grey hair, and the occurrence of dark-follow reactions.