Morigerando las costumbres. Canalizando las disputas. A propósito de los conflictos en los pueblos heredianos. 1885-1915.

Resumen Explica porqué se produjo un bajo número de homicidios en los pueblos de la provincia de Heredia ente 1885 y 1915, a pesar de que los conflictos intercomunales eran frecuentes. Abstract Explains why fewer homicides took place in villages in the province Heredia, between 1885 y 1915, although there were frequently intercomunal conflicts.

Caracterización de la situación idiomática de los pueblos indígenas de Costa Rica y su influencia en su educación

This essay shows the reality of Costa Rican indigenous groups in terms of the mastery and promotion of their original tongue and the way this has been taken into account in the design of the curricula of their schools. In general, it is discussed that the educational process is developed disengaged of the idiomatic and cultural reality of these groups, even tough government efforts have been made in this direction. As a result of this educational deficiency, a cultural decline is generated that might end up with the loss of native languages.

GENTES E INUNDACIONES EN LOS PUEBLOS DEL TEMPISQUE

Este artículo recoge la opinión de los habitantes de algunos de los pueblos ubicados en las tierras bajas de la cuenca del Tempisque, en relación con las dificultades que cada año enfrentan debido al desbordamiento de los ríos Tempisque y Las Palmas.ABSTRACT This article takes different opinions from the people living on the villages located in the lowlands of the Tempisque basin, related to the problems yearly they confront because of the Tempisque or Las Palmas rivers flooding.

A IMPORTÂNCIA DA CONSERVAÇÃO/PRESERVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL DA FLORESTA NACIONAL DO ARARIPE PARA A REGIÃO DO CARIRI – CEARÁ/BRASIL.

A pesquisa objetiva diagnosticar a importância da conservação e preservação ambiental da FLONA ARARIPE, para a região do Cariri Cearense, por apresentar uma biodiversidade e ecossistemas que contribuem para a sustentabilidade hidrológica, ecológica e edáfica do Complexo Sedimentar do Araripe. Primeira floresta criada no Brasil, através do decreto Nº 9.226, de 02 de maio de 1946, localiza-se no topo da Chapada do Araripe – centro da Região Nordeste do Brasil, no extremo sul do estado do Ceará. Com base no diagnóstico da área, através de visitas na área e análise das imagens de satélites, a FLONA vem apresentando mudanças na sua paisagem natural, devido algumas ações de degradação ambiental, desmatamentos, queimadas, extrativismos, especulação imobiliária dentre outros. Sendo gerida pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação para a Biodiversidade, este detém um número mínimo de recursos humanos para acompanhar e fiscalizar 38.262 hectares de área. Nesse sentido, é de suma importância a execução do seu plano de manejo, práticas educativas que garantam a conservação/preservação ambiental desse território.

Derechos humanos de los pueblos indígenas: Chile tras la ratificación del convenio 169 de la OIT

En el mes de septiembre del año 2008, Chile ratificó el Convenio 169 sobre Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales en Países Independientes de la organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). Esta ratificación pone nuevamente sobre el tapete la discusión respecto la jerarquía de los Tratados Internacionales de Derechos Humanos en el sistema jurídico chileno, discusión que no ha podido ser zanjada desde la reforma del año 1989, que modificó el artículo 5º de la Carta Fundamental.AbstractIn September 2008, the State of Chile proceeded with the ratification of the InternationalLabour Organization 169 Treaty Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent Countries. This ratification brings once again for discussion the hierarchical place that International Human Rights Treaties have within the jurisdictional system in Chile, discussion that has not been settled since the 1989 reform that modified article 5 of the Fundamental Letter.

