First evidence of insect attraction by a Southern Hemisphere Splachnaceae: The case of Tayloria dubyi Broth. in the Reserve Biosphere Cape Horn, Chile

The moss Tayloria dubyi (Splachnaceae) is endemic to the subantarctic Magallanes ecoregion where it grows exclusively on bird dung and perhaps only on feces of the goose Chloephaga picta, a unique habitat among Splachnaceae. Some species of Splachnaceae from the Northern Hemisphere are known to recruit coprophilous flies as a vector to disperse their spores by releasing intense odors mimicking fresh clung or decaying corpses. The flies land on the capsule, and may get in contact with the protruding mass of spores that stick to the insect body. The dispersal strategy relies on the spores falling off when the insect reaches fresh droppings or carrion. Germination is thought to be rapid and a new population is quickly established over the entire substrate. The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether the coprophilous T. dubyi attracts flies and to assess the taxonomic diversity of the flies visiting this moss. For this, fly traps were set up above mature sporophyte bearing populations in two peatlands on Navarino Island. We captured 64 flies belonging to the Muscidae (Palpibracus chilensis), Tachinidae (Dasyuromyia sp) and Sarcophagidae (not identified to species) above sporophytes of T. dubyi, whereas no flies were captured in control traps set up above Sphagnum mats nearby.

Molecular characterization of a putative heat shock protein cognate gene in Rhynchosciara americana

An hsc70 homologue gene (Rahsc70) of the diptera Rhynchosciara americana was isolated and characterized. We were able to determine the mRNA sequence from an EST of salivary gland cDNA library, and a Rahsc70 cDNA cassette was used as a probe to isolate the genomic region from a genomic library. The mRNA expression of this gene parallels the 2B puff expansion, suggesting its involvement in protein processing, since this larval period corresponds to a high synthetic activity period. During heat shock stress conditions, hsc70 expression decreased. In situ hybridization of polytene chromosomes showed that the Rahsc70 gene is located near the C3 DNA puff. The cellular localization of Hsc70 protein showed this protein in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Ovaries of Leaf-cutting Ant (Atta sexdens rubropilosa) Queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

In this study, the ovary morphology of newly emerged ant queens of Atta sexdens rubropilosa was studied in whole mount preparations by confocal microscopy. The ovaries are composed of approximately 40 ovarioles, showing non-synchronic oocyte maturation. The terminal filament with clusters of undifferentiated cells was found at the distal end of the ovarioles. Next to this region is the germarium, composed of several elongated cystocytes interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. The nurse cells (23-28 cells) result from asymmetric mitosis. Cytoskeleton analysis showed F-actin concentrated at the muscle cells of the external tunica and in fusomes inside the ovarioles. Microtubules were concentrated around the nuclei of the nurse and follicular cells. In contrast, the oocytes and the external tunica showed faint staining for tubulin.

Phylogenetic Analyses Based on Small Subunit rRNA and Glycosomal Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Genes and Ultrastructural Characterization of Two Snake Trypanosomes: Trypanosoma serpentis n. sp from Pseudoboa nigra and Trypanosoma cascavelli from Crotalus durissus terrificus

We sequenced the small subunit (SSU) rRNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) genes of two trypanosomes isolated from the Brazilian snakes Pseudoboa nigra and Crotalus durissus terrificus. Trypanosomes were cultured and their morphometrical and ultrastructural features were characterized by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Phylogenetic trees inferred using independent or combined SSU rRNA and gGAPDH data sets always clustered the snake trypanosomes together in a clade closest to lizard trypanosomes, forming a strongly supported monophyletic assemblage (i.e. lizard-snake clade). The positioning in the phylogenetic trees and the barcoding based on the variable V7-V8 region of the SSU rRNA, which showed high sequence divergences, allowed us to classify the isolates from distinct snake species as separate species. The isolate from P. nigra is described as a new species, Trypanosoma serpentis n. sp., whereas the isolate from C. d. terrificus is redescribed here as Trypanosoma cascavelli.

