989 resultados para SUBSOIL ACIDITY
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Cation mobility in acidic soils with low organic-matter contents depends not only on sorption intensity but also on the solubility of the species present in soil solution. In general, the following leaching gradient is observed: potassium (K+) magnesium (Mg2+) calcium (Ca2+) aluminum (Al3+). To minimize nutrient losses and ameliorate the subsoil, soil solution must be changed, favoring higher mobility of M2+ (metal ions) forms. This would be theoretically possible if plant residues were kept on the soil surface. An experiment was conducted in pots containing a Distroferric Red Latosol, with soil solution extractors installed at two depths. Pearl millet, black oat, and oilseed radish residues were laid on the soil surface, and nitrogen (as ammonium nitrate) was applied at rates ranging from 0 to 150mgkg-1. Corn was grown for 52 days. Except for K+ and ammonium (NH4 +), nitrogen rates and plant residues had little effect upon the concentrations and forms of the elements in the soil solution. Presence of cover crop residues on soil surface decreased the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on Ca leaching. More than 90% of the Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were found as free ions. The Al3+ was almost totally complexed as Al(OH3)0. Nitrogen application increased the concentrations of almost all the ions in soil solution, including Al3+, although there was no modification in the leaching gradient.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The objective of this work was evaluating the influence of weekly pluviometrics precipitations accumulated in physical and chemical characteristics of fruits of guava tree 'Paluma', in different ripening stadiums. The following attributes were analyzed: fresh weight, equatorial and longitudinal diameters, firmness, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, vitamin C, reductor sugars and total reductor sugars in three ripening stadiums defined by the color of the peel (dark green, light green and yellow green). Among the physical and chemical attributes, only the firmness diminished with the increase of the levels of weekly precipitations for the same ripening stadium and also presented decreases between the ripening stadiums. The physical and chemical attributes, with exception of the pH, decreased with the increase of the weekly precipitations accumulated and in bigger intensities for the biggest ripening stadiums.
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The research had as purpose to evaluate the fruits physical-chemical characteristics of peach cultivars (CP-9553 CYN, CP951 C, Tropic Beauty, Cascata 953, Cascata 797, Cascata 587, Precocinho, Conserva 693, Diamante Mejorado, Turmalina e Marli and Sun Blaze nectarine at Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil region. It were evaluated the fruits fresh matter, longitudinal and transversal diameters, and the crop period. In relation the physical-chemical characteristics of fruits, it was evaluated the texture, the pH, tritatable acid and soluble solids. The results showed significant differences between the cultivars where the fruits fresh matter were 68,6g ('CP-9553 CYN') and 141,35g ('Cascata 953'); the fruits longitudinal diameter were 50,32mm ('Marli') and 72,12mm ('Conserva 693') and the fruits transversal diameter were 50,50mm ('CP-9553 CYN') and 62,90mm ('Cascata 953'). The post-harvest characteristics also had significant differences. The texture had changes at 517,00gf ('Marli') and 168,47gf ('Precocinho'); the soluble solids were 9,73 degrees Brix on Marli cultivar. The pH was about 3,36 on 'Diamante Mejorado' until 4,48 on CP-9553 CYN cultivar and the acidity was 0,96g of citric acid 100g(-1) fruits juice on Tropic Beauty cultivar. The crop period of the cultivars evaluated were the end of September month until 15(th) November month, being the earliest cultivars Tropic Beauty, CP-951 and CP-951 CYN and the latest cultivar were Marli. It was observed that the news cultivars, until in observations, with Cascata 953, Cascata 797 and Cascata 587, showed crops potential at Botucatu/SP region.
