Wireless sensor networks Zigbee applied on sewage treatment station

The good efficiency in a sewage treatment plant (WWTP) is a great importance to the environment. The management of electromechanical equipment installed in these stations is a major challenge due to the fact that they are installed on areas of difficult access and maintenance unhealthy and making the time for the correction of any faults is extended. This paper proposes the development of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), in order to monitor electromechanical equipment, allowing the Concessionaire a predictive control in real time. The design of a wireless sensors network for monitoring equipment requires not only the development and assembly of the sensor modules, but must also include the development of software for managing the data collected. Thus, this work includes a Zigbee WSN, small, adapted for monitoring of electromechanical equipment and environmental conditions of a WWTP, type stabilization pond, installed in an area of approximately 0.15 km 2 and the average flow of 320 liters of treatment per second. The experimental results show that this monitoring system can perform with the collection of parameters of performance and quality assessment at the station.

Self-optimization of dense wireless sensor networks based on simulated annealing

Wireless sensor network (WSN) Is a technology that can be used to monitor and actuate on environments in a non-intrusive way. The main difference from WSN and traditional sensor networks is the low dependability of WSN nodes. In this way, WSN solutions are based on a huge number of cheap tiny nodes that can present faults in hardware, software and wireless communication. The deployment of hundreds of nodes can overcome the low dependability of individual nodes, however this strategy introduces a lot of challenges regarding network management, real-time requirements and self-optimization. In this paper we present a simulated annealing approach that self-optimize large scale WSN. Simulation results indicate that our approach can achieve self-optimization characteristics in a dynamic WSN. © 2012 IEEE.

Remote laboratory experiment access via an RFID interface

In this paper, remote laboratory experiment access is considered through the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. Contactless smart cards are used widely in many applications from travel cards through to building access control and inventory tracking. However, their use is considered here for access to electronic engineering experimentation in a remote laboratory setting by providing the ability to interface experiments through this contactless (wireless) connection means. A case study design is implemented to demonstrate such a means by incorporating experiment data onto a contactless smart card and accessing this via a card reader and web server arrangement. © 2012 IEEE.

Evaluating serial ZigBee devices for application in wireless networked control systems

Networked control systems (NCS) are distributed control system where the sensors, actuators and controllers are physically separated and connected through communication networks. NCS represent the evolution of networked control architectures providing greater modularity and control decentralization, ease maintenance and diagnosis and lower cost of implementation. A recent trend in this research topic is the development of NCS using wireless networks (WNCS) enabling interoperability between existing wired and wireless systems. This paper evaluates a serial RS-232 ZigBee device as a wireless sensor link in NCS. In order to support this investigation, relevant performance metrics for wireless control applications such as jitter, time delay and messages lost are highlighted and calculated to evaluate the device capabilities. In addition the control performance of an implemented motor control system using the device is analyzed. Experimental results led to the conclusion that serial RS-232 ZigBee devices can be used to implement WNCS and the use of this device delay information in the PID controller discretization can improve the control performance of the system. © 2012 IEEE.

Practical comparisons among electronic energy meters, a precision energy meter and IEEE1459 for reactive energy measurements, under unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions

This paper presents a practical experimentation for comparing reactive/non-active energy measures, considering three-phase four-wire non-sinusoidal and unbalanced circuits, involving five different commercial electronic meters. The experimentation set provides separately voltage and current generation, each one with any waveform involving up to fifty-first harmonic components, identically compared with acquisitions obtained from utility. The experimental accuracy is guaranteed by a class A power analyzer, according to IEC61000-4-30 standard. Some current and voltage combination profiles are presented and confronted with two different references of reactive/non-active calculation methodologies; instantaneous power theory and IEEE 1459-2010. The first methodology considers the instantaneous power theory, present into the advanced mathematical internal algorithm from WT3000 power analyzer, and the second methodology, accomplish with IEEE 1459-2010 standard, uses waveform voltage and current acquisition from WT3000 as input data for a virtual meter developed on Mathlab/Simulink software. © 2012 IEEE.

