Diabetes mellitus affects the biomechanical function of the callus and the expression of TGF-beta1 and BMP2 in an early stage of fracture healing

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) are important regulators of bone repair and regeneration. In this study, we examined whether TGF-β1 and BMP-2 expressions were delayed during bone healing in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Tibial fractures were created in 95 diabetic and 95 control adult male Wistar rats of 10 weeks of age. At 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after fracture induction, five rats were sacrificed from each group. The expressions of TGF-β1 and BMP2 in the fractured tibias were measured by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, weekly for the first 5 weeks post-fracture. Mechanical parameters (bending rigidity, torsional rigidity, destruction torque) of the healing bones were also assessed at 3, 4, and 5 weeks post-fracture, after the rats were sacrificed. The bending rigidity, torsional rigidity and destruction torque of the two groups increased continuously during the healing process. The diabetes group had lower mean values for bending rigidity, torsional rigidity and destruction torque compared with the control group (P<0.05). TGF-β1 and BMP-2 expression were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the control group than in the diabetes group at postoperative weeks 1, 2, and 3. Peak levels of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 expression were delayed by 1 week in the diabetes group compared with the control group. Our results demonstrate that there was a delayed recovery in the biomechanical function of the fractured bones in diabetic rats. This delay may be associated with a delayed expression of the growth factors TGF-β1 and BMP-2.

Correlation between heart rate variability and pulmonary function adjusted by confounding factors in healthy adults

The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis, which is the state of balance in the body. That balance can be determined simply and noninvasively by evaluating heart rate variability (HRV). However, independently of autonomic control of the heart, HRV can be influenced by other factors, such as respiratory parameters. Little is known about the relationship between HRV and spirometric indices. In this study, our objective was to determine whether HRV correlates with spirometric indices in adults without cardiopulmonary disease, considering the main confounders (e.g., smoking and physical inactivity). In a sample of 119 asymptomatic adults (age 20-80 years), we evaluated forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). We evaluated resting HRV indices within a 5-min window in the middle of a 10-min recording period, thereafter analyzing time and frequency domains. To evaluate daily physical activity, we instructed participants to use a triaxial accelerometer for 7 days. Physical inactivity was defined as <150 min/week of moderate to intense physical activity. We found that FVC and FEV1, respectively, correlated significantly with the following aspects of the RR interval: standard deviation of the RR intervals (r =0.31 and 0.35), low-frequency component (r =0.38 and 0.40), and Poincaré plot SD2 (r =0.34 and 0.36). Multivariate regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical inactivity, and cardiovascular risk, identified the SD2 and dyslipidemia as independent predictors of FVC and FEV1 (R2=0.125 and 0.180, respectively, for both). We conclude that pulmonary function is influenced by autonomic control of cardiovascular function, independently of the main confounders.

Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on mitochondrial function of neuronal cells in the cortex of neonatal rats after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage

The timing and mechanisms of protection by hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) have only been partially elucidated. We monitored the effect of HBO on the mitochondrial function of neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats after HIBD. Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats (total of 360 of both genders) were randomly divided into normal control, HIBD, and HIBD+HBO groups. The HBO treatment began immediately after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and continued once a day for 7 consecutive days. Animals were euthanized 0, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h post-HI to monitor the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) occurring soon after a single dose of HBO treatment, as well as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days post-HI to study ΔΨm changes after a series of HBO treatments. Fluctuations in ΔΨm were observed in the ipsilateral cortex in both HIBD and HIBD+HBO groups. Within 2 to 12 h after HI insult, the ΔΨm of the HIBD and HIBD+HBO groups recovered to some extent. A secondary drop in ΔΨm was observed in both groups during the 1-4 days post-HI period, but was more severe in the HIBD+HBO group. There was a secondary recovery of ΔΨm observed in the HIBD+HBO group, but not in the HIBD group, during the 5-7 days period after HI insult. HBO therapy may not lead to improvement of neural cell mitochondrial function in the cerebral cortex in the early stage post-HI, but may improve it in the sub-acute stage post-HI.

Thermophysical and rheological properties of dulce de leche with and without coconut flakes as a function of temperature

Dulce de leche (DL), a dairy dessert highly appreciated in Brazil, is a concentrated product containing about 70% m/m of total solids. Thermophysical and rheological properties of two industrial Brazilian Dulce de leche formulations (classic Dulce de leche and Dulce de leche added with coconut flakes 1.5% m/m) were determined at temperatures comprised between 28.4 and 76.4 °C. In general, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the presence of coconut flakes in the two formulations. Heat capacity varied from 2633.2 to 3101.8 J/kg.°C; thermal conductivity from 0.383 to 0.452 W/m.°C; specific mass from 1350.7 to 1310.7 kg/m³; and, thermal diffusivity from (1.082 × 10-7 to 1.130 × 10-7) m²/s. The Bingham model was used to properly describe the non-Newtonian behavior of both formulations, with yielding stress values varying from 27.3 to 17.6 Pa and plastic viscosity from 19.9 to 5.9 Pa.s.

