Tilintekoa Georgian ja Venäjän välisestä sodasta

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Apendicite aguda: existe relação entre o grau evolutivo, idade e o tempo de internação?

OBJETIVO: Identificar uma possível relação entre o grau evolutivo da apendicite aguda, a idade cronológica e a duração do período de internação. MÉTODO: Análise retrospectiva de 272 pacientes submetidos à apendicectomia quanto ao grau evolutivo da apendicite e seu respectivo período de internação. A evolução do processo inflamatório foi classificada pelo exame histopatológico em quatro graus: catarral, flegmonosa, supurativa e gangrenosa. RESULTADOS: A distribuição quanto ao sexo mostrou maior incidência em homens, com 193 casos (70%) e a média de idade foi de 29 anos. O período médio de internação foi de 4,3 dias. A incidência dos diferentes graus evolutivos foi de 88 casos (32,3%) para o tipo catarral, 79 (29%) flegmonosa, 70 (25,7%) supurativa e 35 (12,8%) gangrenosa. A análise da média de idade e tempo de internação relacionados ao grau evolutivo da apendicite aguda, respectivamente, foi de 27,9 anos e 3,7 dias (catarral), 28,4 anos e 3,9 dias (flegmonosa), 30,1 anos e cinco dias (supurativa) e 35 anos e 5,2 dias (gangrenosa). Ao agruparmos os graus obtivemos as médias de 28,1 anos e 3,8 dias para os tipos catarral/flegmonosa e 30,7 anos e cinco dias para supurativa/gangrenosa. Foi observada uma correlação significativa entre o grau de evolução da apendicite e o tempo de internação (p=0.01) e entre a idade e o grau evolutivo (p=0.01). CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes portadores de graus evolutivos mais avançados de apendicite aguda situam-se em faixa etária mais elevadas e tem tempo de internação mais prolongado.

Malária em grávidas de uma maternidade pública de Rio Branco (Acre, Brasil)

OBJETIVO: descrever a freqüência dos achados clínico-laboratoriais em grávidas portadoras de malária. MÉTODOS: foi realizado estudo descritivo, série de casos, de 445 grávidas da Maternidade e Clínica de Mulheres Bárbara Heliodora (Rio Branco, Acre), do período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2001, com diagnóstico parasitológico de malária. Foram revistos os prontuários do período e selecionados os casos portadores de malária. RESULTADOS: no total de pacientes (n=33.420) internadas no período, estavam incluídas 445 (1,4%) grávidas. Entre essas, a freqüência da infecção por Plasmodium vivax foi de 52,8% (n=235), por P. falciparum, de 43,8% (n=195), e 3,4% (n=15) por ambos os plasmódios. As alterações clínico-laboratoriais mais freqüentes (p<0,05) foram observadas nas portadoras do P. falciparum: mucosas descoradas, icterícia, diminuição da hemoglobina e hematócrito, hipoglicemia e elevação dos níveis séricos das aminotransferases, uréia, creatinina e das bilirrubinas. Somente houve um caso de óbito (1/445) em gestante com P. falciparum. Quanto ao concepto, foram registrados: abortos (1,3%), prematuridade (1,1%) e baixo peso ao nascer (1,1%). CONCLUSÕES: esses achados refletem a repercussão da malária durante a gestação, bem como justificam que as unidades de obstetrícia, especialmente da região amazônica, tenham serviços capacitados para o diagnóstico e tratamento desses casos.

