Department of Commerce, Iowa Medical Classification Center FY2008

These Facts sheets have been developed to provide a multitude of information about executive branch agencies/departments on a single sheet of paper. The Facts provides general information, contact information, workforce data, leave & benefits information, and affirmative action data. This is the most recent update of information for the fiscal year 2007.

Diet and breeding success of long-eared owls in a semi-arid environment

Only a few studies, and mostly in temperate climates in Europe, have examined the breeding and diet of long-eared owls (Asia otus) compared to studies of cavity-breeding owls, possibly because of the difficulties in reaching the nests of the former. Here we studied a population of long-eared owls, monitoring the diet of breeding owls and that of owls at a communal roost, every two to three months during 2006 -2009, in a semi-arid region in Israel. It was found that the studied owls produced more young than in most countries in Europe. Diet was not associated with breeding parameters of the owls, whereas laying date was negatively correlated with both clutch size and number of nestlings. We found that more social voles (Microtus socialis) and fewer birds and house mice (Mus musculus) made up the diet at nests than that of adults at the roosts. The diet and breeding of long-eared owls in Israel differ from that in Europe, with birds and mice comprising an important part of the diet, in addition to voles.

Profiling of counterfeit medicines by vibrational spectroscopy

Counterfeit pharmaceutical products have become a widespread problem in the last decade. Various analytical techniques have been applied to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit products. Among these, Near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy provided promising results.The present study offers a methodology allowing to provide more valuable information fororganisations engaged in the fight against counterfeiting of medicines.A database was established by analyzing counterfeits of a particular pharmaceutical product using Near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Unsupervised chemometric techniques (i.e. principal component analysis - PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis - HCA) were implemented to identify the classes within the datasets. Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to determine the number of different chemical profiles within the counterfeits. A comparison with the classes established by NIR and Raman spectroscopy allowed to evaluate the discriminating power provided by these techniques. Supervised classifiers (i.e. k-Nearest Neighbors, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, Probabilistic Neural Networks and Counterpropagation Artificial Neural Networks) were applied on the acquired NIR and Raman spectra and the results were compared to the ones provided by the unsupervised classifiers.The retained strategy for routine applications, founded on the classes identified by NIR and Raman spectroscopy, uses a classification algorithm based on distance measures and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves. The model is able to compare the spectrum of a new counterfeit with that of previously analyzed products and to determine if a new specimen belongs to one of the existing classes, consequently allowing to establish a link with other counterfeits of the database.

Une nouvelle Classification des néoptasies intraépithélates vulvaires [A new classification of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)]

Vulvar cancer is a rare disease and its screening is depending on the quality and the relevance of our clinical examination. Incidence of vulvar cancer and especially precancerous lesions, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias (VIN), increased during these last years. The new terminology of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia will help us to identify high risk groups which could develop a cancer: usual and differentiated VIN. An early diagnosis is essential to propose an adequate treatment. Management is a major point according to the rising incidence of these lesions in younger women. Until we can observe a benefit from the vaccination against human papillomavirus, we must increase the quality of screening by a careful examination of the vulva.

Tomografia computadorizada na avaliação da densidade de um solo do semi-árido brasileiro

A densidade do solo de amostras indeformadas foi determinada por meio das técnicas de tomografia computadorizada e do torrão impermeabilizado, visando à identificação de processos de compactação do solo e a comparação de métodos. A pesquisa também visou auxiliar um levantamento pedológico elaborado com fins de classificação de terras para irrigação. As amostras de solo foram coletadas da região semi-árida de Petrolina (PE), ao longo de perfis do solo, da superfície até 1 m de profundidade, em camadas de 0,1 m e em duas áreas distintas quanto à sua ocupação vegetal e manejo: (1) vegetação natural (caatinga); (2) área cultivada e irrigada por pivô central. As tomografias foram realizadas com um tomógrafo de primeira geração, constituído por uma fonte de radiação gama de 137Cs e um detetor cintilador de NaI(Tl), com eletrônica padrão de espectrometria gama e sistema de movimentação de amostra controlados por uma interface específica acoplada a um microcomputador. Na área de caatinga, os resultados evidenciam a ocorrência de um adensamento do solo em camadas mais profundas, abaixo de 0,4 m, bem como de uma camada adensada e, ou, compactada entre aproximadamente 0 e 0,4 m, na área cultivada com pivô central, possivelmente em virtude da ação de máquinas e implementos utilizados no preparo e cultivo do solo.

