Aplicación de los documentos reconocidos de evaluación de la demanda y certificación energética en España, para el diseño y análisis de tejidos urbanos : el caso de la intervención en barrios partiendo de criterios acústicos

El presente trabajo, trata del ahorro de energía en la edificación y en el urbanismo. Las premisas en este caso, son un contexto normativo europeo y nacional muy exigentes y encaminados de manera decidida hacia edificios cada vez más eficientes y económicos. Se centra el estudio en las decisiones iniciales que se adoptan sobre las condiciones de ocupación de la parcela urbana, las tipologías edificatorias más adecuadas, su morfología y escala y las consecuencias que tienen para el comportamiento energético final, tanto en términos objetivos como normativos. Se trata de cuantificar que suponen estas decisiones en términos de ahorro energético. Todo el análisis se realiza para un contexto climático concreto, el de la ciudad de Madrid. Para los análisis de las diferentes condiciones de implantación objeto del estudio, se han empleado unas herramientas informáticas singulares. Se trata de los programas de evaluación de la demanda y certificación energética de edificios, que el gobierno español pone a disposición de los usuarios de manera gratuita. Estas, son aplicaciones pensadas para la escala del edificio y/o parte de él, pero que con la metodología y simplificaciones que en el trabajo se detallan, pueden ser empleadas en la escala media de intervención urbana, tanto en nueva implantación como en rehabilitación. Hay que tener en cuenta que son estas aplicaciones las que se utilizarán en la mayoría de los casos como instrumento de evaluación y calificación del comportamiento energético de cada una de las unidades. Las tipologías objeto del estudio son: - Vivienda unifamiliar: aislada, pareada y adosada en hilera. - Bloque abierto - Bloque en H - Bloque en cruz - Torre - Manzana cerrada El contenido principal del trabajo se centra en el análisis individual de cada tipología y de su agrupación teórica sobre lo que podíamos llamar "unidad urbana", una manzana tipo de 10.000 m2, 1 ha. Se opta por esta unidad por tratarse de una superficie urbana lo suficientemente amplia para caracterizar la agrupación de las diferentes tipologías estudiadas y por adaptarse a las capacidades de las herramientas informáticas que se han utilizado. Se han analizado diferentes opciones tipológicas de ocupación, manteniendo constantes en todas las soluciones estudiadas, los siguientes parámetros: • el clima (Madrid), • la edificabilidad (en todas menos una en la que el modelo no permite alcanzar la edificabilidad de referencia), • la pureza formal del modelo, evitando los juegos compositivos de retranqueos y salientes de la envolvente que distorsionen el comportamiento de la volumetría primaria, • las soluciones constructivas de la envolvente y particiones interiores de los edificios, • las proporciones de huecos en la envolvente, • las soluciones de sus carpinterías y vidrios • y todas las condiciones operacionales que aplica el programa de simulación. Esta tesis, es un estudio analítico y evaluado, del comportamiento de cada uno de los tipos, su forma y posicionamiento en el espacio. Cada uno de los modelos se simula de manera individual y agrupados, con el fin de conseguir colmatar la edificabilidad de referencia sobre la parcela urbana de 1 ha. Todos los resultados se estudian de forma independiente y los resultados se expresan en diferentes tablas y un resumen en fichas individuales por tipos. La conclusión principal del trabajo es que la tipología elegida como contenedor residencial urbano determina en su elección acertada la primera medida de ahorro energético y reducción de emisiones cuantificables en más del 50% entre las tipologías más favorables y las más desfavorables. Una segunda parte del trabajo de investigación, consiste en la aplicación de esta metodología de simulación y empleando las mismas herramientas, en el estudio de casos reales en la comunidad de Madrid (principalmente en la ciudad de Madrid). El objetivo es validar el procedimiento y dichas herramientas, también para el caso de evaluación de tejidos urbanos consolidados. Como caso singular de estudio de rehabilitación urbana, se analizan las intervenciones de rehabilitación partiendo de criterios acústicos y las oportunidades que plantearía la inclusión de criterios térmicos aprovechando la sinergia entre ambas demandas, la de confort acústico y térmico. ABSTRACT This PhD work is about saving energy in buildings and urban planning. The premises in this case are a very demanding European and national policy, aimed decisively towards efficient and economic buildings. The study focuses on the initial decisions taken on the conditions of occupation of urban land, the most suitable building types, their morphology and scale and the implications for the final energy performance, always considering policy objectives. This essay tries to quantify how important this decisions are in energy savings terms. All analysis are performed for a particular climatic context, the city of Madrid. For the analysis of different implantation conditions under study, we have used a unique software tool. This software, a free tool available online, quantifies demand assessment and energy certification of buildings. It is designed for building scale and / or part of it. With the methodology and simplifications detailed in this paper, the software can be used in medium scale urban intervention. There are different types under study such as, isolated house, semi-detached, terraces row, open block, h block, cross block, tower, etc. The main content of the work focuses on the individual analysis of each type and its theoretical group, named urban unit group. This unit is chosen because it is an urban area large enough to characterize the grouping of the different types studied. It is also possible to simulate with the software tools. Different options of typological occupation have been analyzed taking in consideration the next parameters: climate, floor area, model formal purity, building envelope solutions and interior partitions of buildings, the proportions of voids in the facades. This thesis is an analytical and evaluated study of the behavior of each types, form and position in space. Each of the models is simulated individually and grouped, in order to get the reference buildable urban plot of 1 ha. All results are studied independently and the results are expressed in different tables and a summary in individual files by type. The main conclusion of the study is that the type chosen as urban residential container you choose determines the first step in successful energy savings and quantifiable reduction of emissions by more than 50% in the most favorable and the most unfavorable types. A second part of the research, is the application of this methodology and simulation using the same tools in the study of real cases in the community of Madrid (mainly in the city of Madrid). The aim is to validate the procedure and such tools, also for the case of evaluation of consolidated urban fabric. As a unique case study of urban renewal, rehabilitation interventions based on acoustic criteria and opportunities arise thermal criteria including leveraging the synergy between the two demands, acoustic and thermal comfort are analyzed.