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A nutrição e produtividade das culturas podem ser afetadas pelas modificações químicas do solo causadas pela calagem e aplicação de gesso em superfície. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação de calcário e gesso em superfície, na implantação do sistema plantio direto, sobre a nutrição e a produtividade de grãos da aveia-preta, em região de inverno seco, em área anteriormente utilizada com preparo convencional. O experimento foi realizado durante 2003 e 2004, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em Botucatu (SP). O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas (18,0 x 5,4 m) foram constituídas por quatro doses de calcário dolomítico (0, 1.100, 2.700 e 4.300 kg ha-1), com PRNT = 71,2 %, e as subparcelas (9,0 x 5,4 m) pela aplicação ou não de 2.100 kg ha-1 de gesso agrícola. O aumento no teor de Ca no solo, provocado pela aplicação de calcário e gesso, diminuiu o teor de Mg na folha bandeira da aveia-preta em ano com deficiência hídrica. A aplicação de calcário em superfície aumentou os teores de K e reduziu os de Cu e Fe, e a aplicação de gesso agrícola aumentou o teor de S na folha bandeira da aveia-preta. A calagem em superfície aumentou a produtividade de grãos da aveia-preta, em ano com deficiência hídrica, com efeitos mais pronunciados na presença de aplicação de gesso.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Resíduos industriais são fontes alternativas de nutrientes para as plantas e sua utilização decorre da necessidade de diminuir o acúmulo dos resíduos nos centros de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de escórias de siderurgia nos atributos químicos do solo, no desenvolvimento e na produtividade de grãos do arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos constituídos de duas escórias, alto-forno (196 g kg-1 de Si) e aciaria (56 g kg-1 de Si), e a testemunha sem aplicação, com oito repetições. As escórias podem ser usadas como corretivo de acidez do solo e como fonte de silício. As alterações nos atributos químicos do solo estão relacionadas com a composição química das escórias. A escória de alto-forno proporcionou maior crescimento radicular em profundidade e melhor distribuição no perfil do solo e, conseqüentemente, maior produção de massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e produtividade de grãos de arroz.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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O trabalho objetivou comparar o ciclo cultural e a produção, além de avaliar atributos físico-químicos e sensoriais de frutos de bananeiras das cultivares Prata-Anã e Prata-Zulu, nas condições de Botucatu-SP. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características em campo: número de dias entre o plantio e o florescimento; número de dias entre o florescimento e a colheita; ciclo; peso do cacho; número de frutos por cacho; número de pencas por cacho; peso, número de frutos, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos da 2ª penca. As análises físico-químicas foram realizadas no dia da colheita e a cada 3 dias, num período de 12 dias, sendo determinados: perda de massa, firmeza, relação polpa/casca, pH, acidez total titulável, e sólidos solúveis totais. Na análise sensorial, avaliou-se a aceitação dos atributos sabor, textura, aparência, aroma e apreciação geral dos frutos. Com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que a cultivar Prata-Zulu apresentou produção bastante superior à 'Prata-Anã', o que indica ser uma cultivar com boas características agronômicas. Apesar de a cultivar Prata-Zulu apresentar maior perda de massa e menor firmeza, apresentou como vantagem frutos mais doces (maior SST); mesmo assim, a preferência do consumidor é pela 'Prata-Anã', que apresenta como principal vantagem as dimensões do fruto, que são menores, tornando-se assim mais práticos para o consumo.
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Tendo em vista que o conhecimento do comportamento de uma cultura, em determinada região, determina o sucesso da produção, a qualidade do produto final e a garantia de aceitação pelo mercado consumidor, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção e as características físicas e físico-químicas de frutos de cultivares de pessegueiro e nectarineira, cultivados ou não tradicionalmente em São Paulo, mas que possam vir a apresentar uma opção de diversificação aos fruticultores do município de Botucatu-SP, e regiões climáticas semelhantes. O experimento foi realizado durante três ciclos agrícolas: 2006/2007, 2007/2008 e 2008/2009, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. O clima da região é do tipo mesotérmico, Cwa, ou seja, subtropical úmido com chuvas no verão e seca no inverno. As cultivares de pessegueiro avaliadas foram: Turmalina, Cascata 968, Cascata 848, Cascata 587, Conserva 693, Precocinho, Diamante Mejorado, Oro Azteca, CP-9553CYN e Tropic Beauty. A cultivar de nectarineira avaliada foi 'Sun Blaze'. Foram avaliadas características de produção e qualidade dos frutos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a cultivar Turmalina foi a mais produtiva. As cultivares Cascata 968 e Diamante Mejorado apresentaram o maior teor de sólidos solúveis, e as cultivares Cascata 587 e CP 9553 CYN, a maior relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características de crescimento, produção e caracterizar alguns atributos de qualidade dos frutos do cultivar de bananeira-Figo-Cinza em dois ciclos de produção, nos anos de 2009 e 2010. Foram avaliadas características de crescimento, tais como altura da planta, circunferência do pseudocaule, número de folhas ativas, número de perfilhos e número de dias entre o florescimento e a colheita. Estas medidas foram feitas na emissão da inflorescência. Foram mensuradas também as características de produção, como peso do cacho, número de frutos, número de pencas, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos da 2ª penca. em relação à qualidade dos frutos, foram analisados os atributos físicos e químicos: textura; pH; acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualisado, com dois tratamentos (ciclos), cinco repetições e duas plantas úteis por parcela experimental. Foi utilizado o teste de Tukey (P< 0,05) para a comparação entre as médias. em geral, as características de crescimento e produção foram maiores no segundo ciclo, apresentando 134 dias do florescimento à colheita, circunferência do pseudocaule de 64,20 cm, altura de planta igual a 3,82 m e peso de cacho de 11,83 kg. Os atributos de qualidade não variaram entre os ciclos, exceto a textura, que foi maior no segundo ciclo, com valores médios de 993,31 gfcm-2.
