Itseoppineet kirjoittajat, kirjeenvaihdon kulttuuri ja kirjeet egodokumentteina. Tutkimus Janssonin laivuriperheen kirjeenvaihdosta 1860- ja 1870-luvulla

Itseoppineiden kirjoittajien tutkimus on 1900-luvun lopulta, Suomessa erityisesti 2000-luvun alusta, luonut uutta näkökulmaa tavallisten, julkisen elämän ulkopuolella toimivien ihmisten arjen, ajatusmaailman ja kirjoittamisen tapojen tutkimukseen. Systemaattinen arkistoaineistojen kartoitus ja keruut ovat osoittaneet, että jo ennen kansakoululaitoksen vakiintumista myös suomalaisella maaseudulla ihmiset saattoivat hankkia itselleen kirjoitustaidon ja käyttää sitä aktiivisesti. Kustavilaisen laivuri Simon Janssonin (1812–1887) ja Wilhelmina Janssonin o.s. Widbomin (1810–1892) koulutielle lähetetyille pojilleen lähettämät kirjeet 1860- ja 1870- luvuilta ovat säilyneet A. W. Jahnssonin arkistossa SKS:n kirjallisuusarkistossa. Kirjeet ovat suomen- ja ruotsinkielisiä. Kirjeiden kautta on selvitetty, minkälaisia mahdollisuuksia säätyyhteiskunnan murtuminen avasi säätyläistön ulkopuolella oleville ihmisille ja minkälaisia taloudellisia ja sosiaalisia resursseja käyttäen koulua käymättömät vanhemmat onnistuivat siirtämään poikansa yliopistokoulutuksen kautta säätyläistöön. Kirjeitä on tarkasteltu egodokumentteina, historian lähteinä, joissa ihmiset kertovat itse omasta elämästään ja ajatuksistaan. Hollantilaisen historioitsija Jacques Presserin luoma ja mm. Rudolf Dekkerin kehittämä egodokumentti-termi käsittää kirjeiden lisäksi omaelämäkerrat, muistelmat ja päiväkirjat. Näkökulma yhdistää historiantutkimukseen mm. kirjallisuustieteen käsitteitä. Yksityisluontoisten tekstien kautta voidaan tutkia sitä, minkälaisia mahdollisuuksia sosiaalinen tila tiettynä aikana tarjoaa. Ne tarjoavat tavan tutkia ihmisten arkea, sosiaalisia suhteita ja paikallisyhteisöä, tavoitteita ja keinoja niiden saavuttamiseen sekä ajatusmaailmaa. Yhden perheen kirjeenvaihdon kautta on tarkasteltu niitä mahdollisuuksia ja rajoituksia, joita kirjeenvaihdon käyttämisellä tutkimuksen materiaalina on egodokumenttien kentässä. Kirjeitä on tutkittu osana kirjeenvaihdon kulttuuria. Siihen kuuluvat itse kirjeiden sisällön lisäksi luku- ja kirjoitustaito, kirjekulttuurin oppiminen ja sen konventiot sekä kirjoittamisen materiaaliset edellytykset. Britt Liljewallin tutkimuksia soveltaen Janssonin perheen kirjeenvaihtoa on tarkasteltu sen rituaalisen, informatiivisen, sosiaalisen ja normeja välittävän funktion kautta. Kirjeenvaihdossa esille tulevien aihepiirien joukosta on nostettu esiin viisi keskeisintä: arki ja siihen liittyvä perheen sisäinen huolenpito; koulutus ja siihen liittyvät toiveet ja pettymykset; uskonto: sosiaaliset suhteet ja verkostot sekä viimeisenä terveys, sairaus ja kuolema. Kirjeiden kautta on tutkittu yhteistöllistä tiedonvälitystä ja sitä, ketkä henkilöt ja minkälaiset aiheen ovat kirjeiden uutisoinnissa keskeisiä.