Spatial and temporal patterns of occurrence of Lutzomyia sand fly species in an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Atlantic Forest region of northeast Brazil

Sand fly populations of different ecological niches in the Amaraji endemic American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) focus of the Pernambuco Atlantic Forest region of northeastern Brazil were monitored spatiotemporally. Lutzomyia whitmani was dominant in all niches but occurred in smaller numbers in forested locations. L. whitmani was significantly less seasonal than the other species, being present throughout the year while other species were more abundant between February and April. These results suggest that L. whitmani may potentially be the principal vector of ACL in the region, even though the sand fly fauna was diverse: 88% were L.whitmani and 12% belonged to 11 other species. Two other species, L. complexa (1.3%) and L. migonei (0.8%), considered to be ACL vectors in other regions, were also present. This detailed picture of the sand fly population`s abundance and spatiotemporal distribution provides a basis for future modeling studies of forecasting sand fly activity patterns and ACL occurence.

Disruption of Chrysomya megacephala Growth Caused by Lignan Grandisin

The toxicity of tetrahydrofuran lignan grandisin was evaluated against larvae of Chrysomya megacephala F. (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The bioassay involved topical treatment on larvae, topical treatment oil egg masses, and incorporation in the larval diet. Grandisin showed inhibition of postembryonic development by ovicidal (30%) and larvicidal (38%) effects and reduced larval weight (4 mg), when topically applied oil egg masses and starving larvae (L1) at a concentration of 100 mu g/mu l. These findings elucidated the effect of grandisin on the C. megacephala life cycle and its potential to control C. megacephala populations.

Determination of the susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to ivermectin and fipronil by Larval Immersion Test (LIT) in Uruguay

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important cattle pest in Uruguay, and the law regulates its control. It is resistant to organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and, as recently discovered, to fipronil. Resistance to macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and amitraz have not been documented; however, veterinarians and farmers have reported treatment failures. The objective of the present work was to study the susceptibility of cattle tick strains from different Uruguayan counties to ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil by using the Larval Immersion Test (LIT). The Mozo strain was used as the susceptible reference strain. From 2007 to 2009, twenty-eight tick populations were collected from different cattle farms with and without history of IVM or fipronil use. A probit analysis estimated dose-mortality regressions, lethal concentrations (LC), and confidence intervals. The resistance ratio (RR) was determined at the LC(50) and LC(90) estimates. To classify a tick population in relation to resistance, three categories based on a statistical analysis of LC and RR between field populations and Mozo strains were defined: susceptible (no differences), incipient resistance (differences and RR(50) < 2) and resistant (differences and RR(50) >= 2). Eighteen field populations were tested with IVM and five of them presented a RR(50) range between 1.35 and 1.98 and the LC(50/90), which is statistically different from the Mozo strain (incipient resistance). However, the RR(90) increases >= 2 in four of the populations, confirming that tick resistance to IVM is emergent. The low RR values obtained could be a result of a low frequency of treatments with IVM. Twenty-seven tick populations were tested with fipronil and six were diagnosed as resistant according to the LIT. Cross-resistance was not observed between fipronil and IVM on these tick populations. The current study presents different R. (B.) microplus populations with an incipient resistance to IVM, and indicates that the fipronil tick resistance is restricted to certain areas in Uruguay. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Aspectos da ecologia trófica de duas espécies simpátricas de Aegla (Crustacea, Anomura)