Early initiation of dialysis: mortality and renal function recovery in acute kidney injury patients

INTRODUCTION: The decision of when to start dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) patients with overt uremia is strongly established, however, when blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels is < 100 mg/dL the timing of initiation of dialysis remains uncertain. Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess mortality and renal function recovery AKI patients started on dialysis at different BUN levels. METHODS: This was a retrospective study performed at Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil, enrolling 86 patients underwent to dialysis. RESULTS: Dialysis was started when BUN < 75 mg/dl in 23 patients (Group I) and BUN > 75 mg/dl in 63 patients (Group II). Hypervolemia and mortality were higher in Group I than in Group II (65.2% vs. 14.3% - p < 0.05, 39.1% vs. 68.9%- p < 0.05, respectively). Among survivors, the rate of renal function recovery was higher in Group I (71.4% and 36.8%, respectively - p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that sepsis, age > 60 years, peritoneal dialysis and BUN > 75 mg/dl at dialysis initiation were independently related with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Lower mortality and higher renal function recovery rates were associated with early dialysis initiated at lower BUN leves in AKI patients.

Incidence of green soybean seeds as a function of environmental stresses during seed maturation

Hot and dry weather conditions during soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed maturation can cause forced maturation of the seed, resulting in the production of high levels of green seed, which may be detrimental to seed germination. These stressful conditions were imposed on soybean plants during seed maturation to investigate the production of green seeds and seed quality. Plants of the CD 206 cultivar were grown in a greenhouse until the R5.5 growing stage and then transferred to phytotrons at R6 and R7.2 for stress induction. Plants were subjected to two temperature regimes, high (28ºC to 36ºC) and normal (19ºC to 26ºC), and four soil water availability conditions, control (adequate water supply), 30% gravimetric moisture (GM), 20% GM and no water supply. Seed were harvested at R9. Green seed percentages and 100-seed weights from the lower, middle and upper thirds of each plant were determined. Seed quality was assessed by germination, tetrazolium (viability and vigor) and electrical conductivity tests. Occurrence of green seed varied from 9% to 86%, depending on the severity of the stresses imposed. High temperature, coupled with no water supply at R6, resulted in a pronounced occurrence of green seeds. There was no difference in the percentage of green seeds among the plant segments. Seed quality was negatively affected by the incidence of green seeds. A procedure for screening soybean genotypes in a phytotron for their tolerance and/or susceptibility to the production of green seeds was developed.

Inter-jurisdictional fiscal competition: a review of the literature and policy recommendations

This paper surveys the literature on fiscal competition. We consider tax and expenditure competition in a more general set up where different jurisdictions within a federation may compete in the provision of public goods in order to attract some residents (Tiebout, 1956) and expel others (Brueckner, 1999); and/or for business. We address the vast literature on welfare gains or losses of these types of competition. Then, we discuss the empirical evidence, focusing on estimates of the sensitiveness of production factors to tax differentials and on the importance of the strategic interdependence among jurisdictions. We combine econometric studies with some case studies. Last we discuss the design of mechanisms to cope with fiscal competition, especially under a more global environment where factors become more mobile.

集沙門不應拜俗等事Ji sha men bu ying bai su deng shi.Collection de pièces sur la question du salut des bonzes aux laïques.