Biopiratería y pueblos indígenas: crítica y realidad

La lucha por la protección de la biodiversidad se está llevando a cabo en varios escenarios, desde las comunidades rurales afectadas que denuncian el saqueo y defienden sus recursos locales, hasta los círculos académicos donde personas sensibilizadas ante el problema se oponen a la devastación.AbstractThe fight for the protection of the biodiversity is being carried out in various scenarios, from affected rural communities that denounce the stealing and defend their local resources, to the academic circles where people sensitized towards the problem are opposed to devastation. The issue of bio-piracy has been little divulged, since the institutions specialized on those topics have carried out their research almost in a “secret” way and so far little is known about their final outcomes. The environment issue has had limited linkage with social reasons related to biodiversity since they weren’t the concern of many organizations. That’s why it is necessary to open a debate about these complex issues but related to the daily life of rural and urban communities nowadays. Furthermore, it is necessary to make a critical analysis of bio-piracy and patent mechanisms, in detriment of indigenous people’s interests.  El tema de la biopiratería ha sido poco divulgado, pues las instituciones más especializadas en dichos temas han trabajado de manera casi «secreta» sus investigaciones y hasta hoy se tiene poco conocimiento de sus resultados finales. El tema ambiental ha tenido poca ligazón con las razones sociales relacionados con la biodiversidad no eran parte importante de muchas organizaciones.De ahí que, es necesario abrir un debate sobre estos temas complejos, pero relacionados con la vida cotidiana de las comunidades rurales y urbanas actualmente. Además, conviene un análisis crítico de la biopiratería y los mecanismos de patentes en detrimento de los intereses de los pueblos indígenas.

MÁS ALLÁ DEL VOTO ÉTNICO: LA PARTICIPACIÓN DE LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS EN LA ADOPCIÓN DE DECISIONES. FUNDAMENTOS ANALÍTICO-CONCEPTUALES PARA SU INVESTIGACIÓN EN AMÉRICA LATINA

ResumenTradicionalmente, los estudios realizados desde la ciencia política y la sociología sobre la participación de los pueblos indígenas se han enfocado en el ámbito electoral y las movilizaciones sociales. No obstante, la observación empírica ha demostrado la necesidad de ampliar el campo de visión al análisis de la participación indígena en la adopción de decisiones factibles de afectarles enmarcando el análisis en el cumplimiento de sus derechos colectivos. De esta forma, el artículo tiene el objetivo de asentar los fundamentos analítico-conceptuales mínimos para investigar la participación de los pueblos indígenas latinoamericanos con ese enfoque. El texto se divide en tres partes. Primero, se analizan  los conceptos esenciales del tema: “pueblos�� indígenas” y “participación”, reconociendo us complejidades y proponiendo elementos mínimos para su defnición. Segundo, se exploran las justifcaciones y contenidos del marco jurídico-normativo internacional de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas haciendo énfasis en la participación como derecho colectivo y revisando su situación en América Latina. Finalmente, se presenta una propuesta metodológica para la investigación sobre la participación de los pueblos indígenas que operacionaliza los derechos de consulta, consentimiento libre, previo e informado y participación en el ciclo completo de las políticas públicas.Palabras  clave:  pueblos�� indígenas,  derechos  de  los  pueblos�� indígenas,  participación, América Latina, políticas públicas.AbstractFrequently the felds of political science and sociological research dealing with the participation of indigenous peoples  have  focused  on  the  electoral  context  and  social mobilization. However,  empirical  observation seems to demand further analysis on the indigenous participation in decision-making on the full spectrum of matters that affect them, framing the observance in their collective rights. The present article aims to establish a minimum analytical and conceptual basis for such research on participation of Latin American indigenous peoples. The article is divided into three parts. First, it analyzes the essential concepts of the topic: “indigenous peoples” and “participation”, recognizing their complexities and proposing minimum elements for their defnition. Secondly, it explores the justifcations and contents of International Law and normative system of the rights of indigenous peoples by putting emphasis on participation as an indigenous right and by reviewing the situation of indigenous peoples in Latin America. Finally, it presents a methodological proposal to research the participation of indigenous peoples, which operationalizes the rights of consultation; the free, prior, and informed consent, and participation in the process of making of public policies.Keywords: Indigenous peoples, rights of indigenous peoples, participation, Latin America, public policies.