Os crustáceos decápodos da família Aeglidae são os únicos anomuros que ocorrem em águas continentais, na região subtropical e temperada da América do Sul. Entre as mais de 60 espécies descritas, várias são simpátricas, destacando-se Aegla camargoi Buckup & Rossi, 1977 e Aegla leptodactyla Buckup & Rossi, 1977, que ocorrem no Rio da Divisa, Município de São José dos Ausentes, RS Com o objetivo de obter informações sobre a ecologia trófica das espécies, com ênfase na partição de nicho trófico, os animais foram coletados sazonalmente, em intervalos de 6 horas, por 24 horas. Em laboratório, foi analisado o conteúdo estomacal, utilizando as técnicas de método dos pontos, classificação do grau de repleção estomacal, freqüência de ocorrência, e índice alimentar. A análise indicou que os animais são omnívoros, alimentando-se preferencialmente de macrófitas, insetos imaturos das ordens Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera e Diptera. Aegla leptodactyla mostrou maior preferência por macrófitas, relacionada a sua predominância nos ambientes onde ocorrem em maior abundância. A estimativa de repleção estomacal indicou que as duas espécies alimentam-se em todos os horários. Foram identificados e descritos os principais ossículos e estruturas que compõem o estômago desses crustáceos. Não foram detectadas diferenças na morfologia dos estômagos cardíaco e pilórico das espécies. Ambas possuem estômagos desenvolvidos, com dentes robustos, característicos de animais macrófagos. As peças bucais de ambas espécies, como as mandíbulas, maxilas e maxilípodos foram descritas e comparadas, diferindo apenas em relação ao número de dentes da crista dentata do terceiro maxilípodo. A mandíbula é bem desenvolvida, característica de caranguejos predadores. A largura do nicho trófico de cada espécie foi estimada, mostrando pequenas variações sazonais. A sobreposição de nicho trófico entre as duas espécies ocorre em todas as estações, corroborando os resultados obtidos da análise do conteúdo estomacal. Concluiu-se que as espécies são omnívoras generalistas, partilhando os recursos disponíveis no ambiente.

Estudo da variabilidade genética e ecológica de comunidades de Drosophila em regiões de Mata Atlântica de ilhas do continente de Santa Catarina

Foi realizado um estudo da dinâmica de assembléias de Drosofilídeos em oito amostras insulares e continentais de Santa Catarina através de dados coletados em várias visitas ao longo de dois anos. Dentre os resultados obtidos está a estimativa do grau de diversidade destas assembléias. Nossas coletas mostraram que a predição de qual espécie será dominante, num determinado período amostrado, é razoavelmente possível. A análise dos índices de diversidade nos indica que o Morro da Lagoa é o ponto de menor diversidade específica, seguido de Ratones Grande. Contudo, os dois pontos têm um grande número de espécies diferentes, sendo a sua diversidade baixa em função da alta dominância do subgrupo willistoni neles encontrada. Analisando o componente S (número de espécies) da diversidade, nas ilhas pontos de coleta, percebe-se que a ilha maior (Ilha de Santa Catarina) tem realmente um maior número de espécies coletadas – 46 no ponto A além de 10 espécies diferentes coletadas no ponto D (56 espécies no total) – do que as ilhas menores (42, 44, 40 e 50), o que corrobora a teoria da biogeografia de ilhas. No continente, a curva espécie/área se comportou da mesma forma que nas ilhas se considerarmos a diversidade como um todo. Realmente estes pontos foram uns dos que apresentaram maior diversidade, principalmente o ponto F, com um H’ de 2,22, que se manteve com Mata Atlântica Primária até o final do período de coletas, sendo portanto o ponto mais preservado de todos utilizados e, teoricamente, o que apresentava maior diversidade de nichos ecológicos para serem ocupados Outros Drosofilídeos como Zaprionus, Zygotricha, Gitona, Cladochaeta, Diathoneura, Micodrosophila, Leucophenga e Amiota foram coletados. Embora nosso interesse preliminar fosse apenas o gênero Drosophila, a inclusão destes outros gêneros em nosso estudo visou uma maior compreensão das possíveis associações que podem ocorrer entre eles e espécies de Drosophila. Os dois primeiros gêneros foram mais freqüentes nas nossas coletas. Zaprionus indianus foi considerada uma espécie invasora, pois surgiu com freqüências baixíssimas que aumentaram gradualmente nas coletas subsequentes, superando em freqüência as espécies nativas. Isto confirma o caráter generalista e polifágico deste tipo de espécie. Neste trabalho, é relatado o primeiro registro do Gênero Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae) para o Estado de Santa Catarina, na região litorânea central que inclui as Ilhas de Santa Catarina, Arvoredo, Ratones Grande, Ratones Pequeno e Campeche. Drosophila roerhae, D. unipunctata, D. schineri, D. bifilum, D. fuscolineata, D. meridionalis, D. neosaltans, D. bocainoides e D. platitarsus foram pela primeira vez registradas para a região Sul do Brasil, aumentando, portanto o limite meridional de suas distribuições. Como um ponto de partida para estudar o polimorfismo para inversões cromossômicas em D. neocardini, foi construído um fotomapa de referência dos cromossomos politênicos de glândulas salivares de larvas de terceiro estágio. Pelo menos 258 indivíduos (aproximadamente três núcleos por glândula) de sete diferentes localidades (Sertão do Peri, Ilha do Arvoredo, Serra do Tabuleiro, Ilha de Ratones Grande, Ilha de Ratones Pequeno, Morro da Lagoa da Conceição e Ilha do Campeche, todos no Estado de Santa Catarina) foram analisados e fotomicrografias foram obtidas, até se chegar a um consenso sobre a identidade dos elementos cromossômicos. Uma nova inversão no braço cromossômico IIIL foi registrada e denominada de IIILA. A variabilidade cromossômica encontrada nas espécies de Drosophila do grupo cardini em todas as localidades também foi pesquisada, e foi comparada visando contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da evolução destas comunidades. Analisando o polimorfismo cromossômico de D. polymorpha encontramos nove inversões diferentes pela primeira vez descritas. Uma das inversões novas foi encontrada no cromossomo X, duas outras foram encontradas para o braço IIL; quatro foram catalogadas para o braço cromossômico IIIR e duas inversões novas foram achadas no braço cromossômico IIIL. Com relação ao polimorfismo, em D. neocardini foi encontrada apenas uma nova inversão no braço IIIL e para D. cardinoides uma nova inversão no braço IIIL. O estudo discute as implicações ecológicas e evolutivas deste tipo de polimorfismo, para um maior entendimento da evolução deste grupo de espécies.