Molecular mechanism of use-dependent calcium channel block by phenylalkylamines: Role of inactivation

The role of channel inactivation in the molecular mechanism of calcium (Ca2+) channel block by phenylalkylamines (PAA) was analyzed by designing mutant Ca2+ channels that carry the high affinity determinants of the PAA receptor site [Hockerman, G. H., Johnson, B. D., Scheuer, T., and Catterall, W. A. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 22119–22122] but inactivate at different rates. Use-dependent block by PAAs was studied after expressing the mutant Ca2+ channels in Xenopus oocytes. Substitution of single putative pore-orientated amino acids in segment IIIS6 by alanine (F-1499-A, F-1500-A, F-1510-A, I-1514-A, and F-1515-A) gradually slowed channel inactivation and simultaneously reduced inhibition of barium currents (IBa) by (−)D600 upon depolarization by 100 ms steps at 0.1 Hz. This apparent reduction in drug sensitivity was only evident if test pulses were applied at a low frequency of 0.1 Hz and almost disappeared at the frequency of 1 Hz. (−)D600 slowed IBa recovery after maintained membrane depolarization (1–3 sec) to a comparable extent in all channel constructs. A drug-induced delay in the onset of IBa recovery from inactivation suggests that PAAs promote the transition to a deep inactivated channel conformation. These findings indicate that apparent PAA sensitivity of Ca2+ channels is not only defined by drug interaction with its receptor site but also crucially dependent on intrinsic gating properties of the channel molecule. A molecular model for PAA-Ca2+ channel interaction that accounts for the relationship between drug induced inactivation and channel block by PAA is proposed.

Estabelecimento e desenvolvimento de mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação

Na atual conjuntura, no que se refere à energia renovável, o etanol é um dos principais, se não o mais importante, produto brasileiro. Proveniente da fermentação de açúcares, processo conhecido há séculos, tem se tornado o carro chefe do país como garantia de voz ativa nas discussões energéticas pelo mundo afora. Porém, atualmente, o setor sucroalcooleiro está passando por um momento de cautela devido à queda de produtividade e longevidade dos canaviais ao longo dos últimos anos ocasionados principalmente pela mecanização da colheita e plantio da cana-de-açúcar. Cabe ressaltar que as perdas de produção podem ser ainda maiores diante da ausência do manejo varietal e de cuidados adequados em relação à sanidade de mudas utilizadas para a multiplicação de viveiros. Nesse sentido, nos últimos anos, o emprego da irrigação no cultivo da cana-de-açúcar associada a outras tecnologias de plantio, tais como formação de viveiros com mudas pré-brotadas, vem merecendo papel de destaque. Esse cenário obriga pesquisadores a buscar novas tecnologias para aumento de produtividade, longevidade dos canaviais e redução do custo por tonelada de cana produzida, tais como a produção de mudas sadias para formação de viveiros de cana-de-açúcar. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo, submeter mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar, durante plantio de inverno, na região de Piracicaba, SP, sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação (10 mm; 20 mm; 30 mm e 40 mm), utilizando um sistema de irrigação por aspersão com alas móveis. Dessa forma, buscou-se determinar qual seria a melhor lâmina de irrigação, necessária para garantir o melhor índice de pegamento e alto vigor no estabelecimento e desenvolvimento das mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar para a região de Piracicaba-SP. Foram feitas avaliações periódicas (não destrutivas), tais como: mortalidade das mudas; clorofila total na folha; tamanho da muda; índice de área foliar; número de perfilhos brotados por metro; percentual de falha no canavial. Além de avaliações periódicas (destrutivas), tais como: avaliação do tamanho da raiz; massa seca da raiz; massa seca da parte aérea e número de perfilhos totais. As análises estatísticas das lâminas de irrigação foram realizadas pelo método de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Diante dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que a lâmina de 10 mm possibilitou os melhores índices de pegamento e proporcionou um índice superior a 97,8% de sobrevivência de mudas. Também, observou-se uma estreita relação entre o índice de mortalidade no plantio de inverno das mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar com o manejo da irrigação, a qual nos primeiros dias após plantio foi fundamental para o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento das mudas. Cabe ressaltar que em caso da adoção de outro manejo de irrigação, com lâminas maiores, nessas condições experimentais, possivelmente haveria perdas de água, cujo fato nos dias atuais não é o ideal tendo em vista a busca por economia e manejo racional da água.

