999 resultados para SPE-HLLME-GS-MS
Resumo:
Considering the possibility that pesticides used in cattle raising produce residues in milk and cause harm to public health, this study developed a multiresidue method for determination of pesticide residues in bovine milk, using a modified QuEChERS method for sample preparation, and quantification by GC-MS/MS. The method proved to be efficient, resulting in satisfactory recoveries in the range 71.1 to 117.4%, for 45 of the 48 compounds analyzed with RSD values < 17.3%. The method LOD and LOQ were3.0 and 10.0 µg L-1, respectively, except for cyfluthrin which showed 7.5 and 25.0 µg L-1.
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A method based on microwave-induced combustion (MIC) was applied for the decomposition of different types of edible seaweed (Nori, Hijiki and Wakame) for subsequent determination of bromine and iodine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Decomposition of 500 mg of each sample was achieved in less than 30 min. A single and diluted solution (150 mmol L-1 (NH4)2CO3) was used for the absorption of both analytes and a reflux step of 5 min was applied to improve analyte recoveries. Accuracy was evaluated using certified reference materials and agreement was between 103 and 108% for both elements.
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In spite of different methods reported in the literature to determine olanzapine in biological fluids, all of them used high volumes of plasma. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to develop an LC-MS/MS method using small plasma volume (0.1 mL) to apply in a preclinical pharmacokinetic investigation. The method was linear over the concentration ranges of 10 - 1000 ng mL-1. Extraction recoveries, stability, and validation parameters were evaluated. Results were within the acceptable limits of international guidelines. A significant decrease in clearance led to a significant 2.26-times increase in AUC0 - 6h of olanzapine-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules compared with free-olanzapine.
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Rice husk ash (RHA) is used as a silica source for several purposes, among them to obtain metal catalysts, as was done in this work. The catalysts were characterized by chemisorption, physisorption, thermal analyses (TG, DSC), X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, temperature-programmed reduction and scanning electron microscopy. The catalysts synthesized with different Ni loadings supported on RHA were applied to the reaction of dry reforming of methane. The reaction was tested at three temperatures of catalytic reduction (500, 600 and 700 ºC). All synthesized catalysts were active for the studied reaction, with different H2/CO ratios achieved according to degree of metallic dispersion.
Resumo:
This paper describes the optimization of a multiresidue chromatographic analysis for the identification and quantification of 20 pesticides in bovine milk, including three carbamates, a carbamate oxime, six organophosphates, two strobilurins, a pyrethroid, an oxazolidinedione, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate acid/ester, a neonicotinoid, a dicarboximide, and three triazoles. The influences of different chromatographic columns and gradients were evaluated. Furthermore, four different extraction methods were evaluated; each utilized both different solvents, including ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetonitrile, and different workup steps. The best results were obtained by a modified QuEChERS method that lacked a workup step, and that included freezing the sample for 2 hours at -20 ºC. The results were satisfactory, yielding coefficients of variation of less than 20%, with the exception of the 50 µg L-1 sample of famoxadone, and recoveries between 70 and 120%, with the exception of acephate and bifenthrin; however, both analytes exhibited coefficients of variation of less than 20%.
Resumo:
This paper reports on the identification of volatile and semi-volatile compounds and a comparison of the chromatographic profiles obtained by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry detection (HS-SPME-GC-MS) of dried leaves of Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Asteraceae), also known as 'guaco.' Three different types of commercial SPME fibers were tested: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and polyacrylate (PA). Fifty-nine compounds were fully identified by HS-SPME-HRGC-MS, including coumarin, a marker for the quality control of guaco-based phytomedicines; most of the other identified compounds were mono- and sesquiterpenes. PA fibers performed better in the analysis of coumarin, while PDMS-DVB proved to be the best choice for a general and non-selective analysis of volatile and semi-volatile guaco-based compounds. The SPME method is faster and requires a smaller sample than conventional hydrodistillation of essential oils, providing a general overview of the volatile and semi-volatile compounds of M. glomerata.
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This study investigated the reductive degradation of acetamiprid (5 mg L-1) in aqueous medium (at pH 2.0) induced by zero-valent iron (50 mg). The process was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the degradation rate as a function of reaction time, and direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DI-ESI-MS) to search for (and potentially characterize) any possible byproducts formed during degradation. The results obtained via HPLC showed that after 60 min, the degradation of the substrate reached nearly 100% in an acidic medium, whereas the mineralization rate (as determined by total organic carbon measurements) was as low as 3%. Data obtained by DI-ESI-MS showed that byproducts were formed mainly by insertions of hydrogen atoms into the nitrile, imine, and pyridine ring moieties, in addition to the observation of chlorine substitution by hydrogen replacement (hydrodechlorination) reactions.