Influence of the bipartite scrotum on the testicular and scrotal temperatures in goats

The influence of the scrotal bipartition and of the year period on the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation was evaluated in male goats raised in Piaui State, Brazil. Eighteen male goats at mating age were accomplished in this study and arranged into three Groups (6 animals each) obeying the classification as goats presenting no scrotal bipartition (Group I), goats showing scrotal bipartition at 50% of the testicular length (Group II), and goats with more than 50% of scrotal bipartition (Group III). The scrotal, testicular and spermatic funiculi temperatures were evaluated invasively with the aid of a digital thermometer and non-invasive with a pyrometer in the proximal, medial and distal portion. The data were acquired during the dry (October-November) and rainy (February-March) period of the year, measured in two shifts: morning (6h00-7h00) and afternoon (14h00-15h00). The results were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA) following the SNK test for average comparison (p<0.05). The year period interfered on the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation, due to increased temperatures of the scrotal, testicular and spermatic funiculi during the dry period in comparison with the rainy period. The bipartition level was also a factor which contributed to the influence of scrotal-testicular temperature regulation, due to lower average scrotal-testicular temperature rates observed during both periods in the goats with higher levels of scrotal bipartition (>50%). It is possible to conclude that with the experimental conditions applied on this study, the level of scrotal bipartition and the climatic conditions interfere with the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation in goats.

Ultrastructural characterization of bovine umbilical cord blood cells

The umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an important source of pluripotent stem cells, which motivated researches on ontogeny and transplantation. The morphological characterization of umbilical cord cells is the first step to establish subsequent experiments on these areas. Although some information on humans can be found, no data on UCB is available for bovines. Therefore, this work is the first attempt to conduct an ultrastructural characterization of bovine umbilical cord blood. Blood was collected from the umbilical cord of twenty fetuses by punction of the umbilical vein. Samples were processed for whole leucocytes observation by centrifugation and the buffy coat was collected. Cells were washed and pelleted and prepared according to the standard protocol of the transmission electron microscopy. The presence of cells with morphologic characteristics compatible with the precursors from the erythrocytic, neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic, and lymphocytic lineages was observed. Atypical cells with peculiar morphological features, strongly similar to apoptotic cells, were seen. Bovine neutrophils with three types of cytoplasmic granules were also found in the blood. The ultrastructural characteristics of observed bovine UCB cells where similar to those found in other species, suggesting that bovines could possibly constitute an experimental model for approaches on UCB cells research.

Goat scrotal-testicular biometry: Influence of the season on scrotal bipartition

The scrotal-testicular biometry was evaluated in goats raised in Piaui state, Brazil, presenting different levels of scrotal division, in rainy and dry periods of the year. For this study, eighteen male goats at mating age were accomplished and arranged into three groups (6 animals each), obeying the classification as goats with no scrotal bipartition (GI), goats showing scrotal bipartition up to 50% of testicular length (GII), and goats with more than 50% of scrotal bipartition (GIII). The biometry of the scrotal-testicular was made evaluating the scrotal length (SL), scrotal circumference (SC), testicular length (TL) and testicular volume (TV). The results were evaluated following the variance analysis (ANOVA) and the SNK test applied on the average comparisons. The analysis of the data demonstrated high values, in dry and rainy periods, of SC (24.63cm/ 26.97cm), SL (16.61cm/ 18.24cm), TL (5.32cm/ 5.93cm), TV (173.81cm³/ 203.01cm³). This supports the hypothesis of the influence of the period of the year and of the scrotal bipartition on the scrotal-testicular biometry in goat.

Genital morphology of the male South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and biological implications

Male capacity for spreading genes to a great number of descendents and to determine population dynamics depend directly on the genital organs. Morphological studies in pinnipeds are scarce and the functional meaning of some characteristics has never been discussed. We hypothesized that Arctocephalus australis (A. australis) shows morphophysiological adaptations in order to guarantee the perpetuation of the species in the unique annual mating season. Seven males, dead from natural causes, had their genital organs collected and fixed for morphological description. Some features differ from other described mammalian males and are closely related to the biology and reproductive cycle of this species, as the scrotal epidermis, absence of glandular portion in the ductus deferens and spermatogenic epithelium suggest a recrudescent testis period. The corona glandis exhibits a singular arrangement: its erectile border looks like a formation of petals and its association with the os penis gives a "lily-flower" form to this region. We propose the name margo petaliformis to this particular erectile border of the corona glandis because of its similarity to a flower corola. The male genital organs of A. australis show morphological features compatible with adaptation to environment requirements and reproductive efficiency.

