Factores asociados a embarazo no deseado en mujeres en edad reproductiva en Colombia 2010

Objetivo: Identificar factores sociodemográficos y de fecundidad, asociados a ocurrencia de embarazo no deseado en mujeres colombianas en edad reproductiva en el año 2010. Métodos: Se realizó estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal, basado en los datos de la ENDS Colombia-2010, del total de mujeres en edad fértil (13-49 años) que al momento de la encuesta se encontraban en embarazo. La variable de interés fue embarazo no deseado, se describió la población a estudio y se evaluó la posible asociación con variables sociodemográficas y de fecundidad, a través de análisis bivariado y multivariado. Se realizaron los mismos análisis por grupo de edad (adolescentes vs adultas). Resultados: La prevalencia de embarazo no deseado en las mujeres colombianas en el 2010 fue de 61,4 %. De acuerdo al modelo de regresión logística, no estar en unión a una pareja (OR: 4,01 IC95%: 3,066-5,269), tener hijos (OR: 2,040 IC95%: 1,581 – 2,631), estar en el quintil de menor riqueza (OR: 2,137 IC95%: 1,328-3,440), y ser adolescente (OR: 1,599 IC95%: 1,183-2,162), son factores que aumentan la probabilidad de tener un embarazo no deseado. Se encontraron diferencias en los factores asociados al realizar segmentación por edad. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de embarazo no deseado permanece alta en Colombia respecto a años anteriores y a otros países. Los resultados pueden ser de utilidad para el desarrollo de políticas en salud sexual y reproductiva teniendo en cuenta los factores asociados identificados priorizando a la población adolescente y de menor estatus socioeconómico, para la prevención de embarazo no deseado en Colombia.

Experiencia y construcción de significados en relación con su rol en cuidadores de personas con esquizofrenia

La perspectiva de los conocimientos situados es una postura epistemológica que surge de la corriente feminista y permite comprender las experiencias y la construcción de significados de un sujeto desde la posición que ocupa dentro de un contexto específico. Esta perspectiva no pretende generar un conocimiento generalizable, más bien busca comprender una realidad particular que viven las personas frente a problemáticas específicas. Esta perspectiva se implementó en este trabajo de grado con el objetivo de entender el significado que tiene para un cuidador informal cuidar a una persona con un diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Este trabajo utilizó una metodología fenomenológica desde la cual se realizaron cinco entrevistas en profundidad al mismo número de cuidadores de personas con esquizofrenia donde se busca indagar acerca de la experiencia del cuidador en relación con su rol, las circunstancias por las se llega a ser cuidador, las condiciones bajo las cuales se da el cuidado, la percepción de la salud de los cuidadores y las expectativas de estas personas. La información se registró por medio de audio y de manera escrita. El análisis de la información se realizó de forma manual teniendo en cuenta a los autores Bautista (2011); Giraldo y González (2015) y Fernández (2006). Inicialmente se generaron categorías orientadoras que se fundamentaron a partir de la teoría y posteriormente se realizó la construcción de categorías emergentes. Acto seguido se contrastaron ambos tipos de categorías (teóricas y empíricas) para reflexionar acerca de la experiencia y construcción de significados de los cuidadores de personas con esquizofrenia. Se identificó que la experiencia de las cuidadoras está enmarcada en relación con el género femenino el cual ha asumido tradicionalmente esta función y también es característica que termina justificando el rol que asumen.

La presencia del Soft Law en el derecho administrativo colombiano : los documentos Conpes como manifestación del Soft Law en Colombia

El derecho internacional, como el derecho administrativo de cada Estado, se encuentra vinculado a la finalidad universal del derecho. No obstante, la influencia de la comunidad internacional en los asuntos jurídicos de los Estados está generando, con el auge de la globalización, mecanismos o instrumentos que de forma no impositiva pero sí persuasiva, vienen delimitando las competencias estatales. Estos instrumentos ejercen la función de ordenar los ámbitos de validez de dichas competencias jurídicas y administrativas internas, a través de formas declaratorias de carácter internacional, mediante normas jurídicas blandas denominadas soft law. El amplio y variado uso del soft law en temas como los derechos humanos y el medio ambiente plantea una dificultad para la teoría tradicional de fuentes, inspirada en la voluntad de los Estados, los cuales se constituyen a partir de su soberanía estatal (hard law). Esto sugiere una dicotomía jurídica, en donde el soft law se contrasta con las reglas legales que definen obligaciones específicas de hard law, es decir, “son normas o principios más abiertos o generales en su contenido y significado, comprendiéndose como suaves. En tal caso, el Soft Law plantea una apertura a la internacionalización y democratización del derecho administrativo. La creciente adopción de instrumentos de soft law de influencia internacional o global permite la participación de actores no estatales, tales como las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG), y de carácter civil en la construcción de políticas e instrumentos que en ocasiones adquieren más legitimidad que las leyes creadas para atender tales asuntos.