Biologia alimentar da taxocenose de peixes do Rio Silveira (cabeceira do Rio Pelotas), São José dos Ausentes, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

A região de São José dos Ausentes (planalto sul-riograndense), onde se situa o rio Silveira pertencente a cabeceira do rio Pelotas (bacia do rio Uruguai), caracteriza-se por uma ictiofauna composta de espécies endêmicas e várias espécies novas ainda não descritas. O conhecimento referente a estrutura trófica da ictiofauna desta região ainda é inexistente, motivo pelo qual este trabalho teve com objetivo caracterizar a biologia alimentar das espécies de peixes encontradas no rio Silveira. O período de amostragem iniciou em julho de 2000 e concluiu-se em julho 2001. Os indivíduos foram capturados mensalmente através de redes de espera (malhas 1,5 cm entrenós) e puçás, em ambientes de corredeiras e remansos. Foram encontradas seis espécies de peixes neste trecho do rio Silveira: Astyanax sp. n. 4 (Characidae), Eurycheilichthys pantherinus (Loricariidae), Hemipsilichthys sp. n. I (Loricariidae), Cichlasoma facetum (Cichlidae), Rhamdia sp. (Pimelodidae) e Bryconamericus sp. n. 1 (Characidae). O conteúdo estomacal foi identificado para cada uma destas espécies, sendo somente analisado através do método de freqüência de ocorrência, composição percentual e pelo cálculo do índice de importância alimentar para as três espécies mais freqüentes e abundantes. Dentre os itens encontrados destacam-se para Astyanax sp. n. 4 matéria vegetal e Ephemeroptera; para Eurycheilichthys pantherinus larvas de Diptera Simulidae e Ephemeroptera; e em Hemipsilichthys sp. n. I detritos, onde se verificou a presença de diatomáceas e clorofítas. O cálculo do coeficiente de sobreposição alimentar não apresentou valor significativo para estas três espécies. As demais espécies apresentaram os seguintes itens em sua dieta, Cichlasoma facetum larvas de Tricoptera, Ephemeroptera, Gastropoda e insetos alóctones; Rhamdia sp. escamas, Gastropoda, larvas de Lepidoptera, Tricoptera, Ephemeroptera, sementes, matéria vegetal, sedimento; e Bryconamericus sp. n. 1 larvas de Diptera (Simulidae, Psychodidae, Chironomidae), larvas de Tricoptera, Ephemeroptera, Diatomáceas, Clorofítas, Diptera adulto, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera. Esta dieta sugere os seguintes hábitos alimentares para Astyanax sp. n. 4 onívoro, Eurycheilichthys pantherinus insetívoro, Hemipsilichthys sp. n. I detritívoro, Cichlasoma facetum insetívoro, Rhamdia sp. onívoro, e Bryconamericus sp. n. 1 insetívoro.