Pressão intra-abdominal em cães

Sob consenso recente em pacientes humanos, os valores basais da pressão intra-abdominal (PIA) e seus prováveis limiares em casos mórbidos, foram estipulados com intuito de favorecer a homogeneidade de estudos científicos, além de fornecer diretrizes para conduta diagnóstica e terapêutica destes pacientes. Valores basais e alterações na pressão intra-abdominal em animais não são ainda suficientemente conhecidos e cientificamente determinados. Médicos veterinários necessitam conhecer melhor os estados mórbidos que cursam com Hipertensão Intra-Abdominal (HIA) ou Síndrome de Compartimento Abdominal (SCA). O presente estudo objetivou testar em cães a técnica já descrita sob consenso na medicina como modelo de mensuração da pressão intra-abdominal, assim como determinar os valores normais para a espécie. Foram utilizados 15 cães hígidos, machos e fêmeas, homogêneos e todos sem raça definida. A mensuração da pressão intra-abdominal foi realizada por meio da técnica indireta de sondagem vesical e utilização de coluna de água com régua graduada em cm de H2O, sendo seu valor final convertido para a unidade de mm de Hg. Foi observado valor mínimo subatmosférico (abaixo de zero mm de Hg) até o valor máximo de 3,75 mmHg. Houve importante variação entre os valores encontrados individualmente em determinados cães, colocando sob discussão questões como massa corporal, freqüência/volume total de solução fisiológica a ser infundida e agitação destes pacientes no momento do exame. Os valores limítrofes encontrados são considerados fisiológicos, indicando confiabilidade da técnica e possibilidade do seu emprego clínico. A ausência de sedação e utilização de sonda uretral não inviabilizou a realização da mensuração, porém podendo culminar numa sub ou superestimativa dos valores encontrados.

The chronic kidney disease outcomes and practice patterns study Brazil (CKDopps-Brazil): Design, data and methodology

Introduction: The chronic kidney disease outcomes and practice patterns study (CKDopps) is an international observational, prospective, cohort study involving patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-5 [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, with a major focus upon care during the advanced CKD period (eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2)]. During a 1-year enrollment period, each one of the 22 selected clinics will enroll up to 60 advanced CKD patients (eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and not dialysis-dependent) and 20 earlier stage CKD patients (eGFR between 30-59 ml/min/1.73 m2). Exclusion criteria: age < 18 years old, patients on chronic dialysis or prior kidney transplant. The study timeline include up to one year for enrollment of patients at each clinic starting in the end of 2013, followed by up to 2-3 years of patient follow-up with collection of detailed longitudinal patient-level data, annual clinic practice-level surveys, and patient surveys. Analyses will apply regression models to evaluate the contribution of patient-level and clinic practice-level factors to study outcomes, and utilize instrumental variable-type techniques when appropriate. Conclusion: Launching in 2013, CKDopps Brazil will study advanced CKD care in a random selection of nephrology clinics across Brazil to gain understanding of variation in care across the country, and as part of a multinational study to identify optimal treatment practices to slow kidney disease progression and improve outcomes during the transition period to end-stage kidney disease.

Pré-esfriamento para superação da dormência de sementes de trigo colhidas na época da maturidade

O melhoramento genético de trigo tem gerado número expressivo de cultivares que diferem quanto ao potencial de germinação de sementes ainda presas à espiga. Para avaliar essas diferenças, foi conduzida pesquisa com sementes colhidas em dois locais, Palotina e Cascavel, Estado do Paraná, incluindo doze cultivares em delineamento blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As sementes foram colhidas na época da maturidade fisiológica, sendo uma das amostras submetida a pré-esfriamento para superação da dormência e a outra representou a testemunha não tratada. As sementes que não germinaram foram submetidas ao teste de tetrazólio para confirmar a ocorrência de dormência. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise da variância e à posterior determinação da significância da diferença entre médias. A análise dos resultados permitiu verificar que, nas duas localidades, os percentuais de germinação de sementes de 'Frontana' e de 'IAPAR 53', foram extremamente baixos, indicando a existência de maior número de sementes dormentes. O método de superação de dormência para amostras provenientes de Palotina não foi eficiente para permitir a completa germinação das sementes. Por outro lado, o resfriamento de amostras colhidas em Cascavel permitiu a germinação das sementes de todas as cultivares. A manifestação da dormência, detectada em 'Frontana' e em 'IAPAR 53', é considerada eficiente para impedir a germinação indesejável das sementes ainda presas à espiga, na época da maturidade fisiológica.