La crítica secular en la enseñanza de la literatura: un puente para conectar las letras con las experiencias humanas, las realidades sociales y las instituciones de poder

Recibido 05 de mayo de 2010 • Aceptado 24 de junio de 2010 • Corregido 05 de agosto de 2010      Resumen. Con base en el aporte del crítico literario y pensador palestino Said (1983), quien acuña el término “crítica secular,” este artículo analiza la posibilidad de aplicar dicho concepto a la enseñanza de la literatura, tanto en niveles de educación primaria y secundaria, como en niveles superiores. Por crítica secular se debe entender el modo de análisis textual que ve a la literatura inherentemente ligada a las experiencias humanas, a las realidades sociales de los contextos en que es producida y a las instituciones de poder que la propician o la reprimen. La principal propuesta será, entonces, el plantear una metodología para abordar, en el salón de clase, los textos literarios desde una perspectiva mundana; es decir, ligándolos al mundo exterior, al que está fuera de las aulas. En este sentido, y utilizando tanto ejemplos textuales primarios como teoría literaria, el artículo propondrá convertir el estudio de la literatura en una herramienta de análisis, cuestionamiento, desafío y cambio de las realidades que la producen.

The Experience of Adult Literacy as a Learning Process in the Formation of Future Educators

Learning is constructed when it is significant, therefore, promoting experiences that can make sense and joy, which constitutes a challenge in the formation of future educators. In this article, we share the considerations emanated from an investigation that gathers the experience of alphabetizing adults, carried out by college students as part of their formation. As a result, this creates a learning process that favors the respect to diversity and the value of reading and writing as the liberation of mankind. The work displays the learnings constructed, the ways of respecting diversity that emerge from the alphabetizing experience, and the value that the students give to reading and writing as a liberating way of expression.

Ad summum bonum iter: revisione testuale e commento di Seneca, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium XLVIII, CXI.

Questa tesi di dottorato “Ad summum bonum iter. Revisione testuale e commento di Seneca, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium XLVIII, CXI” (relatore Prof. F. Citti), si propone di fornire un commento scientifico al testo latino di alcune Epistulae morales ad Lucilium (48 e 111), corredato da traduzione, note esegetiche di carattere lessicale, stilistico-retorico e storico-letterario e discussione delle principali problematiche testuali (testo di riferimento l'edizione critica di Reynolds, Oxonii 1965). Scopo della ricerca è approfondire e completare lo studio delle lettere 48 e 111 del carteggio, esaminato solo episodicamente e non sistematicamente, soffermandosi sugli aspetti filosofici salienti e sui motivi conduttori più significativi, come la critica senecana alla nimia subtilitas (tema presente soprattutto nelle cosiddette epistole dialettiche, connesse alle diverse forme di sillogismi e alle modalità di contestazione degli stessi), con particolare riferimento alle ambiguità derivanti dall'uso di termini in senso proprio e metalinguistico riflessivo e non riflessivo; la ricerca si sofferma inoltre sul linguaggio colloquiale, vicino a quello della commedia e della satira, utilizzato da Seneca per ridicolizzare i sillogismi stoici; sul tema dell'amicizia; sull'uso di citazioni e/o allusioni poetiche (virgiliana e non virgiliana), decontestualizzate e risemantizzate in funzione educativa e psicagogica, piegate ad esprimere il personale messaggio etico; sull'uso del lessico specialistico, proveniente da diversi ambiti semantici (giuridico, economico, militare, medico), applicato da Seneca alla parenesi filosofica e, soprattutto, sul rapporto tra lessico filosofico latino e modelli greci. Infine, oltre ad approfondire il motivo delle egestas temporis e i riferimenti diatribici contenuti nelle epistole, sono stati individuati e approfonditi alcuni topoi presenti.