Clinical Implications for Working with Gay Men A Self Psychological Treatment Approach.

Specific training for conducting psychotherapy with gay men is limited for psychologists, particularly when using a Self Psychology theoretical orientation (Robertson, 1996). In fact, psychologists often are faced with conflicting and contradictory points of view that mirror society's condemnation of homosexuality (Robertson, 1996). This paper is written from a self-psychological perspective to address the lack of a constructive body of literature that explains the unique treatment needs which impact gay men. Estimates of the prevalence of male homosexuality have generated considerable debate. A common assumption is that there are homosexual and non-homosexual men. However, scientists have long been aware that sexual responsiveness to others of the same sex, like most human traits, is continuously distributed in the population (Michaels, 1996). Still the presumption exists that such traits are stable within each man over time (Michaels, 1996). Conflating same-sex sexual experiences with a categorization of the man as homosexual is problematic, in that defining sexuality solely on the basis of experience excludes people who fantasize about sex with others of the same sex but never have sexual contact. Thus, most modern conceptions of sexual orientation consider personal identification, sexual behavior, and sexual fantasy (McWhirter, Sanders & Reinisch, 1990). Gay men's mental health can only be understood in the context of homosexuality throughout history, since religious and moral objections to sexual attraction between men have existed for centuries. Men who desired other men were regarded as sinful and depraved if not ill or abnormal, and same sex contacts were not distinguished from lewd behaviors (Weeks, 1989). Although most people, regardless of sexual orientation, have experienced some feelings of personal rejection, rarely do heterosexuals become targets for disapproval based on the nature of their attractions and behaviors relative to the same and to the other sex. For lesbians, bisexuals, and gay men, however, homosexuality becomes the focus of aspects of themselves that make them feel hated and hateful (Isay, 1989). While gay men and lesbians are often considered together because of the same-sex nature of their relationships and the similar issues that they may experience in their treatment within society, there are many issues where they might be best studied separately. Issues involving with health, parenthood, sexuality and perceived roles and status in society, for example, are often related more to gender than to any shared concept of a 'gay and lesbian community'. Many issues surrounding lesbians and lesbian culture will have more to do with women's issues, and some issues involving with gay men will have more to do with the gay male subculture and with masculinity. The author of this paper has limited experience in working with lesbian and bisexual individuals, and although it is likely that some of the concepts articulated in this paper could translate to working with lesbian and bisexual individuals, further research is indicated to examine the beneficence of utilizing a Self Psychological orientation in psychotherapy with lesbian women and bisexual individuals. This paper presents an overview of the literature including historical treatments of homosexuality, the history of Self Psychology, key principles in Self Psychology, research on Self Psychology, identity development models for gay men, and Self Psychological perspectives on identity development related to gay men. The literature review is followed by a section on treatment implications for psychologists seeking to treat gay men, including case vignettes based on work from my own practice. I have preserved the anonymity of clients by changing demographics, and rearranging and combining presenting issues and historical backgrounds among the case examples.

Green Animal Shelter Design for the Stokes County Humane Society of North Carolina

The Stokes County Humane Society has the opportunity to implement sustainable design concepts and demonstrate long-term fiscal savings in the design of an animal shelter for Stokes County, North Carolina. The proposed renovated structure takes advantage of passive design strategies that convert a cold, steel structure into one with warmth, light, and functionality. Proposed design techniques include an interior courtyard, geothermal heating and cooling, solar panels, a green roof, rainwater harvesting, sustainable landscaping, and clever materials selection. A cost analysis identifies capital costs and long term operational costs for both traditional and sustainable construction techniques. The results are capital costs of a sustainable design that are comparable to a traditional build, with long-term operational cost savings and generated revenue.