Cytokine gene expression and molecular detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosisin organs of experimentally infected mice

AbstractMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) can infect ruminants and remain subclinical for long periods within herds. The identification of organs that are more susceptible to infection and the evaluation of cytokine expression at the site of infection are important to understand the pathogenesis of MAP. In this study, the probability of detection of MAP-DNA and the expression of cytokines in organs of C57BL/6 mice infected intraperitoneally for 120 days were evaluated. Among the evaluated organs, the spleen (85%), colon (75%) and liver (60%) had the highest frequency of positivity. When compared these frequencies between organs, it has been found that the spleen had 1.54 times as likely to be positive in relation to the ileum, and 2.0 times more likely in relation to the Peyer's patches. In addition, at 60 days post-infection, the spleen and the liver were responsible for upregulation of IFN-γ , and the ileum by TNF-α and IL-4. The results indicate that the spleen is the best organ for evaluating an experimental infection by MAP, especially in the initial stages of the infection. Moreover, it showed that the spleen, liver and ileum have a direct role in the inflammatory response in experimental models.

Quartett f. Klarinette, Violine, Violoncello und Klavier

Soitinnus: klarinetti, piano, viulu, sello.

Streichquartett Nr. 6 [!]

Soitinnus: viulut (2), alttoviulu, sello.

Oktett für Klarinette

Soitinnus: klarinetti, fagotti, käyrätorvi, viulu, alttoviulut (2), sello, kontrabasso.

Der Messias : Oratorium

Soitinnus: lauluäänet (S, A, T, B), sekakuoro, orkesteri.

Konzert im alten Stil, opus 123

Soitinnus: viulut (2), orkesteri.

Vier Tondichtungen für großes Orchester nach Arnold Böcklin, opus 128

Soitinnus: viulu, orkesteri.

Yliopistolaitos Roomassa ja Rooman kuuriassa keskiajalla

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Laticíferos articulados anastomosados em espécies de Asclepiadeae (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) e suas implicações ecológicas

Laticíferos ocorrem em todos os representantes de Apocynaceae e são considerados não articulados ramificados pela maioria dos autores; entretanto, laticíferos articulados têm sido descritos para algumas espécies da família. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever a ontogênese, estrutura, distribuição e o tipo dos laticíferos em órgãos vegetativos de Fischeria stellata (Vell.) E.Fourn., Gonioanthela axillaris (Vell.) Fontella & E.A. Schwarz, Matelea denticulata (Vahl) Fontella & E.A. Schwarz e Oxypetalum banksii Schult. e reavaliar os laticíferos de Asclepias curassavica L. de mata atlântica, comparando os resultados aos de espécies de cerrado. Os laticíferos das cinco espécies são articulados anastomosados, cujas paredes transversais ou oblíquas são dissolvidas rápida e integralmente. Os laticíferos ramificam-se através de anastomose lateral e formam um sistema contínuo por todos os órgãos da planta adulta. Eles são observados em todos os tecidos primários do caule e da folha, excetuando-se a epiderme, e no tecido vascular secundário, exceto no xilema secundário de A. curassavica. A ontogênese destes laticíferos pode explicar a divergência entre os nossos dados e aqueles publicados para a grande maioria das espécies desta família. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que a ontogênese, estrutura e distribuição dos laticíferos das espécies de Asclepiadeae de floresta de restinga, floresta ombrófila densa de terras baixas e cerrado são semelhantes. A continuidade do sistema laticífero articulado anastomosado permite um maior afluxo de látex ao local injuriado, pois o conteúdo das regiões interconectadas é liberado simultaneamente, coagulando e selando os ferimentos rapidamente, além de impedir a entrada de microorganismos.