Contient : I (livre 1)晉尚書令何充等執沙門不應敬王者奏并序Jin shang shu ling he chong deng zhi sha men bu ying jing wang zhe zou bing xu.Rapports au trône de He Chong, président du Conseil privé, et autres sur les marques de respect qui ne sont pas dues par les religieux au souverain ; II (livre 1)車騎將軍庾冰為成帝出令沙門致敬詔Ju qi jiang jun yu bing wei cheng di chu ling sha men zhi jing zhao.Ordre aux religieux de manifester leur respect, donné par Yu Bing, maréchal de Ju qi, au nom de l'empereur Cheng ; III (livre 1)太尉桓玄與八座桓謙等論道人應致敬事書并序Tai wei huan xuan yu ba zuo huan qian deng lun dao ren ying zhi jing shi shu bing xu.Avis du grand maréchal Huan Xuan, adressé au ministre Huan Qian et autres, sur les marques de respect dues par les religieux ; IV (livre 1)八座等答桓玄明道人不應致敬事書Ba zuo deng da huan xuan ming dao ren bu ying zhi jing shi shu.Réponse du ministre et autres à Huan Xuan : il n'y a pas lieu pour les religieux de donner des marques de respect ; V (livre 1)桓玄與中書令王謐論沙門應致敬事書Huan xuan yu zhong shu ling wang mi lun sha men ying zhi jing shi shu.Avis de Huan Xuan adressé au Président du Conseil privé Wang Mi sur les marques de respect dues, etc ; VI (livre 1)王謐答桓玄明沙門不應致敬事書Wang mi da huan xuan ming sha men bu ying zhi jing shi shu.Réponse de Wang Mi à Huan Xuan : il n'y a pas lieu, etc ; VII (livre 1)桓玄難王謐不應致敬事Huan xuan nan wang mi bu ying zhi jing shi.Objections de Huan Xuan à Wang Mi ; VIII (livre 1)王謐答桓玄應致敬難Wang mi da huan xuan ying zhi jing nan.Réponses de Wang Mi aux objections de Huan Xuan ; IX (livre 1)桓玄與廬山法師慧遠使述沙門不致敬王者意書并遠答往反Huan xuan yu lü shan fa shi hui yuan shi shu sha men bu zhi jing wang zhe yi shu bing yuan da wang fan.Correspondance de Huan Xuan avec le bonze Hui yuan au sujet des marques de respect ; X (livre 2)晉廬山釋慧遠沙門不敬王者論并序Jin lü shan shi hui yuan sha men bu jing wang zhe lun bing xu.Dissertation de Hui yuan sur les marques de respect non données par les religieux ; XI (livre 2)偽楚桓玄許沙門不致禮詔Wei chu huan xuan xu sha men bu zhi li zhao.Décret rendu par Huan Xuan, empereur de Chu, pour autoriser les religieux à ne pas accomplir les rites de respect ; XII (livre 2)侍中卞嗣之等執沙門應敬奏。桓楚答Shi zhong bian si zhi deng zhi sha men ying jing zou. Huan chu da.Rapport du conseiller Bian Si zhi et autres sur les marques de respect dues par les religieux. Réponses de Huan, empereur de Chu ; XIII (livre 2)宋孝武帝抑沙門致拜事Song xiaowWu di yi sha men zhi bai shi.Xiao Wu di, des Song, oblige les religieux à saluer ; XIV (livre 2)夏赫連勃勃令沙門致拜事Xia he lian bu bu ling sha men zhi bai shi.He lian Bu bu, de Xia, ordonne aux religieux de saluer ; XV (livre 2)齊武帝論沙門抗禮事Qi wu di lun sha men kang li shi.Avis de Wu di, des Qi, sur la résistance des religieux aux rites ; XVI (livre 2)隋煬帝敕沙門致拜事。興善寺沙門明瞻答Sui yang di chi sha men zhi bai shi. Xing shan si sha men ming zhan da.Yang di, des Sui, ordonne aux religieux de saluer. Réponse de Ming zhan ; XVII (livre 2)洛濱翻經館沙門釋彥悰福田論并序Luo bin fan jing guan sha men shi yan cong fu tian lun bing xu.Dissertations de Yan cong Fu tian, bonze du Fan jing guan ; XVIII (Livre 3)制沙門等致拜君親敕Zhi sha men deng zhi bai jun qin chi.Ordre aux religieux de saluer les princes et leurs parents ; XIX (livre 3)大莊嚴寺僧威秀等上沙門不合拜俗表Da zhuang yan si seng wei xiu deng shang sha men bu he bai su biao.Rapport pour établir que les religieux ne doivent pas saluer les laïques, présenté par Wei xiu et autres religieux de Da zhuang yan si ; XX (livre 3)西明寺僧道宣等上雍州牧沛王賢論沙門不應拜俗事啟Xi ming si seng dao xuan deng shang yong zhou mu pei wang xian lun sha men bu ying bai su shi qi.Rapport de Dao xuan et autres religieux de Xi ming si présentant l'avis du prince de Phei, que les religieux ne doivent pas, etc ; XXI (livre 3)西明寺僧道宣等上榮國夫人楊氏請論沙門不合拜俗事啟Xi ming si seng dao xuan deng shang yong guo fu ren yang shi qing lun sha men bu he bai su deng shi qi.Rapport de Dao xuan, etc., présentant la prière et l'avis de la princesse de Yong, que les religieux ne doivent pas, etc ; XXII (livre 3)西明寺僧道宣等序佛教隆替事簡諸宰輔等狀Xi ming si seng dao xuan deng xu fo jiao long ti shi jian zhu zai fu deng zhuang.Rapport de Dao xuan, etc. faisant l'historique de la religion bouddhique ; XXIII (livre 3)中臺司禮太常伯隴西王博又（autre titre 叉）大夫孔志約等議狀Zhong tai si li tai shang bai long xi wang bai you (autre titre cha) da fu kong zhi yue deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par le prince de Long xi, Kong Zhi yue, etc ; XXIV (livre 3)司元太常伯竇德玄少常伯張仙壽等議狀Si yuan tai shang bai dou de xuan shao shang bai zhang shan shou deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Dou De xuan, Zhang Shan shou, etc ; XXV (livre 3)司戎太常伯城護軍鄭欽泰員外郎秦懷恪等議狀Si rong tai shang bai hu jun zheng qin tai yuan wai lang qin huai ke deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zheng Qin tai, Qin Huai ke, etc ; XXVI (livre 3)司刑太常伯城陽縣開國侯劉祥道等議狀Si xing tai shang bai cheng yang xian kai guo hou liu xiang dao deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Xiang dao et autres ; XXVII (livre 4)中御府少監護軍高藥尚等議狀Zhong yu fu shao jian hu jun gao yue shang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Gao Yue shang et autres ; XXVIII (livre 4)內侍監給事王泉博士胡玄亮等議狀Nei shi jian ji shi wang quan bai shi hu xuan liang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Quan, Hu Xuan liang, etc ; XXIX (livre 4)奉常寺丞劉慶道主簿郝處傑等議狀Feng shang si cheng liu qing dao zhu bu he chu jie deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Qing dao, He Chu jie, etc ; XXX (livre 4)詳刑寺承王千石司直張道遜等議狀Xiang xing si cheng wang qian shi si zhi zhang dao sun deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Qian shi, Zhang Dao sun, etc ; XXXI (livre 4)司稼寺卿梁孝仁太倉署令趙行本等議狀Si jia si qing liang xiao ren tai cang shu ling zhao xing ben deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liang Xiao ren, Zhao Xing ben, etc ; XXXII (livre 4)司稼寺卿梁孝仁太倉署令趙行本等議狀Wai fu si qing wei si zhai zhu bu jia ju deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wei Si zhai, Jia Ju, etc ; XXXIII (livre 4)繕工監太監劉審禮監作上官突厥等議狀Shan gong jian tai jian liu shen li jian zuo shang guan tu jue deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Shen li, Shang guan Tu jue, etc ; XXXIV (livre 4)司成館大司成令狐德棻等議狀Si cheng guan da si cheng ling hu de fen deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Ling hu De fen et autres ; XXXV (livre 4)司成寺館守宣業範義頵等議狀Si cheng si guan shou xuan ye fan yi jun deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Fan Yi jun et autres ; XXXVI (livre 4)左衛大將軍張延師等議狀Zuo wei da jiang jun zhang yan shi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zhang Yan shi et autres ; XXXVII (livre 4)右衛長史崔修業等議狀You wei zhang shi cui xiu ye deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Cui Xiu ye et autres ; XXXVIII (livre 4)左驍衛長史王玄策騎曹蕭灌等議狀Zuo xiao wei zhang shi wang xuan ce qi cao xiao guan deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Xuan ce, Xiao Guan et autres ; XXXIX (livre 4)左 (autre titre 右) 武衛長史孝昌縣公徐慶等議狀Zuo (autre titre you) wu wei zhang shi xiao chang xian gong xu qing deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xu Qing et autres ; XL (livre 4)右威衛將軍李晦等議狀You wei wei jiang jun li hui deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Hui et autres ; XLI (livre 4)左戎衛大將軍懷甯縣公杜君綽等議狀Zuo rong wei da jiang jun huai ning xian gong du jun chuo deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Du Jun tchho et autres ; XLII (livre 4)左金吾衛將軍上柱國開國侯權善才等議狀Zuo jin wu wei jiang jun shang zhu guo kai guo hou quan shan cai deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Quan Shan cai et autres ; XLIII (livre 4)右奉宸衛將軍辛弘亮等議狀You feng shen wei jiang jun xin hong liang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xin Hong liang et autres ; XLIV (livre 4)右春坊主事謝壽等議狀You chun fang zhu shi xie shou deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xie Shou et autres ; XLV (livre 4)馭僕寺大夫王思泰丞牛玄璋等議狀Yu bu si da fu wang si tai cheng niu xuan zhang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Si tai, Niu Xuan zhang, etc ; XLVI (livre 4)萬年縣令源誠心等議狀Wan nian xian ling yuan cheng xin deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yuan Cheng xin et autres ; XLVII (livre 4)長安縣尉崔道默等議狀Chang an xian wei cui dao mo deng yi zhuang ; autre titre : 長安縣丞王方則崔道默等議狀Chang an xian cheng wang fang ze cui dao mo deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Fang ze, Cui Dao mo, etc ; XLVIII (livre 4)沛王府長史皇甫公義文學陳至德等議狀Pei wang fu zhang shi huang fu gong yi wen xue chen zhi de deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Huang fu Gong yi, Chen Zhi de, etc ; XLIX (livre 4)周王府長史源直心參軍元思敬等議狀Zhou wang fu zhang shi yuan zhi xin can jun yuan si jing deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yuan Zhi xin, Yuan Si jing, etc ; L (livre 5)左威衛長史崔安都錄事沈玄明等議狀Zuo wei wei zhang shi Cui an du lu shi shen xuan ming deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Cui An du, Shen Xuan ming, etc ; LI (livre 5)右清道衛長史李洽等議狀You qing dao wei zhang shi li xia deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Xia et autres ; LII (livre 5)長安縣令張松壽等議狀Chang an xian ling zhang song shou deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zhang Song shou et autres ; LIII (livre 5)中臺司列少常伯楊思玄司績大夫楊守拙等議狀Zhong tai si lie shao shang bo yang si xuan si ji da fu yang shou zhuo deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yang Si Xuan, Yang Shou zhuo, etc ; LIV (livre 5)司平太常伯閻立本等議狀Si ping tai shang bo yan li ben deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yan Li ben et autres ; LV (livre 5)蘭臺秘閣局郎中李淳風等議狀Lan tai bi ge ju lang zhong li shun feng deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Shun feng et autres ; LVI (livre 5)太常寺博士呂才等議狀Tai shang si bo shi lü cai deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Lü Cai et autres ; LVII (livre 5)司宰寺丞豆盧暕等議狀Si zai si cheng dou lu jian deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Dou Lu jian et autres ; LVIII (livre 5)司衛寺卿楊思儉等議狀Si wei si qing yang si jian deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yang Si jian et autres ; LIX (livre 5)司馭寺丞韓處玄等議狀Si yu si cheng han chu xuan deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Han Chu xuan et autres ; LX (livre 5)詳刑寺少卿元大士等議狀Xiang xing si shao qing yuan da shi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yuan Da shi et autres ; LXI (livre 5)司（autre titre 同）文寺丞謝祐等議狀Si (autre titre tong) wen si cheng xie you deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xie You et autres ; LXII (livre 5)內府監丞柳元貞等議狀Nei