Violência doméstica: instrumentos de aferição de violência contra o idoso no ambiente de avaliação geriátrica ampla

A violência doméstica não é um fenômeno novo e a que atinge o idoso é parte integrante deste fenômeno. Os dados sobre violência contra o idoso, entretanto, são escassos no Brasil. Contudo, para se realizar um estudo mais sistemático sobre magnitude, fatores de risco e cuidados às vítimas, torna-se necessária uma documentação sistemática e acurada dos eventos relacionados aos fatores de risco, às situações envolvidas e consequências da violência. Esta tese procurou estudar alguns instrumentos específicos de avaliação de violência doméstica contra o idoso existentes e conhecidos e adaptá-los ao contexto sócio cultural brasileiro, especificamente em idosos atendidos por Serviços de Saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Outro objetivo desta tese foi inserir a avaliação da violência em um ambiente de avaliação funcional do paciente idoso, por motivos que não serão explicitados. O capítulo 1 concerne à apresentação da tese. O capítulo 2 oferece uma introdução a respeito do problema de violência doméstica com um breve histórico do estudo da violência familiar e especificamente no indivíduo idoso. Fornece alguns dados de magnitude e de que forma a violência doméstica e suas consequências podem ser avaliadas no contexto da avaliação funcional do indivíduo idoso. Alguns conceitos e teorias sobre fatores de risco, causas e métodos estruturados de avaliação são discutidos. Em seguida, o tema específico dos métodos estruturados de avaliação é pormenorizado em no capítulo 3, apresenta-se uma justificativa detalha para os estudos desenvolvidos para esta tese. O quarto capítulo apresenta os métodos utilizados para a produção dos três artigos que, no capítulo 5, são apresentados, na íntegra. No primeiro artigo descreve-se a revisão dos 17 instrumentos de risco de violência contra o idoso que foram encontrados a partir das bases de dados vasculhadas. Destes, somente a Conflicts Tactics Scale foi adaptadas para o Brasil, ainda que para o uso em um grupo etário mais jovem. O segundo artigo descreve as etapas de equivalência da validade conceitual, semântica e de itens de um dos instrumentos escolhidos, especificamente, de avaliação do cuidador do sujeito idoso (Caregiver Abuse Screen CASE). Foi possível estabelecer uma versão em português para o Brasil, mas resta a etapa de equivalência de mensuração deste instrumento. O terceiro artigo, por sua vez, se refere à adaptação transcultural envolvendo as etapas citadas no artigo anteriormente descrito acrescidas da avaliação de equivalência de mensuração do segundo instrumento escolhido, mais especificamente, de avaliação do indivíduo idoso (Hwalek & Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test H-S/EAST). À análise de fatores encontraram-se três dimensões, grosso modo em acordo com os autores do instrumento. Entretanto, os itens que carregaram em cada uma das dimensões divergiram, fornecendo interpretações distintas da análise original. Do mesmo modo, as análises de confiabilidade identificaram problemas. Ainda restam lacunas a serem preenchidas com estudos futuros para que o H-S/SEAT possa ser utilizado no Brasil sem restrições. O sexto e último capítulo da tese oferece uma discussão geral sobre a importância de instrumento válidos e confiáveis no âmbito da epidemiologia. Identifica, também, questões a serem ainda resolvidas sobre instrumentos de avaliação de violência doméstica no indivíduo idoso e, por fim, apresenta os desdobramentos em termos de estudos e projetos que se seguirão.

A simple and objective bioeconomic index for choosing species for culture

Details are given of the development of a bioeconomic culture index that may be used to assist in choosing fish for culture. This index takes into account growth performance indexes and mean annual prices of the fish. Examples are given of the culture indices of some of Kuwait's commercially important fish species. The proposed indices given realistic output for these fish and allow comparison and evaluation of different taxa with widely differing biological and economic characteristics.

Pen fish culture in reservoirs: an alternative to land based nurseries

An experiment to rear carp seed was conducted in Tamil Nadu, India during October 2001 to April 2002 as a part of an ambitious programme aimed at standardization of pen fish rearing technology for production of stocking material of desired size at a lower cost. The experiment used six pens erected using locally available materials in the exposed marginal area of an existing reservoir. The high survival rate of carps (67.2-94.7%) and reasonable returns on investment (26.2%) obtained in the experiment indicated that fish seed rearing in pens erected in suitable areas of existing reservoirs could serve as a cheaper alternative to the expensive land-based nursery ponds.