Troijan hevonen tieteen valekaavussa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Postglacial paleoecology and effects of European settlement on the environment of Lake Hunger and Lake Lisgar, Southwestern Ontario /

This investigation has three purposes I to make a comparative chemical study on sediment cores collected for Lake Lisgar (man-made lake in an urban center) and Lake Hunger (natural basin in a rural community) encompassing the time since European settlement I to determine the postglacial chemical history of Lake Hunger, and to determine the vegetational history of the Lake Hunger area from postglacial time to the present. The minus 80 mesh fraction of 108 soil samples and 18 stream sediment samples collected in the vicinity of Lakes' Lisgar and Hunger were analyzed for cold hydrochloric acid soluble lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese. Lacustrine sediments from 5 boreholes in the Lake Lisgar basin were collected. Boreholes 1, 2, 3, and 4 were analyzed for palynological and chemical information and Borehole 5 was subjected to pollen and ostracode analysis. Lacustrine sediments from 6 boreholes in the Lake Hunger basin were collected. Palyno- -logical and chemical analysis were performed on Boreholes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 and Borehole 5 was analyzed for pollen. In addition, radiocarbon dates were obtained on sediment samples from Boreholes 4 and 5. A total of 8 surface samples were collected from the margins of the Lake Hunger basin and these were chemically analyzed in the laboratory. All of the lacustrine sediments were ashed and analyzed for cold hydrochloric acid soluble lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese using a Perkin Elmer 40) Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer. The results . obtained for the 12 elements were expressed as parts per million in dry sediments. It was found that man's influence on the element distribution patterns in the sediments of Lake Lisgar appeared to be related to his urbanizing developments within the lake vicinity, whereas, the rural developments in the vicinity of lake Hunger appeared to have had little effect on the element distribution patterns in the lake sediments. The distribution patterns of lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, magnesium, sodium and potassium are similar to the % ash curve throughout postglacial time indicating that the rate of erosion in the drainage basin is the main factor which controls the concentration of these elements in the sediments of Lake Hunger. The vegetational history, from palynological analysis, of Lake Hunger from postglacial time to the present includes the following stages: tundra, open spruce forest, closed boreal forest, deciduous forest and the trend towards the re-establishment of pine following the clearing of land and the subsequent settlement of the Lake Hunger area by European settlers. The concentrations of some elements (cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) in the sediments of Lake Hunger appears to be higher during pre-cultural compared to post-cultural times. At least one complete postglacial record of the chemical history within a lake basin is necessary in order to accurately assess man's effects on his environment.

Study of heat capacity measurement methods for small samples

Methods of measuring specific heats of small samples were studied. Three automated methods were explored, two of which have shown promising results. The adiabatic continuous heating method, has provided smooth well behaved data but further work is presently underway to improve on the results obtained so far . The decay method has been success fully implemented demonstrating reasonable agreement with accepted data for a copper test sample.

The effect of schooling on student self-concept /|nRonald S. Cowley. -- 260 St. Catharines [Ont. : s. n.],

The following research paper was a study into change in student academic and general self-concept with increase in grade level and age# The majority of literature found by this researcher dealt with self-concept and its relationship to achievement and interactions with others, Review, then, was in these two areas-particularily within the academic setting, but outside of it as well. It wrs hypothesized that there would be a decrease in both academic and general student self-concept with increase in grade level and age. Self-Appraisal inventories, measuring general and academic selfconcept, and Inferential Self-Reports, measuring only academic selfconcept, were the instruments used* Subjects were students, Trade 1 to 13, and ranging in age from 5 to 21„ Although al] Self-Appraisal inventories and all Self-1?eports were very similar, they differed according to three Grade levels: Primary (Grades 1 to 3)> Intermediate (Grades L to 8), and Secondary (Grades 9 to 13) • Students in the Primary division received only their respective Self-Appraisal inventory, while others v/ere administered both inventories designed for their grade level. Scores on the inventories were computed to percents and then mean percents were arrived at for epch grade, each of the three grade levels, each age, and each of three age intervals. In all of these instances Spearman1 s rank order coefficients (!lpff) were calculated and significance, at the *05 level, was determined by referring to a table of critical values for one-tailed tests* Similarily fftff scores were computed, but only for individual grades and ages, and significance was determined at the *0b level* In only one instance, the General Dimension for individual grades, was significance of overall decrease found* Consequently the hypotheses put forth did not gain support* The fltff scores, however, revealed some isolated significant changes for the Academic Dimension, which were generally decreases in mean percents from the last grade of one level to the first grade of the next* For age mean percents, significant changes generally took place at early (5 or 6) and late (20 or 21) ages* A number of reasons for the results were presented and were generally based upon the studentfs encounters, or lack of encounters, with achievement or success* No definite conclusions, relevant to the hypotheses stated^ could be made, although a number of isolated ones were drawn on the basis of significant fltff scores* As well, mention was made of the possible trends or tendencies that were revealed by the results, but that could not, or were not, proven significant by "t's11 or "p's"* Teaching methods stressing improvement in academic, as well as socially related, situations, were recommended and a model teaching approach was presented in Appendix B#