(m,k)-Gur game: Exploiting message discards in order to increase the lifetime and spatial diversity in autonomic wireless sensor networks

The main concern in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) algorithms and protocols are the energy consumption. Thus, the WSN lifetime is one of the most important metric used to measure the performance of the WSN approaches. Another important metric is the WSN spatial coverage, where the main goal is to obtain sensed data in a uniform way. This paper has proposed an approach called (m,k)-Gur Game that aims a trade-off between quality of service and the increasement of spatial coverage diversity. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of this approach. © 2012 IEEE.

An approach to implement data fusion techniques in wireless sensor networks using genetic machine learning algorithms

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be used to monitor hazardous and inaccessible areas. In these situations, the power supply (e.g. battery) of each node cannot be easily replaced. One solution to deal with the limited capacity of current power supplies is to deploy a large number of sensor nodes, since the lifetime and dependability of the network will increase through cooperation among nodes. Applications on WSN may also have other concerns, such as meeting temporal deadlines on message transmissions and maximizing the quality of information. Data fusion is a well-known technique that can be useful for the enhancement of data quality and for the maximization of WSN lifetime. In this paper, we propose an approach that allows the implementation of parallel data fusion techniques in IEEE 802.15.4 networks. One of the main advantages of the proposed approach is that it enables a trade-off between different user-defined metrics through the use of a genetic machine learning algorithm. Simulations and field experiments performed in different communication scenarios highlight significant improvements when compared with, for instance, the Gur Game approach or the implementation of conventional periodic communication techniques over IEEE 802.15.4 networks. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Using baseline methods to identify non-technical losses in the context of smart grids

Demand response has gained increasing importance in the context of competitive electricity markets and smart grid environments. In addition to the importance that has been given to the development of business models for integrating demand response, several methods have been developed to evaluate the consumers' performance after the participation in a demand response event. The present paper uses those performance evaluation methods, namely customer baseline load calculation methods, to determine the expected consumption in each period of the consumer historic data. In the cases in which there is a certain difference between the actual consumption and the estimated consumption, the consumer is identified as a potential cause of non-technical losses. A case study demonstrates the application of the proposed method to real consumption data. © 2013 IEEE.

Performance analysis of smart grid communication protocol DNP3 over TCP/IP in a heterogeneous traffic environment

This paper presents simulation results of the DNP3 communication protocol over a TCP/IP network, for Smart Grid applications. The simulation was performed using the NS-2 network simulator. This study aimed to use the simulation to verify the performance of the DNP3 protocol in a heterogeneous LAN. Analyzing the results it was possible to verify that the DNP3 over a heterogeneous traffic network, with communication channel capacity between 60 and 85 percent, it works well with low packet loss and low delay, however, with traffic values upper 85 percent, the DNP3 usage becomes unfeasible because the information lost, re-transmissions and latency are significantly increased. © 2013 IEEE.

A redistricting problem applied to meter reading in power distribution networks

The capacitated redistricting problem (CRP) has the objective to redefine, under a given criterion, an initial set of districts of an urban area represented by a geographic network. Each node in the network has different types of demands and each district has a limited capacity. Real-world applications consider more than one criteria in the design of the districts, leading to a multicriteria CRP (MCRP). Examples are found in political districting, sales design, street sweeping, garbage collection and mail delivery. This work addresses the MCRP applied to power meter reading and two criteria are considered: compactness and homogeneity of districts. The proposed solution framework is based on a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure and multicriteria scalarization techniques to approximate the Pareto frontier. The computational experiments show the effectiveness of the method for a set of randomly generated networks and for a real-world network extracted from the city of São Paulo. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

As multiplicidades espaciais na comunicação midiática digital

Pós-graduação em Comunicação - FAAC

Desenvolvimento de um nó de rede com diferentes interfaces de acordo com o padrão IEEE 1451 utilizando o processador nios II e o sistema operacional embarcado uclinux

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A contribuition to the study of channel coding in wireless communication systems

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Desenvolvimento, implementação e testes de um sistema de comunicação sem fio heterogêneo para acesso à serviços: aplicações na telemedicina e domótica