Avaliação da qualidade da água do Rio Piranhas-Açu/RN utilizando a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos

The biomonitoring technique for water quality in water bodies has been incorporated increasingly in management of the natural resources, using mainly indices of its aquatic community characteristics. In Brazil the first efforts to use this technique was restricted to the South and the Midwest region of this country. Located in the northeast region, this study was conducted at Rio Grande do Norte state and had as main objective the assessment of water quality in the Piranhas-Açu river using benthic macroinvertebrates community as biological indicators. Thus, were applied two biotic indices, the BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party score system) and the IBF (Family Biotic Index). According the requirements of these indices, two periods of sampling were determined as basic methodology, in dry seasons of 2006 and 2007. The sampling sites were around the municipalities of Açu, Ipanguaçu, Alto do Rodrigues and Pendências. Physical-chemical measurements; a protocol of rapid assessment of diversity of habitats, and determination of the degree of tolerance of each taxon to organic pollution were also performed. The most abundant organisms found in the river were tolerant with the prevalence of Chironomidae (Diptera) and Melanoides tuberculata. This results, together with those ones got in indices application, showed a considerable organic pollution in the four sample places and the reaches were classified as modified to impacted. According to the used indices, this study suggest that this river have significant alteration in the biotic community and water quality on the organic pollution, and this fact, occurs in the reach of the river further downstream, where were expected a good water quality. Considering these results, measures aiming the conservation of this water body are needed regarding as it is inserted into a fragile ecosystem with dry season phenomenon, and the water of this river has extremely importance for the local economy

Variação temporal da Comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em um riacho intermitente do semiárido brasileiro

In Brazilian semiarid region, the majority of water bodies are temporary and the biodiversity in these ecosystems is poorly known. The goal of this study was to describe the temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrates in an intermittent stream in the Brazilian semiarid region. From March to July of 2009, surveys of benthic macroinvertebrates and water physiochemical parameters were done in a first order stream located at Piranhas-Açu River basin. 25 macroinvertebrates families were found, 21 belonging to Insecta class. The chironomids were the most abundant group during all study period and were represented by 19 genus. The largest densities and taxonomic richness were seen in the drying phase of the stream while the smallest values were found in the period with the heaviest rainfalls ( wet phase ). Only the families Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae were found during all study period, suggesting that these groups have better adaptations to support floods and droughts. Furthermore, these two groups seemed to be pioneering in this stream. Among the chironomids, Paratendipes dominated the period of floods while Tanytarsus were more abundant in the drying phase . This study showed that hydrological fluctuation is the main force influencing the macroinvertebrate community in this stream, therefore, efforts seeking the conservation and management of Brazilian semiarid water bodies should consider this high natural variability in flow regime

Purificação, caracterização e atividade bioinseticida de um inibidor de tripsina de sementes de Crotalaria pallida