Finding meaning in parenting a child with Asperger syndrome: correlates of sense making and benefit finding

This study explored the nature of two construals of meaning, benefit finding and sense making, in parents of a child with Asperger syndrome, and examined relations between both meaning constructs and the Double ABCX family stress model variables (initial stressor and pile-up of demands, appraisal, social support, coping strategies and adjustment) [H.I. McCubbin, J.M. Patterson, Social Stress and the Family: Advances and Developments in Family Stress Theory and Research, Haworth, New York, 1983, pp. 7-37]. A total of 59 parents completed questionnaires. Content analyses of parents' responses to questions inquiring about gains and sense making explanations revealed 8 benefit and 12 sense making themes. Results of correlations indicated that one or more of the meaning variables were related to each of the Double ABCX model predictors of parental adjustment. The meaning variables were positively related to adaptive coping processes: social support, self-efficacy, and problem-focused and emotional approach coping strategies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Making Sense of Women Managers’ Identities through the Constructions of Managerial Career and Gender

This doctoral thesis is about gendered managerial identity construction of women managers. Finnish women managers have been researched from the viewpoints of equality and discrimination issues, careers, and women’s overall positions in work life. However, managerial identity has remained as an unexplored territory. The phenomenon is approached discourse analytically; an interview material that is gathered from 13 women managers in the South-Karelian region is in focus. By studying discourses it is possible to open up understandings how meanings are given to experiences. Women managers’ identity construction is examined from the perspectives of managerial career, managerial practices, and gender. Gender is a meta-concept in this research, as it so profoundly affects our sense of being and acting, although the meaning of it often remains undervalued, invisible, or even denied. This research shows that gender becomes highly visible in managerial contexts, when it is used for some specific purpose, that is, treated as a strategy. By studying women managers it is possible to demystify often so abstract managerial ideals, and open up their taken-for-granted masculine subtexts. It is argued that from the point of view of conducting managerial work, the meaning of self-knowledge appears as critical.

Making Sense of Shared Leadership. A case study of leadership processes and practices without formal leadership structure in the team context

Leadership is essential for the effectiveness of the teams and organizations they are part of. The challenges facing organizations today require an exhaustive review of the strategic role of leadership. In this context, it is necessary to explore new types of leadership capable of providing an effective response to new needs. The presentday situations, characterized by complexity and ambiguity, make it difficult for an external leader to perform all leadership functions successfully. Likewise, knowledge-based work requires providing professional groups with sufficient autonomy to perform leadership functions. This study focuses on shared leadership in the team context. Shared leadership is seen as an emergent team property resulting from the distribution of leadership influence across multiple team members. Shared leadership entails sharing power and influence broadly among the team members rather than centralizing it in the hands of a single individual who acts in the clear role of a leader. By identifying the team itself as a key source of influence, this study points to the relational nature of leadership as a social construct where leadership is seen as social process of relating processes that are co-constructed by several team members. Based on recent theoretical developments concerned with relational, practice-based and constructionist approaches to the study of leadership processes, this thesis proposes the study of leadership interactions, working processes and practices to focus on the construction of direction, alignment and commitment. During the research process, critical events, activities, working processes and practices of a case team have been examined and analyzed with the grounded theory –approach in the terms of shared leadership. There are a variety of components to this complex process and a multitude of factors that may influence the development of shared leadership. The study suggests that the development process of shared leadership is a common sense -making process and consists of four overlapping dimensions (individual, social, structural, and developmental) to work with as a team. For shared leadership to emerge, the members of the team must offer leadership services, and the team as a whole must be willing to rely on leadership by multiple team members. For these individual and collective behaviors to occur, the team members must believe that offering influence to and accepting it from fellow team members are welcome and constructive actions. Leadership emerges when people with differing world views use dialogue and collaborative learning to create spaces where a shared common purpose can be achieved while a diversity of perspectives is preserved and valued. This study also suggests that this process can be supported by different kinds of meaning-making and process tools. Leadership, then, does not reside in a person or in a role, but in the social system. The built framework integrates the different dimensions of shared leadership and describes their relationships. This way, the findings of this study can be seen as a contribution to the understanding of what constitutes essential aspects of shared leadership in the team context that can be of theoretical value in terms of advancing the adoption and development process of shared leadership. In the real world, teams and organizations can create conditions to foster and facilitate the process. We should encourage leaders and team members to approach leadership as a collective effort that the team can be prepared for, so that the response is rapid and efficient.