Comparison of some traits of economic importance in tilapias (Orechromis niloticus and Sarotherodon galilaeus) with particular reference to their culture in Ghana

This study was conducted to determine which of the two major tilapia species in freshwater capture fisheries in Ghana, Oreochromis niloticus or Sarotherodon galilaeus, is more suitable for breed improvement and pond culture. It compares traits of economic importance, including seed output, specific growth rate, survival and sex ratios following androgen sex reversal. The results of the study showed that the aquaculture potential of S. galilaeus compares favorably with that of O. niloticus. However, S. galilaeus may be preferred because the males and females have an equal growth rate, which allows for manual sorting to raise both sexes in monosex culture, an inexpensive appropriate technology that an ordinary smallscale fish farmer can apply.

The potential for crop rotation in controlling diseases in shrimp culture

The use of antibiotics and other chemicals in controlling shrimp pathogens become ineffective as the strains grow more resistant to these chemicals. Moreover, the bacterial pathogen (Vibrio harveyi) produced biofilm coating that protects it from dying and disinfection procedures that are followed during pond preparation. Biological control is being considered as an alternative means of preventing shrimp disease outbreak. The main principle behind biological control is to enhance the growth of beneficial microorganisms which serve as antagonists or target pathogens. The paper discusses shrimp and tilapia crop rotation as a form of effective biological control, a technique which is already being practiced in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Length-weight relationships of Penaeus monodon reared in semi-intensive culture systems of Kerala, India

The results of a study on length-weight relationships of Penaeus monodon, reared in fertilized ponds in Kerala, India, and fed three different supplementary feeds are presented.

Tilapia culture in Kuwait: constraints and solutions

Tilapia farming in Kuwait is in its early stages. Slow growth, high production cost and poor demand are the major constraints to the expansion of tilapia culture in Kuwait. This article presents some suggestions for overcoming these problems to improve the economic feasibility of tilapia culture in Kuwait.

Culture of mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) in polyculture with carps: experience from a field trial in Bangladesh

Studies were carried out during May 1997 to January 1998 in Kishoregani district in Bangladesh to investigate the production potential of carp polyculture in combination with Amblypharyngodon mola in seasonal ponds. The preliminary results indicate that A. mola can be successfully cultured in small seasonal ponds in polyculture with carp. This practice can result in an increase in the households' consumption of small fish which have a very high content of calcium, iron and vitamin A. In addition to the nutritional benefits, it can also provide additional income through sale of carp and surplus small fish.

Preliminary observation on culture of Penaeus monodon in low-saline waters

The feasibility of semi-intensive culture of Penaeus monodon in low saline environment was investigated by comparing the growth and production in low (0.16-6.52 ppt) and high (4.60-19.42 ppt) saline areas at two stocking densities (10.5 and 16 individuals/m super(2)). After 135 days of culture, yield of shrimp in low and high stocking densities was 1563.37 kg/ha and 2274 kg/ha, respectively, in low saline ponds, and 1173.00 and 1974.00 kg/ha, respectively in high saline ponds. Food conversion ratio (FCR, 1.31-1.58) and specific growth rate (SGR 21.04-21.19%) were higher in low saline ponds as compared to high saline ponds (FCR, 1.35-1.68; SGR, 19.22-19.88%). Growth of shrimp was satisfactory in low saline ponds even when salinity decreased after 60 days of culture to almost freshwater level (0.16 ppt) indicating the variability of semi-intensive culture of P. monodon in low saline environment.

Present status of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata (Forskal)) culture in China

The status of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) culture in China and suggestions on how this may become an important sector in the place are presented.

Culture of prawn in rotation with shrimp

A progressive farmer in Tamil Nadu state, India experimented with crop rotation and successfully cultured Penaeus monodon during the dry season and Macrobrachium rosenbergii during the wet season. The details of M. rosenbergii culture are discussed in this article. Rotation with M. rosenbergii did help the farmer overcome the disease problem since farmers who exclusively cultured P. monodon in the nearby areas during the same season suffered losses due to white spot disease.

Experimental culture of Acartia plumosa: a copepod for use in marine fish hatcheries

Three different trials for the experimental culture of marine copepods (Acartia purmosa) are presented. The potential of the species as live foods in fish hatcheries are also discussed.