Caracterização micromorfológica e considerações sobre a gênese de solos de tabuleiro do semi-árido do Brasil

Detalhadas investigações macro e, especialmente, micromorfológicas foram realizadas em dois perfis de Argissolo Amarelo e um de Planossolo de uma superfície geomorfológica tabular, pertencente aos Tabuleiros Sertanejos (Interioranos) na bacia hidrográfica do médio São Francisco em Petrolina, Pernambuco. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar micromorfologicamente os solos, procurando fornecer subsídios para o entendimento da pedogênese, como uma forma de entender a diversidade dos solos na paisagem. Os resultados indicam que os três perfis foram derivados de sedimentos pós-cretáceos, em intensa mistura com resíduos de rochas cristalinas do Pré-Cambriano, provavelmente, ainda, influenciados por materiais de antigos terraços fluviais do rio São Francisco. As diferenciações entre os três perfis estão relacionadas com a heterogeneidade resultante da mistura desses materiais de origem, mas, principalmente, com o posicionamento dos solos no relevo, gerando condições diferenciadas de drenagem. Concreções de ferro herdadas do material de origem, sofreram degradações e se transfomaram em mosqueamentos plínticos, e, posteriormente, foram dissipadas no solo, eluviação/iluviação, ou perdas do sistema, parece ser um dos processos envolvidos na pedogênese.

Frações de fósforo após extrações sucessivas com resina e incubação, em Latossolos e Luvissolos do semi-árido de Pernambuco

A reposição do P mais lábil pelas frações menos lábeis do solo foi avaliada após dez extrações sucessivas com resina e incubação, durante quatro meses, em amostras dos horizontes A, BA e Bw de Latossolos e A e Bt de Luvissolos, coletadas do terço superior, médio e inferior de três toposseqüências de cada classe, fazendo-se um fracionamento seqüencial de P antes das extrações sucessivas e depois da incubação. O fracionamento foi feito com resina, NaHCO3 (fração orgânica e inorgânica), NaOH (fração orgânica e inorgânica), H2SO4 e uma digestão com H2SO4 e H2O2. Não houve diferenças significativas entre posições na encosta. As dez extrações sucessivas retiraram duas a cinco vezes mais P que a primeira extração nos Latossolos e duas a nove vezes nos Luvissolos. As últimas extrações mostraram estabilidade em torno de 1 mg kg-1 em todos os solos e horizontes. Após a incubação, o P-resina recuperou 20-30 % do seu valor inicial nos horizontes A (1,8 e 3,3 mg kg-1) e 50-90 % nos subsuperficiais (1,1 e 1,2 mg kg-1), para Latossolos e Luvissolos, respectivamente. As demais frações também se alteraram, mais nos Luvissolos e nos horizontes superficiais. Entretanto, as frações mais estáveis permaneceram com maiores teores. As frações com maiores decréscimos foram P-NaOH, nos Latossolos, e P-H2SO4, seguido de P-NaOH, nos Luvissolos, indicando serem elas as principais frações no processo de reposição do P disponível, nestes solos de semi-árido.

Análise espaço-temporal do uso da terra em parte do semi-árido cearense

A cobertura vegetal exerce papel imprescindível à proteção e conservação dos recursos naturais, principalmente no que diz respeito aos solos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e analisar a dimensão espacial e temporal da ação antrópica na cobertura vegetal de parte do semi-árido cearense, utilizando imagens LANDSAT TM-5, de 1985 e 1994, e técnicas de geoprocessamento, para verificar a hipótese de que a degradação ambiental vem sendo intensificada. Foram confeccionadas cartas de vegetação, uso da terra, solos e hidrografia, obtendo-se cartas de sobreposição, por meio das quais se constatou o aumento de áreas degradadas nas diferentes unidades fitoecológicas. No período de uma década, comprovou-se o processo progressivo da degradação nas áreas dos municípios de Independência, Pedra Branca, Mombaça e Tauá, tendo as áreas do município de Pedra Branca apresentado menor degradação. A unidade fitoecológica mais degradada, dentre as estudadas, foi a Caatinga Arbórea Aberta, desencadeando processos de degradação e transformação das unidades circunvizinhas. Grande parte da área foi atingida por processos de degradação ambiental, com forte pauperização da biodiversidade, acompanhados por um rebaixamento geral das formações vegetais.

Semi-purity of tempered Deligne cohomology

In this paper we define the formal and tempered Deligne cohomology groups, that are obtained by applying the Deligne complex functor to the complexes of formal differential forms and tempered currents respectively. We then prove the existence of a duality between them, a vanishing theorem for the former and a semipurity property for the latter. The motivation of these results comes from the study of covariant arithmetic Chow groups. The semipurity property of tempered Deligne cohomology implies, in particular, that several definitions of covariant arithmetic Chow groups agree for projective arithmetic varieties.

Period-Luminosity-Colour distribution and classification of Galactic oxygen-rich LPVs I. Luminosity calibrations

The absolute K magnitudes and kinematic parameters of about 350 oxygen-rich Long-Period Variable stars are calibrated, by means of an up-to-date maximum-likelihood method, using HIPPARCOS parallaxes and proper motions together with radial velocities and, as additional data, periods and V-K colour indices. Four groups, differing by their kinematics and mean magnitudes, are found. For each of them, we also obtain the distributions of magnitude, period and de-reddened colour of the base population, as well as de-biased period-luminosity-colour relations and their two-dimensional projections. The SRa semiregulars do not seem to constitute a separate class of LPVs. The SRb appear to belong to two populations of different ages. In a PL diagram, they constitute two evolutionary sequences towards the Mira stage. The Miras of the disk appear to pulsate on a lower-order mode. The slopes of their de-biased PL and PC relations are found to be very different from the ones of the Oxygen Miras of the LMC. This suggests that a significant number of so-called Miras of the LMC are misclassified. This also suggests that the Miras of the LMC do not constitute a homogeneous group, but include a significant proportion of metal-deficient stars, suggesting a relatively smooth star formation history. As a consequence, one may not trivially transpose the LMC period-luminosity relation from one galaxy to the other.