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The lubricants found in the market are of mineral or synthetic origin and harm to humans and the environment, mainly due to their improper discard. Therefore industries are seeking to develop products that cause less environmental impact, so to decrease mainly, operator aggression the Cutting Fluids became an emulsion of oil / water or water / oil. However, the emulsion was not considered the most suitable solution for environmental question, therefore the search for biodegradable lubricants and which no are toxic continues and so vegetable oils are seen, again, as a basis for the production of lubricants. The biggest problem with these oils is their oxidative instability that is intensified when working at high temperatures. The process transesterification decreases the oxidation, however changes some physical and chemical properties. Therefore soybean oil after the transesterification process was subjected to tests of density, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity which is calculated from two parameters mentioned, flash point and acidity. Besides the physico-chemical test the soybean oil was subjected to a dynamic test in a tribometer adapted from a table vise, whose induced wear was the adhesive and ultimately was used as cutting fluid in a process of turning in two different materials, steel 1045 and cast iron. This latter test presented results below the mineral cutting fluid which it was compared in all tests, already in other experiments the result was satisfactory and other experiments not, so that chemical additives can be added to the oil analyzed to try equate all parameters and so formulate a biolubrificante not toxic to apply in machining processes of metalworking industry
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The biodiesel use has become important due to its renewable character and to reduce environmental impacts during the fuel burning. Theses benefit will be valid if the fuel shows good performance, chemistry stability and compatibility with engines. Biodiesel is a good fuel to diesel engines due to its lubricity. Then, the aimed of this study was to verify the physicalchemistry properties of biodiesel and their correlations with possible elastomers damage after biodiesel be used as fuel in an injection system. The methodology was divided in three steps: biodiesels synthesis by transesterification of three vegetable oil (soybean, palm and sunflower) and their physical-chemistry characterization (viscosity, oxidative stability, flash point, acidity, humidity and density); pressurized test of compatibility between elastomers (NBR and VITON) and biodiesel, and the last one, analyze of biodiesels lubricity by tribological test ball-plan( HFRR). Also, the effect of mixture of biodiesel and diesel in different concentrations was evaluated. The results showed that VITON showed better compatibility with all biodiesel blends in relation to NBR, however when VITON had contact with sunflower biodiesel and its blends the swelling degree suffer higher influences due to biodiesel humidity. For others biodiesels and theirs blends, this elastomer kept its mechanical properties constant. The better tribological performance was observed for blends with high biodiesel concentration, lower friction coefficient was obtained when palm biodiesel was used. The main mechanisms observed during the HFRR tests were abrasive and oxidative wear
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Currently, vegetable oils have been studied for bio-lubricants base that fits the new environmental standards. Since, in a world full of finite natural resources, mineral oils bring consequences to the environment due to its low biodegradability and toxicity, also it is important to consider that synthetic oils have a high cost The aim of this work is to obtain a biolubricant additived with oxide nanoparticles (ZnO and CuO) for better resistance to friction and wear, which is not toxic to the environment and have better adherence under boundary lubrication. The methodology consisted in the synthesis of bio-lubricants (soybean and sunflower base) by epoxidation reaction. Then, some physical-chemical analysis in bio-lubricants are made to characterize theses lubricants, such as, density, acidity, iodine value, viscosity, viscosity index. Later, the lubricants were additive with nanoparticles. The tribological performance was evaluated by the equipment HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) consisting of a wear test ball-plan type. The characterization of wear analysis was performed by SEM / EDS. The results show that bio-lubricants may be synthesized by reaction of epoxidation with good conversion. Tribological point of view, the epoxidized oils are more effective than lubricant additived with the oxide nanoparticles, they had lower coefficients of friction and better rate of film formation in the study. However, because they are environmentally friendly, bio-lubricants gain the relevant importance in tribological field
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The production of biodiesel has become an important and attractive process for the production of alternative fuels. This work presents a study of the biodiesel production from coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.), by two routes: direct transesterification using NaOH as catalyst and esterification (with H2SO4) followed by basic transesterification. The reactor was built in pirex with 1L of capacity and was equipped with a jacket coupled with a thermostatic bath to temperature control, a mecanical stirring is also present in the reactor. The analysis of oil composition was carried out by gas chromatography and esters compounds were identified. The parameters of molar ratio oil/alcohol, reaction time and temperature were studied and their influence on the conversion products was evaluated using experimental planning (23). The molar ratio was the most significant variable by the statistical planning analysis. Conversions up to 85.3% where achived in the esterification/transesterification, with molar ratio 1:6 at 60ºC and 90 minutes of reaction. For the direct transesterification, route conversions up 87.4% eas obtained using 1:6.5 molar ratio at 80ºC and 60 minutes of reaction. The Coconut oil was characterized by their physic chemical properties and key constituents of the oil. The lauric acid was the main constituint and the oil showed high acidity. The biodiesel produced was characterized by its main physicochemical properties, indicating satisfactory results when compared to standard values of National Petroleum Agency. The work was supplemented with a preliminary assessment of the reaction kinetic