A proteinaceous trypsin inhibitor was purified from Crotalaria pallida seeds by ammonium sulphate fractionation, affinity chromatography on immobilized Trypsin-Sepharose and TCA precipitation. The trypsin inhibitor, named ITC, had Mr of 32.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE and was composed by two subunits with 27.7 and 5.6 kDa linked by disulphide bridges, a typical characteristic of Kunitz-Inhibitor family. ITC was stable until 50°C, and at 100°C its residual activity was of about 60%. Also, ITC was stable at pHs 2 to 12. The inhibition of trypsin by ITC was non-competitive, with a Ki of 8,8 x 10-7M. ITC inhibits weakly other serine proteinases such as chymotrypsin and elastase. The inhibition of papain (44% of inhibition), a cysteine proteinase was an indicative of the bi-functionality of ITC. In vitro assays against digestive proteinases from several Lepdoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera pests were made. ITC inhibited in 100% digestive enzymes of Ceratitis capitata (fruit fly), Spodoptera frugiperda and Alabama argillacea, the last one being a cotton pest. It also inhibited in 74.4% Callosobruchus maculatus (bean weevil) digestive enzymes, a Coleoptera pest. ITC, when added in artificial diet models, affected weakly the development of C. capitata larvae and it had a WD50 of 2.65% to C. maculatus larvae

Purificação, caracterização e análise da atividade bioinseticida, de um inibidor de tripsina em sementes de catanduva (Piptadenia moniliformis)

One Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors (PmTI) was purified from Piptadenia moniliformis seeds, a tree of the sub-family Mimosoideae, by TCA precipitation, affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsin-Sepharose, DEAE cellulose (ion exchange) and Superose 12 (molecular exclusion) column FPLC/AKTA. The inhibitor has Mr of 25 kDa by SDS-PAGE and chromatography molecular exclusion. The N-terminal sequence of this inhibitor showed high homology with other family Kunitz inhibitors. This also stable variations in temperature and pH and showed a small decrease in its activity when incubated with DDT in the concentration of 100mM for 120 minutes. The inhibition of trypsin by PmTI was competitive, with Ki of 1.57 x10-11 M. The activity of trypsin was effectively inhibited by percentage of inhibition of 100%, among enzymes tested, was not detected inhibition for the bromelain, was weak inhibitor of pancreatic elastase (3.17% of inhibition) and inhibited by 76.42% elastase of neutrophils, and inhibited in a moderate, chymotrypsin and papain with percentage of inhibition of 42.96% and 23.10% respectively. In vitro assays against digestive proteinases from Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera pests were carried out. Several degrees of inhibition were found. For Anthonomus grandis and Ceratitis capitata the inhibition was 89.93% and 70.52%, respectively, and the enzymes of Zabrotes subfasciatus and Callosobruchus maculatus were inhibited by 5.96% and 9.41%, respectively, and the enzymes of Plodia. interpunctella and Castnia licus were inhibited by 59.94% and 23.67, respectively. In vivo assays, was observed reduction in the development of larvae in 4rd instar of C. capitata, when PmTI was added to the artificial diet, getting WD50 and LD50 of 0.30% and 0.33%, respectively. These results suggest that this inhibitor could be a strong candidate to plant management programs cross transgenic

Survey of preys captured and used by Polybia platycephala (Richards) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Epiponini)

As vespas sociais são predadoras de várias espécies de insetos e, portanto, o estudo de suas presas pode revelar seu potencial para programas de controle biológico de pragas. Durante o período de setembro de 2000 a janeiro de 2002, foram realizadas 70h de coleta de presas capturadas em doze ninhos de Polybia platycephala Richards, localizados em áreas urbanas do município de Juiz de Fora, MG. As presas capturadas por P. platycephala compreenderam cinco ordens de insetos: Diptera (33,4%), Lepidoptera (28,6%), Hemiptera (12,0%), Hymenoptera (9,4%) e Coleoptera (7,2%). O peso médio da carga protéica transportada pelas vespas foi 1,9 ±1,6 mg (n = 34, 0,3 - 6,2 mg), e a taxa média de proteína transportada por dia foi 22,8 mg. de acordo com os resultados, pode-se estimar a captura de 4.380 presas por ano por uma única colônia de P. platycephala. Desta forma, a espécie pode ser utilizada em programas de manejo em ambientes urbanos contribuindo para o controle de insetos pragas como larvas de pernilongos, lagartas desfolhadoras de plantas de jardins, pulgões e formas aladas de formigas.