Nos últimos de 20 anos, economia e tecnologia evoluíram em muitas direções e em novas áreas. Muitas dessas evoluções criaram oportunidades que estão sendo consideradas na concepção de futuras redes de comunicação. Estas novas possibilidades estão relacionadas à, sobretudo, utilização da internet para o acesso à serviços e englobam: mobilidade; tecnologias de baixo custo; crescimento e empregos (pela Internet participa-se de cada processo de negócios e produção); serviços; educação (oportunidade para as pessoas crescerem e se desenvolverem); entretenimento (mundos virtuais para o lazer, compras e jogos); volume de tráfego maior (texto, voz, imagens, vídeo). Como uma consequência, a Internet se tornou, semelhante a eletricidade ou água, um bem público. Com quase 2 bilhões de usuários (aproximadamente 28% da população mundial), a Internet está se tornando, cada vez mais, uma infraestrutura difusivo oferecendo em qualquer lugar, a qualquer momento conectividade e serviços. Este mundo da Internet atual é o resultado de sucessivas alterações que aconteceram desde o seu surgimento e que tornaram a infraestrutura de comunicação de importância crítica. Em termos de tecnologias de comunicação, os sistemas móveis sem fio têm um lugar especial devido a sua difusão excepcional na última década e que, junto com a Internet, tem permitido o aparecimento de dispositivos inteligentes, a introdução de novos serviços inovadores e exigindo, para tanto, um ambiente que suporte a inovação e criatividade. Porém, os vários padrões de redes para suporte, principalmente, ao acesso de última milha são desvantagens na perspectiva do usuário, pois este tem de se habilitar nessas redes (contratar os serviços) e, não raro, ter terminais específicos para o acesso. A idéia de um padrão único para estas redes não obteve resultados satisfatórios e uma solução aponta para a integração dessas redes para prover acesso único e transparente ao usuário. Esse trabalho, portanto, apresenta uma solução embarcada para integrar padrões de comunicações sem fio heterogênea do tipo IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee, IEEE 802.20 GSM/GPRS e IEEE 802.2 Wi-Fi. Essa heterogeneidade de tecnologias sem fio permite a um usuário em movimento, através de seu terminal local ou remoto, acessar aplicativos e serviços de forma transparente. A avaliação de desempenho da solução foi realizada utilizando-se dois tipos de serviços: domótica e telemedicina. Os resultados indicaram que a solução proposta consegue integrar e prover os serviços com segurança e confiabilidade.

Cross-layer optimizations for multimedia distribution over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks and Flying Ad-Hoc Networks with quality of experience support

The proliferation of multimedia content and the demand for new audio or video services have fostered the development of a new era based on multimedia information, which allowed the evolution of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) and also Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs). In this way, live multimedia services require realtime video transmissions with a low frame loss rate, tolerable end-to-end delay, and jitter to support video dissemination with Quality of Experience (QoE) support. Hence, a key principle in a QoE-aware approach is the transmission of high priority frames (protect them) with a minimum packet loss ratio, as well as network overhead. Moreover, multimedia content must be transmitted from a given source to the destination via intermediate nodes with high reliability in a large scale scenario. The routing service must cope with dynamic topologies caused by node failure or mobility, as well as wireless channel changes, in order to continue to operate despite dynamic topologies during multimedia transmission. Finally, understanding user satisfaction on watching a video sequence is becoming a key requirement for delivery of multimedia content with QoE support. With this goal in mind, solutions involving multimedia transmissions must take into account the video characteristics to improve video quality delivery. The main research contributions of this thesis are driven by the research question how to provide multimedia distribution with high energy-efficiency, reliability, robustness, scalability, and QoE support over wireless ad hoc networks. The thesis addresses several problem domains with contributions on different layers of the communication stack. At the application layer, we introduce a QoE-aware packet redundancy mechanism to reduce the impact of the unreliable and lossy nature of wireless environment to disseminate live multimedia content. At the network layer, we introduce two routing protocols, namely video-aware Multi-hop and multi-path hierarchical routing protocol for Efficient VIdeo transmission for static WMSN scenarios (MEVI), and cross-layer link quality and geographical-aware beaconless OR protocol for multimedia FANET scenarios (XLinGO). Both protocols enable multimedia dissemination with energy-efficiency, reliability and QoE support. This is achieved by combining multiple cross-layer metrics for routing decision in order to establish reliable routes.