fu jian cheng liu yuan zheng deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Yuan zheng et autres ; LXIII (livre 5)司津監李仁方等議狀Si jin jian li ren fang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Ren fang et autres ; LXIV (livre 5)右武衛兵曹參軍趙崇素等議狀You wu wei bing cao can jun zhao chong su deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zhao Chong su et autres ; LXV (livre 5)右戎衛長史李義範等議狀You rong wei zhang shi li yi fan deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Yi fan et autres ; LXVI (livre 5)右金吾衛將軍薛孤吳仁長史劉文琮等議狀You jin wu wei jiang jun xie gu wu ren zhang shi liu wen cang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xie Gu, Liu Wen tshong, etc ; LXVII (livre 5)右監門衛中郎將能玄逸等議狀You jian men wei zhong lang jiang xiong xuan yi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xiong Xuan yi et autres ; LXVIII (livre 5)端尹府端尹李寬等議狀Duan yin fu duan yin li khoan deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Khoan et autres ; LXIX (livre 5)左春坊中護賀蘭敏之贊善楊全節等議狀Zuo chun fang zhong hu he lan min zhi zan shan yang quan jie deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par He lan Min zhi, Yang Quan jie, etc ; LXX (livre 5)右春坊中護郝處俊贊善楊思正等議狀You chun fang zhong hu he chu jun zan shan yang si zheng deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par He Chu jun, Yang Si zheng, etc ; LXXI (livre 5)司更寺丞張約等議狀Si jing si cheng zhang yue deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zhang Yue et autres ; LXXII (livre 5)左典戎衛倉曹王思九等議狀Zuo dian rong wei cang cao wang si jiu deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Si jiu et autres ; LXXIII (livre 5)右典戎衛將軍斛斯敬則等議狀You dian rong wei jiang jun hu si jing ze deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Hu si Jing ze et autres ; LXXIV (livre 5)左司禦衛長史馬大師等議狀Zuo si yu wei zhang shi ma da shi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Ma Da shi et autres ; LXXV (livre 5)右司禦衛長史崔崇業等議狀You si yu wei zhang shi cui chong ye deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Cui Chong ye et autres ; LXXVI (livre 5)左清道衛長史蔣眞胄等議狀Zuo qing dao wei zhang shi jiang zhen zhou deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Jiang Zhen zhou et autres ; LXXVII (livre 5)左崇掖衛長史竇尚義等議狀Zuo chong yi wei zhang shi dou shang yi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Dou Shang yi et autres ; LXXVIII (livre 5)右崇掖衛長史李行敏等議狀You chong yi wei zhang shi li xing min deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Xing min et autres ; LXXIX (livre 5)左奉裕衛長史丘神靜等議狀Zuo feng yu wei zhang shi qiu shen jing deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Qiu Shen jing et autres ; LXXX (livre 5)右奉裕衛率韋懷敬等議狀You feng yu wei choai wei huai jing deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wei Huai jing et autres ; LXXXI (livre 5)雍州司功劉仁叡等議狀Yong zhou si gong liu ren rui deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Ren rui et autres ; LXXXII (livre 6)普光寺沙門玄範質拜議狀Pu guang si sha men xuan fan zhi bai yi zhuang.Examen de la question du salut des religieux, par le bonze Xuan fan, de Pu guang si ; LXXXIII (livre 6)中臺司禮太常伯隴西王博叉等執議奏狀Zhong tai si li tai shang bai long xi wang bai cha deng zhi yi zou zhuang.Rapport du prince de Long xi et autres ; LXXXIV (livre 6)今上停沙門拜君詔Jin shang ting sha men bai jun zhao.Ordre de l'empereur régnant suspendant l'obligation pour les bonzes de saluer le souverain ; LXXXV (livre 6)京邑老人程士顒等上請出家子女不拜親表Jing yi lao ren cheng shi yong deng shang qing chu jia zi nü bu bai qin biao.Rapport présenté par les vieillards Cheng Shi yong et autres, demandant que les religieux et religieuses ne saluent pas leurs parents ; LXXXVI (livre 6)直東臺馮神德上請依舊僧尼等不拜親表并上佛道先後事Zhi dong tai feng shen de shang qing yi jiu seng ni deng bu bai qin biao bing shang fo dao xian hou shi.Rapport présenté par Feng Shen de, demandant que les religieux et religieuses continuent à ne pas saluer leurs parents et exposant l'historique du bouddhisme ; LXXXVII (livre 6)西明寺僧道宣等重上榮國夫人楊氏請論不合拜親啟Xi ming si seng dao xuan deng chong shang rong guo fu ren yang shi qing lun bu he bai qin qi.Rapport de Dao xuan et autres religieux de Xi ming si, présentant de nouveau la prière et l'avis de la princesse de Rong, que les religieux ne doivent pas saluer leurs parents ; LXXXVIII (livre 6)大莊嚴寺僧威秀等上僧尼請依內教不拜父母表Da zhuang yan si seng wei xiu deng shang seng ni qing yi nei jiao bu bai fu mu biao.Rapport de Wei xiu et autres religieux de Da zhuang yan si, présentant la prière des religieux et religieuses qui demandent à ne pas saluer leurs père et mère ; LXXXIX (livre 6)玉華宮寺譯經沙門靜邁等上僧尼拜父母有損表Yu hua gong si yi jing sha men jing mai deng shang seng ni bai fu mu you sun biao.Rapport de Jing mai et autres religieux traducteurs, de Yu hua gong si, exposant qu'il y a inconvénient à ce que les religieux et religieuses saluent leurs père et mère ; XC (livre 6)襄州禪居寺僧崇拔上請僧尼父母同君上不受出家男女致拜表Xiang zhou shan ju si seng chong ba shang qing seng ni fu mu tong jun shang bu shou chu jia nan nü zhi bai biao.Rapport de Chong ba, religieux de Xiang zhou, demandant que les père et mère, comme les princes et supérieurs des religieux et religieuses, ne reçoivent pas le salut de leurs fils et filles entrés en religion