La educación desde los pueblos indígenas de Bolivia. Análisis del proyecto de Nueva Ley de Educación “Avelino Siñani y Elizardo Pérez”, como resistencia frente a la educación para la globalización neoliberal

En este ensayo nos interesa abordar las implicaciones del cambio político y social que se vive en América Latina, particularmente enfocado en Bolivia y sobre la educación y su relación con el desarrollo, a partir del estudio del proyecto de Nueva Ley de Educación “Avelino Siñani-Elizardo Pérez”, presentado para su tramitación al Congreso Nacional por iniciativa del Gobierno de la República y del movimiento indígena-popular. Mediante la metodología del análisis de coyuntura y del análisis estructural temático del discurso, se busca mostrar de qué manera esta reforma construye formas de resistencia cultural y alternativas educativas ante la llamada educación para la globalización neoliberal, propia de un modelo de desarrollo económico impuesto a Bolivia hace más de 20 años.AbstractThis essay aims to find out on the implications of political and social changes currently in process in Latin America focusing in Bolivia’s education and development in the New Act in Education, Avelino Siñani-Elizardo Pérez. The bill of law was submitted to the National Congress by the Government of Bolivia and the Indigenous Popular Movement. Based on current situation analysis and in topic-structure discourse analysis as a methodological approach, it discourse analysis as a methodological approach, it endeavours to show how this reform may build cultural and alternative education as ways of resistance to the socalled education for the neliberal globalization. The latter is featured in the economic development model, imposed to Bolivia 20 years ago.

UMA LEITURA GEOGRÁFICA DA PERIFERIA DA METRÓPOLE GOIANIENSE PELA VIA DO FUTEBOL PELADEIRO

Pretende-se aqui apresentar algumas reflexões o trabalho de pesquisa, o qual buscou realizar uma leitura geográfica da periferia da metrópole pela via do futebol peladeiro. Para tanto utilizamos, além das tradicionais metodologias como visitas de campo, entrevistas, registro fotográfico, a “experiência vivencial” a qual nos possibilitou vivenciar o objeto não apenas com o pensamento científico, mas com a sensibilidade e o sensível, com o corpo e com os pés. Verificou-se que a despeito da dureza, dificuldade e sofrimento encontrado na  periferia, ela re-existe na vida metropolitana com gritos de solidariedade e alegria. Nesse contexto, a bola é um elemento de suma importância à periferia proletária. O território das peladas furta o tempo e o espaço controlados pelo capital, apresentando-se aos sujeitos da periferia como uma das poucas possibilidades de lazer, encontro e sociabilidade. Nesse sentido, a pelada atribui vida e significado de cidade à cidade – lugar do encontro, da troca e da festa.Palavras-chave: território, metrópole, periferia e  peladas de futebol.Eixo temático:

Gestión de la información en pueblos indígenas : una contextualización desde la experiencia

En: Derecho a la información, bien público y bien privado: acceso comunitario y acceso individual de Estela Morales Campos

Excellent rectifying characteristics in Au/n-CdTe diodes upon exposure to rf nitrogen plasma

Nitrogen plasma exposure (NPE) effects on indium doped bulk n-CdTe are reported here. Excellent rectifying characteristics of Au/n-CdTe Schottky diodes, with an increase in the barrier height, and large reverse breakdown voltages are observed after the plasma exposure. Surface damage is found to be absent in the plasma exposed samples. The breakdown mechanism of the heavily doped Schottky diodes is found to shift from the Zener to avalanche after the nitrogen plasma exposure, pointing to a change in the doping close to the surface which was also verified by C-V measurements. The thermal stability of the plasma exposure process is seen up to a temperature of 350 degrees C, thereby enabling the high temperature processing of the samples for device fabrication. The characteristics of the NPE diodes are stable over a year implying excellent diode quality. A plausible model based on Fermi level pinning by acceptor-like states created by plasma exposure is proposed to explain the observations.

Triosephosphate isomerase from Plasmodium falciparum:. the crystal structure provides insights into antimalarial drug design

Background: Malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum is a major public health concern. The parasite lacks a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle, making glycolysis its sole energy source. Although parasite enzymes have been considered as potential antimalarial drug targets, little is known about their structural biology. Here we report the crystal structure of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) from P. falciparum at 2.2 Angstrom resolution. Results: The crystal structure of P. falciparum TIM (PfTIM), expressed in Escherichia coli, was determined by the molecular replacement method using the structure of trypanosomal TIM as the starting model. Comparison of the PfTIM structure with other TIM structures, particularly human TIM, revealed several differences, In most TIMs the residue at position 183 is a glutamate but in PtTIM it is a leucine, This leucine residue is completely exposed and together with the surrounding positively charged patch, may be responsible for binding TIM to the erythrocyte membrane. Another interesting feature is the occurrence of a cysteine residue at the dimer interface of PfTIM (Cys13), in contrast to human TIM where this residue is a methionine. Finally, residue 96 of human TIM (Ser96), which occurs near the active site, has been replaced by phenylalanine in PfTIM.