Retrofit of heat exchanger networks with pressure recovery of process streams at sub-ambient conditions

This paper presents a new mathematical programming model for the retrofit of heat exchanger networks (HENs), wherein the pressure recovery of process streams is conducted to enhance heat integration. Particularly applied to cryogenic processes, HENs retrofit with combined heat and work integration is mainly aimed at reducing the use of expensive cold services. The proposed multi-stage superstructure allows the increment of the existing heat transfer area, as well as the use of new equipment for both heat exchange and pressure manipulation. The pressure recovery of streams is carried out simultaneously with the HEN design, such that the process conditions (streams pressure and temperature) are variables of optimization. The mathematical model is formulated using generalized disjunctive programming (GDP) and is optimized via mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP), through the minimization of the retrofit total annualized cost, considering the turbine and compressor coupling with a helper motor. Three case studies are performed to assess the accuracy of the developed approach, including a real industrial example related to liquefied natural gas (LNG) production. The results show that the pressure recovery of streams is efficient for energy savings and, consequently, for decreasing the HEN retrofit total cost especially in sub-ambient processes.

Educación para el espírito empreendedor : informe de una experiencia en una Institución de Educación Superior

El concepto de espíritu emprendedor se entiende actualmente como una competencia transversal, fundamental para el desarrollo humano, social y económico. Sin embargo, tradicionalmente se há asociado solo a las áreas económicas y de negocios, a pesar de que venimos observando un cambio gradual en esta concepción. Así, en la última década, se ha producido un verdadero incremento en el papel de la educación para el desarrollo de las competencias relacionadas con el espíritu emprendedor, puesto que pueden y deben ser aprendidas y desarrolladas desde muy pronto. Este reconocimiento de la importancia de la educación en el desarrollo del espíritu emprendedor otorga una nueva responsabilidad a las instituciones educativas, en particular a la educación superior. Es precisamente sobre la educación del espíritu emprendedor en la educación superior que este artículo habla. El artículo presenta el ejemplo de dos centros (Centro de Aprendizaje y Desarrollo de la Infancia-CeADIn y el Centro de Ciencia, Tradición & Cultura-CT&C) de la misma institución de educación superior que, aunque con una estructura de organización, objetivos, estrategias y formas de trabajo diversas, tienen algunos puntos en común, como el hecho de que pretenden educar para el espíritu emprendedor tanto a niños, como a jóvenes y adultos, involucrando en este proceso a los alumnos de los cursos de formación del profesorado.

Tug-of-war over EU's policy towards its neighbours. OSW Commentary No. 49, 2011-03-09

The revolutions in North Africa, the approaching end of the ‘strategic review’ of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) initiated by the European Commission, and the beginning of negotiations on the European Union’s new financial perspective, have intensified the debate among the member states and EU institutions on what policy the EU will adopt towards its neighbourhood in the future. The discussion concerns not only the shape of the ENP but also non-ENPI foreign policy instruments which Brussels applies towards neighbouring countries, such as the thematic instruments and loan support. Serious differences of opinion have emerged among the member states. The countries located in the southern part of the EU want Brussels to boost its policy towards North Africa, even at the expense of engagement in Eastern Europe and the Southern Caucasus. Meanwhile Central European countries, including Germany, favour a more balanced approach towards both directions. The future shape of the ENP, as well as the EU’s other foreign policy instruments, will have a strong impact on the approach the EU adopts towards its Eastern neighbourhood. If some of the proposals are realised, especially the southern member states’ request to transfer some of the funds from the Eastern to the Southern neighbourhood, the chances of meeting the Eastern Partnership goals, such as the association of the partner countries with the EU and the creation of deep and comprehensive free trade areas, could be reduced.

Determinants of Financial Development across the Mediterranean. MEDPRO Technical Report No. 29/February 2013

Casual observation shows that that the financial systems in the southern and eastern Mediterranean are unable (or unwilling) to divert the financial resources that are available to them as funding opportunities to private enterprises. Using a sample of both northern and southern Mediterranean countries for the years 1985 to 2009, this study empirically assesses the reasons underlying such conditions. The results show that strong legal institutions, good democratic governance and adequate implementation of financial reforms can have a substantial positive impact on financial development only when they are present collectively. Moreover, inflation appears to undermine banking development, but less so when the capital account is open. Government debt growth appears to weaken credit growth, which confirms that public debt ‘crowds out’ private debt. Lastly, capital inflows appear to primarily have an income effect, increasing income and thereby national savings, and thus increasing the availability of credit.

University of Michigan Women's Golf Team, 1988/89

Back Row: Jennifer Boring, :Lisa Mahnke, Erica Zonder, Mary Hartman, head coach Sue LeClair

Front Row: Kimberly Schlaff, Kristen Beilstein, Becky Hayes, Darcy Chandler

The Fabrication of polyethylene FML field seams /

"September 1989."