Does Gamma-aminobutyric acid function as a plant resistance mechanism against phytophagous insect activity? /

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB A) is a ubiquitous non-protein amino acid synthesized via the decarboxylation of L-glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by the cytosolic enzyme L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). In animals it functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. In plants it accumulates rapidly in response to various stresses, but its function remains unclear. The hypothesis that GABA accumulation in leaf tissue may function as a plant resistance mechanism against phytophagous insect activity was investigated. GABA accumulation in response to mechanical stimulation, mechanical damage and insect activity was demonstrated. In wt tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun), mechanical stimulation or damage caused GABA to accumulate within 2 min from mean levels of 14 to 37 and 1~9 nmol g-l fresh weight (FW), respectively. In the transgenic tobacco strain CaMVGAD27c overexpressing Petunia GAD, the same treatments caused GABA to accumulate from 12 to 59 and 279 nmol g-l FW, respectively. In the transgenic tobacco strain CaMVGADilC 11 overexpressing Petunia GAD lacking an autoinhibitory domain, mechanical stimulation or damage caused GABA to accumulate from 180 to 309 and 630 nmol g-l FW, respectively. Ambulatory activity by tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae (Heliothis virescens) on leaves of CaMVGAD27c tobacco caused GABA to accumulate from 28 to 80 nmol g-l FW within 5 min. Ambulatory and leaf-rolling activity by oblique banded leaf roller (OBLR) larvae (Choristoneura rosaceana cv Harris) on wt soybean leaves (Glycine max cv Harovinton) caused GABA to accumulate from 60 to 1123 nmol g-l FW within 20 min. Increased GABA levels in leaf tissue were shown to affect phytophagous preference in TBW larvae presented with wt and transgenic tobacco leaves. When presented with leaves of Samsun wt and CaMVGAD27c plants, TBW larvae consumed more wt leaf tissue (640 ± 501 S.D. mm2 ) than transgenic leaf tissue (278 ± 338 S.D. mm2 ) nine times out of ten. When presented with leaves of Samsun wt and CaMVGAD~C11 plants, TBW larvae consumed more transgenic leaf tissue (1219 ± 1009 S.D. mm2 ) than wt leaf tissue (28 ± 31 S.D. mm2 ) ten times out of ten. These results indicate that: (1) ambulatory activity of insect larvae on leaves results in increased GABA levels, (2) transgenic tobacco leaves with increased capacity for GABA synthesis deter feeding, and (3) transgenic tobacco leaves with constitutively higher GABA levels stimulate feeding.