Decomposição de estercos dispostos em diferentes profundidades em área degradada no semi-árido da Paraíba

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a velocidade de decomposição de estercos dispostos em diferentes profundidades. Utilizaram-se estercos asinino, bovino, caprino e ovino, que foram secos em estufa a ± 65 ºC, acondicionando-se 20 g de cada um em sacolas de náilon, sendo dispostos superficialmente e enterrados a 10,0 cm de profundidade. Mensalmente, coletou-se uma sacola/parcela, sendo o material limpo, seco em estufa e pesado para determinar a percentagem de perda em relação ao peso inicial, avaliando-se, assim, a decomposição. A decomposição foi lenta nos trinta dias iniciais, ficando nas sacolas de náilon mais ou menos 95 % do peso inicial dos estercos. Evidencia-se que a taxa de decomposição dos estercos foi fortemente influenciada pela pluviosidade ocorrida no período experimental. O esterco asinino foi mais resistente à decomposição, sendo a velocidade de decomposição mais acentuada nos estercos dispostos em 10,0 cm de profundidade.

A protein interaction atlas for the nuclear receptors: properties and quality of a hub-based dimerisation network.

BACKGROUND: The nuclear receptors are a large family of eukaryotic transcription factors that constitute major pharmacological targets. They exert their combinatorial control through homotypic heterodimerisation. Elucidation of this dimerisation network is vital in order to understand the complex dynamics and potential cross-talk involved. RESULTS: Phylogeny, protein-protein interactions, protein-DNA interactions and gene expression data have been integrated to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date description of the topology and properties of the nuclear receptor interaction network in humans. We discriminate between DNA-binding and non-DNA-binding dimers, and provide a comprehensive interaction map, that identifies potential cross-talk between the various pathways of nuclear receptors. CONCLUSION: We infer that the topology of this network is hub-based, and much more connected than previously thought. The hub-based topology of the network and the wide tissue expression pattern of NRs create a highly competitive environment for the common heterodimerising partners. Furthermore, a significant number of negative feedback loops is present, with the hub protein SHP [NR0B2] playing a major role. We also compare the evolution, topology and properties of the nuclear receptor network with the hub-based dimerisation network of the bHLH transcription factors in order to identify both unique themes and ubiquitous properties in gene regulation. In terms of methodology, we conclude that such a comprehensive picture can only be assembled by semi-automated text-mining, manual curation and integration of data from various sources.

A methodology for the classification of convective structures using meteorological radar: Application to heavy rainfall events on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula

During the period 1996-2000, forty-three heavy rainfall events have been detected in the Internal Basins of Catalonia (Northeastern of Spain). Most of these events caused floods and serious damage. This high number leads to the need for a methodology to classify them, on the basis of their surface rainfall distribution, their internal organization and their physical features. The aim of this paper is to show a methodology to analyze systematically the convective structures responsible of those heavy rainfall events on the basis of the information supplied by the meteorological radar. The proposed methodology is as follows. Firstly, the rainfall intensity and the surface rainfall pattern are analyzed on the basis of the raingauge data. Secondly, the convective structures at the lowest level are identified and characterized by using a 2-D algorithm, and the convective cells are identified by using a 3-D procedure that looks for the reflectivity cores in every radar volume. Thirdly, the convective cells (3-D) are associated with the 2-D structures (convective rainfall areas). This methodology has been applied to the 43 heavy rainfall events using the meteorological radar located near Barcelona and the SAIH automatic raingauge network.

ITMIG consensus statement on the use of the WHO histological classification of thymoma and thymic carcinoma: refined definitions, histological criteria, and reporting.

INTRODUCTION: The 2004 version of the World Health Organization classification subdivides thymic epithelial tumors into A, AB, B1, B2, and B3 (and rare other) thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TC). Due to a morphological continuum between some thymoma subtypes and some morphological overlap between thymomas and TC, a variable proportion of cases may pose problems in classification, contributing to the poor interobserver reproducibility in some studies. METHODS: To overcome this problem, hematoxylin-eosin-stained and immunohistochemically processed sections of prototypic, "borderland," and "combined" thymomas and TC (n = 72) were studied by 18 pathologists at an international consensus slide workshop supported by the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group. RESULTS: Consensus was achieved on refined criteria for decision making at the A/AB borderland, the distinction between B1, B2, and B3 thymomas and the separation of B3 thymomas from TCs. "Atypical type A thymoma" is tentatively proposed as a new type A thymoma variant. New reporting strategies for tumors with more than one histological pattern are proposed. CONCLUSION: These guidelines can set the stage for reproducibility studies and the design of a clinically meaningful grading system for thymic epithelial tumors.