The effects of static and diurnally-cycling temperature acclimations on thermal tolerances of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

:ofiedian lethal temperatures ( LT50' s ) were determined for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, acclimated for a minimum of 21 days at 5 c onstant temperatures between 4 and 20 0 C. and 2 diel temperature fluctuations ( sinewave curves of amplitudes ± 4 and ± 7 0 C. about a mean temperature of 12 0 C. ) . Twenty-four-, 48-, and 96-hour LT50 estimates were c alculated f ollowing standard flow-through aquatic bioassay techniques and probi t transformation of mortality data. The phenomenon of delayed thermal mortality was also investigated. Shifts in upper incipient lethal temperature occurred as a result of previous thermal conditioning. It was shown that increases in constant acclimation temperature result in proportional l inear increases in thermal tolerances. The increase i n estimated 96-hour LT50's was approximately 0.13 0 c. X 1 0 C:1 between 8 and 20 0 C. The effect of acclimation to both cyclic temperature regimes was an increase in LT50 to values between the mean and maximum constant equivalent daily temperatures of the cycles. Twenty-four-, 48-, and 96-hour LT50 estimates of both cycles corresponded approximately to the LT50 values of the 16 0 C. c onstant temperature equivalent . This increase i n thermal tolerance was further demonstrated by the delayed thermal mortality experiments . Cycle amplitudes appeared to i nfluence thermal resistance through alterations in initi al mortality since mortality patterns characteristic of base temperature acclimations re-appeared after approximately 68 hours exposure to test temperatures for the 12 + 4 0 C. group, whereas mortality patterns stabilized and remained constant for a period greater than 192 hours with the larger therma l cycle ( 12 + 7 0 C. ). NO s ignificant corre lations between s pecimen weight and time-to-death was apparent. Data are discussed in relation to the establishment of thermal criteria for important commercial and sport fishes , such as the salmonids , as is the question whether previously reported values on lethal temperature s may have been under estimated.

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of boron trihalide complexes of 1,1-BIS (dimethylamino) ethylene and related bases

Boron tribalide complexes of 1,1-bis(dimethylamino)ethylene (DME) , t etramethylurea (TMU), tetramethylguanidine (TMG) , and pentamethylguanidine (PMG) and also mixed boron t r ihalide adducts of DME have been investigated by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy. Both nitrogen and the C-Q-H carbon of DME are possible donor a toms to boron trihal ides but complexation has been found to occur only at carbon of DME. The initial adduct acts as a Bronsted acid and gives up a proton to free DME in solut ion. A side reaction in the DME-BF, system gives rise to trace amounts of a complex aSSigned as (DME)2BF2+. (DME)2BF2+ is produced in much larger quantities in t he DME-BF3-BC13 and DME-BF,-BBr, systems by reaction of free DME with DME:BF2X (X = Cl, Br). Restricted r otation about the C-N bonds of TMUlBC13 and n1U:BBr3 has been observed at low temperatures. This complements previous work in this system and confirms oxygen donation of TMU to boron trihalides . Restricted rotation at low temperatures also has been observed in DMEboron trihalide systems