Significance of DNA base excision repair in the maintenance of mitochondrial function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae /

Mitochondria have an important role in cell metabolism, being the major site of ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Accumulation of mtDNA mutations have been linked to the development of respiratory dysfunction, apoptosis, and aging. Base excision repair (BER) is the major and the only certain repair pathway existing in mitochondria that is in responsible for removing and repairing various base modifications as well as abasic sites (AP sites). In this research, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) BER gene knockout strains, including 3 single DNA glycosylase gene knockout strains and Ap endonuclease (Apn 1 p) knockout strain were used to examine the importance of this DNA repair pathway to the maintenance of respiratory function. Here, I show that individual DNA glycosylases are nonessential in maintenance of normal function in yeast mitochondria, corroborating with previous research in mammalian experimental models. The yeast strain lacking Apn 1 p activity exhibits respiratory deficits, including inefficient and significantly low intracellular ATP level, which maybe due to partial uncoupling of OXPHOS. Growth of this yeast strain on respiratory medium is inhibited, but no evidence was found for increased ROS level in Apn 1 p mitochondria. This strain also shows an increased cell size, and this observation combined with an uncoupled OXPHOS may indicate a premature aging in the Apnlp knockout strain, but more evidence is needed to support this hypothesis. However, the BER is necessary for maintenance of mitochondrial function in respiring S.cerevisiae.

Measurement of repulsive forces between charged phospholipid bilayers

Electrostatic forces between membranes containing charged lipids were assumed to play an important role in influencing interactions between membranes long before quantitative measurements of such forces were available. ~ur measurements were designed to measure electrostatic forces between layers of lecithin charged with lipi~s carrying ionizable head groups. These experiments have shown that the interactions between charged lipid bila.yere are dominated by electrostatic forces only at separations greater than 30 A. At smaller separations the repulsion between charged bilayers is dominated by strong hydration forces. The net repulsive force between egg lecithin bilayers containing various amounts of cherged lipids (phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 5,10 ano 50 mole%, phosphatidyli. nosi tol (PI) 10 mole% and sodium oleate (Na-Ol) 3,5 and 10 mole%, where mole% gives the ratio of the number of moles' of .charged lipid to the total number of moles of all lipids present in the sample) was stuoied with the help ('If the osmotic streas technique described by LeNeveu et aI, (1977). Also, the forces between pure PG were j_nvestigated in the same manner. The results have been plotted showing variation of force as a function of bilay- _ er separation dw• All curVes 90 obtained called force curves, were found to be similar in sha.pe, showing two distinct regions, one when dw<.30 A is a region cf very rapid iiivariation of force with separation ( it is the region dominated by hydre,tion force) and second when dw> 40 A is a region of very slow variation of force with separB.tion ( it is the region dominated by the electrostatic force). Between these two regions there exists a transition area in which, in most systems studied, a phase separation of lipids into fractions containing different amounts of charged groups, was observed. A qualitative analysis showed that our results were v/ell described by the simple electrostatic double -le.yer theory. For quantitative agreement between measured and calculated force curves however, the charge density for the calculations had to be taken as half of that given by the number density of charged lipids present in the lecithin bilayers. It is not clear at the moment what causes such low apparent degree of ionization among the charged head groups, and further study is needed in this area.

Orientation of Non-Native 2-Monosubstituted and 2,3-Disubstituted 1,4-Naphthoquinones in the A1 binding site of PSI and the effect on the rate of electron transfer : an electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy study