Stability of synchronization in a multi-cellular system

Networks of biochemical reactions regulated by positive-and negative-feedback processes underlie functional dynamics in single cells. Synchronization of dynamics in the constituent cells is a hallmark of collective behavior in multi-cellular biological systems. Stability of the synchronized state is required for robust functioning of the multi-cell system in the face of noise and perturbation. Yet, the ability to respond to signals and change functional dynamics are also important features during development, disease, and evolution in living systems. In this paper, using a coupled multi-cell system model, we investigate the role of system size, coupling strength and its topology on the synchronization of the collective dynamics and its stability. Even though different coupling topologies lead to synchronization of collective dynamics, diffusive coupling through the end product of the pathway does not confer stability to the synchronized state. The results are discussed with a view to their prevalence in biological systems. Copyright (C) EPLA, 2010

Composition of Extrafloral Nectar Influences Interactions between the Myrmecophyte Humboldtia brunonis and its Ant Associates

Ant-plant interactions often are mediated by extrafloral nectar (EFN) composition that may influence plant visitation by ants. Over a 300 km range in the Indian Western Ghats, we investigated the correlation between the EFN composition of the myrmecophytic ant-plant Humboldtia brunonis (Fabaceae) and the number and species of ants visiting EFN. EFN composition varied among H. brunonis populations and between plant organs (floral bud vs. young leaf EFN). In general, EFN was rich in sugars with small quantities of amino acids, especially essential amino acids, and had moderate invertase activity. In experiments at the study sites with sugar and amino acid solutions and with leaf or floral bud EFN mimics, dominant EFN-feeding ants differentiated between solutions as well as between mimics. The castration parasite Crematogaster dohrni (northern study site) was the least selective and did not exhibit any clear feeding preferences, while the largely trophobiont-tending non-protective Myrmicaria brunnea (middle study site) preferred higher sucrose concentrations and certain essential/non-essential amino acid mixtures. The mutualistic Technomyrmex albipes (southern study site) preferred sucrose over glucose or fructose solutions and consumed the leaf EFN mimic to a greater extent than the floral bud EFN mimic. This young leaf EFN mimic had low sugar concentrations, the lowest viscosity and sugar: amino acid ratio, was rich in essential amino acids, and appeared ideally suited to the digestive physiology of T. albipes. This preference for young leaf EFN may explain the greater protection afforded to young leaves than to floral buds by T. albipes, and may also help to resolve ant-pollinator conflicts. The differential response of dominant ants to sugar, amino acids, or solution viscosity suggests that plants can fine-tune their interactions with local ants via EFN composition. Thus, EFN can mediate local partner-choice mechanisms in ant-plant interactions.

Crowd Sourcing a New Paradigm for Interactome Driven Drug Target Identification in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A decade since the availability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome sequence, no promising drug has seen the light of the day. This not only indicates the challenges in discovering new drugs but also suggests a gap in our current understanding of Mtb biology. We attempt to bridge this gap by carrying out extensive re-annotation and constructing a systems level protein interaction map of Mtb with an objective of finding novel drug target candidates. Towards this, we synergized crowd sourcing and social networking methods through an initiative `Connect to Decode' (C2D) to generate the first and largest manually curated interactome of Mtb termed `3interactome pathway' (IPW), encompassing a total of 1434 proteins connected through 2575 functional relationships. Interactions leading to gene regulation, signal transduction, metabolism, structural complex formation have been catalogued. In the process, we have functionally annotated 87% of the Mtb genome in context of gene products. We further combine IPW with STRING based network to report central proteins, which may be assessed as potential drug targets for development of drugs with least possible side effects. The fact that five of the 17 predicted drug targets are already experimentally validated either genetically or biochemically lends credence to our unique approach.