Understanding how a spiritual retreat enhances the search for meaning and fulfillment in a large corporate workplace /

This study explored the concept of a spiritual retreat for frontline employees of a large corporate call centre. During a 1 day retreat, 4 call centre employees were introduced to various meditation and retreat activities. Follovsdng the retreat the participants were asked to incorporate the various meditations and activities into their workplace. The participants kept journals throughout the study in an effort to determine what occurred when these practices were transferred from the retreat setting to the workplace. This study examined how a working spirituality enhances one's sense of fulfillment, defined by certain critical elements: relationship, awareness, ritual, internal commitment, and choice. Although the retreat was a successful means of exploring these elements, the degree to which each employee could benefit from them was determined by the extent of their internal commitment not only to themselves, but also to their jobs.

From the ground up : understanding how teachers and administrators make sense of tension

Strategies designed to improve educational systems have created tensions in school personnel as they struggle to respond to competing demands of ongoing change within their daily realities. The purpose of this case study was to investigate how teachers and administrators in one elementary school made sense ofthese tensions and to explore the factors that constrained or shaped their responses. A constructive interpretative case study using a grounded theory approach was used. Qualitative data were collected through document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. In-depth information about teachers' and administrators' experiences and a contextual understanding oftension was generated from inductive analysis of the data. The study found that tension was a phenomenon situated in the context in which it arose. A contextual understanding of tension revealed the interactions between the institutional, personal, and emotional domains that continually shaped individual and group behavioural responses. This contextual understanding of tension provided the means to reinterpret resistance to change. It also helped to show how teachers and administrators reconstructed identities and made sense in context.. Of particular note was the crucial nature of the conditions under which teachers and adlninistrators shaped meaning and understood change. This study sheds light on the contextual intricacies of tension that may help leaders with the complex design and implementation of educational change..

Conjecture, proof, and sense in Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics

One of the key tenets in Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics is that a mathematical proposition gets its meaning from its proof. This seems to have the paradoxical consequence that a mathematical conjecture has no meaning, or at least not the same meaning that it will have once a proof has been found. Hence, it would appear that a conjecture can never be proven true: for what is proven true must ipso facto be a different proposition from what was only conjectured. Moreover, it would appear impossible that the same mathematical proposition be proven in different ways. — I will consider some of Wittgenstein’s remarks on these issues, and attempt to reconstruct his position in a way that makes it appear less paradoxical.

Revolution blues: the reconstruction of Health and Safety as a ‘common-sense’ form of regulation

This paper provides a review of the last five years of policymaking in the area of health and safety law; this includes multiple reviews, legislative reform, and the reframing of rhetoric around the issue. It characterises this as a process of social construction of a new ‘universe of meaning’ around health and safety regulation, which provides a basis for a particular, narrow, neoliberal conception of regulation and responsibility to permeate the mainstream. Deliberative and public-facing policymaking processes have been utilised as a key element of this process.

Sense-Making Bodies: Feminist Materiality and Phenomenology in Constructive Body Theologies

Constructive body theology provides an ethical commitment to and a set of analytical principles for understanding bodily experience. If we insist upon the theological value of embodied experience, how can we give an adequate account of it? Are feminist appeals to the senses useful in developing theological truth claims based in embodied experiences? Feminist theologies which explicitly seek to overcome body/mind dualisms often reinscribe them when they neglect to attend to perception as a critical element of bodily experience. Phenomenological analyses of perception (such as suggested by Merleau-Ponty) strengthen and refine our conception of embodiment. Grounding constructive theology in experience requires understanding experience as bodily perceptual orientation, as perceptual bodily and cultural acts involved in socially and historically situated contextual meaning-making processes. This shift expands phenomenological concepts such as intentionality and habit, and allows for a comparative investigation of historical and cultural differences in embodied experiences through examples found in sensory anthropology. Body theology, framed as principles, strengthens theological projects (such as those by Carter Heyward and Marcella Althaus-Reid, as well as new constructive possibilities) through opening dialogical avenues of exploration into embodied being in the world. Body theology principles help us conceive of and address how our bodily experiencing--our feeling, tasting, hearing, imaging, remembering and other sensory knowledge --comes to matter in our lives, especially where oppressive forces viscerally affect embodied life.

Concept and measurement: the cultural borders of meaning

Paper submitted to the Sixth International Conference on Social Science Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 16-20, 2004.