The proce-ss ofoxygenic photosynthesis is vital to life on Earth. the central event in photosynthesis is light induced electron transfer that converts light into energy for growth. Ofparticular significance is the membrane bound multisubunit protein known as Photosystem I (PSI). PSI is a reaction centre that is responsible for the transfer of electrons across the membrane to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. The recent publication ofa high resolution X-ray structure of PSI has shown new information about the structure, in particular the electron transfer cofactors, which allows us to study it in more detail. In PSI, the secondary acceptor is crucial for forward electron transfer. In this thesis, the effect of removing the native acceptor phylloquinone and replacing it with a series of structurally related quinones was investigated via transient electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments. The orientation of non native quinones in the binding site and their ability to function in the electron transfer process was determined. It was found that PSI will readily accept alkyl naphthoquinones and anthraquinone. Q band EPR experiments revealed that the non-native quinones are incorporated into the binding site with the same orientation of the headgroup as in the native system. X band EPR spectra and deuteration experiments indicate that monosubstituted naphthoquinones are bound to the Al site with their side group in the position occupied by the methyl group in native PSI (meta to the hydrogen bonded carbonyl oxygen). X band EPR experiments show that 2, 3- disubstituted methyl naphthoquinones are also incorporated into the Al site in the same orientation as phylloquinone, even with the presence of a halogen- or sulfur-containing side chain in the position normally occupied by the phytyl tail ofphylloquinone. The exception to this is 2-bromo-3-methyl --.- _. -. - -- - - 4 _._ _ _ - _ _ naphthoquinone which has a poorly resolved spectrum, making determination of the orientation difficuh. All of the non-native quinones studied act as efficient electron acceptors. However, forward electron transfer past the quinone could only be demonstrated for anthraquinone, which has a more negative midpoint potential than phylloquinone. In the case of anthraquinone, an increased rate of forward electron transfer compared to native PSI was found. From these results we can conclude that the rate ofelectron transfer from Al to Fx in native PSI lies in the normal region ofthe Marcus Curve.

The effects of upper extremity functional electrically stimulated (FES) exercise training on upper limb function in individuals with tetraplegia

Functional Electrically Stimulated (FES) ami cycle ergometry is a relatively new technique for exercise in individuals with impairments of the upper limbs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of FES arm cycle ergometry on upper limb function and cardiovascular fitness in individuals with tetraplegia. F!ve subjects (4M/1F; mean age 43.8 ± 15.4 years) with a spinal cord injury of the cervical spine (C3- C7; ASIA B-D) participated in 12 weeks of3 times per week FES arm cycle ergometry training. Exercise performance measures (time to fatigue, distance to fatigue, work rate) were taken at baseline, 6 weeks, and following 12 weeks of training. Cardiovascular measures (MAP, resting HR, average and peak HR during exercise, cardiovascular efficiency) and self reported upper limb function (as determined by the CUE, sf-QIF, SCI-SET questionnaires) were taken at baseline and following 12 weeks of training. Increases were found in time to fatigue (84.4%), distance to fatigue (111.7%), and work rate (51.3%). These changes were non-significant. There was a significant decrease in MAP (91.1 ± 13.9 vs. 87.7 ± 14.7 mmHg) following 12 weeks ofFES arm cycle ergometry. There was no significant change in resting HR or average and peak HR during exercise. Cardiovascular efficiency showed an increase following the 12 weeks ofFES training (142.9%), which was non-significant. There were no significant changes in the measures of upper limb function and spasticity. Overall, FES arm cycle ergometry is an effective method of cardiovascular exercise for individuals with tetraplegia, as evidenced by a significant decrease in MAP, however it is unclear whether 12 weeks of thrice weekly FES arm cycle ergometry may effectively improve upper limb function in all individuals with a cervical SCI.

THE INFLUENCE OF LENGTH CHANGE SPEED AND DIRECTION ON DYNAMIC FUNCTION POTENTIATION IN FAST MOUSE MUSCLE

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the potentiation of dynamic function was dependent upon both length change speed and direction. Mouse EDL was cycled in vitro (25º C) about optimal length (Lo) with constant peak strain (± 2.5% Lo) at 1.5, 3.3 and 6.9 Hz before and after a conditioning stimulus. A single pulse was applied during shortening or lengthening and peak dynamic (concentric or eccentric) forces were assessed at Lo. Stimulation increased peak concentric force at all frequencies (range: 19 ± 1 to 30 ± 2%) but this increase was proportional to shortening speed, as were the related changes to concentric work/power (range: -15 ± 1 to 39 ± 1 %). In contrast, stimulation did not increase eccentric force, work or power at any frequency. Thus, results reveal a unique hysteresis like effect for the potentiation of dynamic output wherein concentric and eccentric forces increase and decrease, respectively, with work cycle frequency.

THE INFLUENCE OF LENGTH CHANGE SPEED AND DIRECTION ON DYNAMIC FUNCTION POTENTIATION IN FAST MOUSE MUSCLE

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the potentiation of dynamic function was dependent upon both length change speed and direction. Mouse EDL was cycled in vitro (250 C) about optimal length (Lo) with constant peak strain (± 2.5% Lo) at 1.5,3.3 and 6.9 Hz before and after a conditioning stimulus. A single pulse was applied during shortening or lengthening and peak dynamic (concentric or eccentric) forces were assessed at Lo. Stimulation increased peak concentric force at all frequencies (range: 19±1 to 30 ± 2%) but this increase was proportional to shortening speed, as were the related changes to concentric work/power (range: -15 ± 1 to 39 ± 1 %). In contrast, stimulation did not increase eccentric force, work or power at any frequency. Thus, results reveal a unique hysteresis like effect for the potentiation of dynamic output wherein concentric and eccentric forces increase and decrease, respectively, with work cycle frequency.