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Tutkimukseni käsittelee 1500-luvun keskivaiheilla kirjoitettua englanninkielistä käsikirjoitusta (New Haven, Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and ManuscriptLibrary MS 558). Olen työssäni laatinut käsikirjoituksesta kuvauksen, joka sisältääesimerkiksi listan käsikirjoituksen sisältämistä teksteistä sekä käsikirjoituksen pääkirjurin käsialan paleografisen analyysin. Tarkastelemani käsikirjoitus sisältää paljon astronomista ja astrologista materiaalia. Keskityn erityisesti käsikirjoituksen sisältämiin astrologisiin ennustusteksteihin, jotkaolen jakanut kuuteen kategoriaan. Luokitteluni perustuu osittain Laurel Meansin ja Irma Taavitsaisen tutkimuksiin, jotka koskevat keskienglanninkielistä astrologista materiaalia.Työssäni olen soveltanut näitä tutkimuksia uuden ajan alun materiaaliin. Olen myös tarkastellut käsikirjoituskulttuurin ja kirjapainokulttuurin vuorovaikutusta viideneditoimani esimerkkitekstin kautta. Tutkimustulosteni perusteella käsikirjoituskulttuuria ja kirjapainokulttuuria ei tulisi nähdä vastakohtina. Niiden välistä vuorovaikutusta tulisi jatkossa tutkia tarkemmin, sillä näin voitaisiin saada uutta tietoa tekstien levittämisestä ja leviämisestä sekä Englannissa että koko Euroopassa kirjapainotaidon yleistymisen ensimmäisinä vuosisatoina. Tällaisessa tutkimuksessa tulisi käyttää niin määrällisiä kuin laadullisiakin menetelmiä ja ottaa huomioon kirjojen luonne sekä henkisinä ja taiteellisina tuotoksina että fyysisinä esineinä.
Resumo:
In order to study the affinity reaction between the anti-atrazine antibody and atrazine, an enzyme was incorporated, as a marker, to an atrazine carboxylic derivative. The hapten and conjugate were synthesized and characterized by MS, IR and NMR. The interaction between monoclonal antibodies and hapten-HRP conjugate was investigated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Resumo:
Este artigo descreve a validação de método analítico para determinação do acaricida amitraz em mel utilizando extração com n-hexano/acetona, cleanup em cartucho de extração em fase sólida (SPE) e análise por cromatografia a gás com detector termoiônico seletivo (GC-TSD). O método pode ser utilizado para monitorar a presença do pesticida amitraz em mel, devido aos bons parâmetros analíticos, precisão (CV<11%) e exatidão (>80%) dentro do intervalo 100-400 ng g-1. O limite estabelecido na União Européia, pelo Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products, para amitraz em mel (200 ng g-1) está dentro deste intervalo. A resposta do sistema analítico apresentou linearidade entre 100 e 800 ng mL-1 com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9996, limite de detecção (LD-7 ng g-1) e de quantificação (LQ-100 ng g-1). O método validado foi utilizado para avaliar a qualidade de méis comercializados na cidade de Araraquara/SP, nas quais não foram detectados resíduos de amitraz.
Resumo:
O movimento de humanização na saúde impulsionou pesquisas sobre a inclusão de assuntos polêmicos nos currículos médicos, assim como de estratégias inovadoras para capacitar futuros profissionais. Com o objetivo de incluir no currículo atividades que habilitem os alunos de medicina a enfrentar situações difíceis, este estudo investigou a opinião de médicos que atendem crianças a respeito de como dar à criança informações sobre doenças de prognóstico incerto e como os profissionais se instrumentaram para enfrentar essas situações. Para tanto, 53 médicos responderam a um questionário semi-estruturado. A maioria dos médicos opinou que a criança tem direito a essas informações e 70% da amostra já haviam enfrentado essa situação. Independentemente do tempo de formados, 48% dos sujeitos discutiram o assunto na graduação e residência, mas apenas 30% relataram ter recebido habilitação específica. Os médicos mais velhos disseram ter aprendido observando modelos. Discute-se a necessidade de contemplar novos conhecimentos científicos e novas estratégias de aprendizagem, como o role-playing, para tópicos que, ao lado do conhecimento científico, envolvem fatores emocionais e de ordem ética e legal.
Resumo:
O termo "má notícia" designa qualquer informação transmitida ao paciente ou a seus familiares que implique, direta ou indiretamente, alguma alteração negativa na vida destes. Por ser uma tarefa tão estressante, muitos médicos a evitam ou a realizam de maneira inadequada. Esse fato traz inúmeras consequências negativas para o paciente e seus familiares. Embora seja objeto de estudo em diversos cursos de Medicina em nível internacional, o tema ainda é pouco abordado por professores e estudantes no contexto brasileiro. O protocolo Spikes descreve de maneira didática seis passos para comunicar más notícias. Esses passos foram utilizados em aula para alunos do terceiro semestre do curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Em seguida, os alunos avaliaram o método por meio de perguntas abertas. De maneira geral, foi considerado um modelo válido, apesar de serem consideradas possíveis limitações, como a necessidade de ser individualizado e adaptado a cada situação.
Resumo:
Nos últimos anos, diretrizes para a comunicação médica de más notícias aos pacientes foram publicadas. Treinamentos para esta tarefa passaram a ser incluídos nos currículos de graduação, especialização e educação médica continuada. O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar as evidências existentes na literatura sobre a eficácia destes treinamentos. Apenas sete estudos controlados, quatro dos quais randomizados, foram encontrados. Quatro deles indicam melhora dos aprendizes que foram treinados. Estes achados mostram que o treinamento em comunicação de más notícias pode ser eficaz para médicos e estudantes, mas há importantes limitações que impedem conclusões definitivas. Estas limitações são discutidas.
Resumo:
Eija Rosti-Otajärven väitöskirja Cognitive deficits and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test performance among patients with multiple sclerosis (Helsingin yliopisto 2009).