Field validation of the 'Logie' fish counter at Forge weir on the River Lune, 1992

The stock assessment task group report (1991) mentions that fish counters could play a key role in providing data on the size of the adult stock, and in particular the migratory salmonid stock. This report assesses the performance of the 'logie' fish counter at Forge Weir on the River Lune. Using video surveillance, a total of 1137 hours time lapse and 15 hours real time were used for validation purposes. This report looks at materials and methods, counting accuracy, sizing ability and environmental conditions, performance across the electrode array and salmonid swimming speed.

Biological report - fish mortality, River Conder, 21.7.79

Following a large scale fish mortality caused by a considerable spillage of a pentachlbrophenol-based disinfectant from a mushroom farm, a biological survey of the river Conder was undertaken on 23.7.79. A spillage of this same make of disinfectant from this mushroom farm in February 1976 caused a similar large scale fish mortality. On that occasion, the pollution appeared to have little effect on the benthic invertebrates of the river Conder, with no dead organisms found, although the small beck which received the spillage was quite badly affected. This recent spillage of disinfectant involved a considerably greater volume (approximately 900 gallons) than the 1976 discharge and so this report looks at whether invertebrate fauna of the main river were affected on this occasion. Kick samples were taken at a number of sites in the river Conder from the confluence with the polluted beck to Conder Green. A control sample was also taken upstream of the confluence with the polluted beck. All samples were examined on site and live and dead invertebrates noted and identified as accurately as possible.

Report on sonic tracking of salmon - Ribble Estuary, 1980-82

The report looks at trials and results of sonic tracking devices. The report includes an appendix on a salmon tracking exercise using oxygen sensing ultrasonic transmitting tags which was carried out on the Ribble Estuary during the period 8th July 1982 to 19th July, 1982. The tags used were developed and manufactured by Aberdeen University and Zootelemetry Research Laboratory Ltd. of Aberdeen, working under contract from the Water Research Centre.

NRA North west salmonid microtagging programme 1987-1994

The microtagging programme began in 1987 using hatchery reared salmon originating from the rivers Caldew and Hodder and subsequently included the Lune (1988) and Ribble (1989). Microtagging of sea trout began in 1991 for the Lune and in 1993 for the Hodder. The report explores the NRA North west salmonid microtagging programme looking at methods, results and recommendations. The report provides salmon microtagging data and returns from 1987 to 1994.

Wyre estuary: summary of sampling locations and requirements.

The Wyre estuary is sampled for water quality four times a year. The sampling locations are shown in Figure 1, and their descriptions are found in Appendix 1.

Ribble estuary: summary of sampling locations and requirements

The Ribble estuary (North West England) is sampled for water quality twelve times a year. The suite of parameters used for baseline monitoring is only analysed four times a year on the designated sampling sites. The sampling locations are shown in Figure 1, and their descriptions are found in Appendix 1. The baseline monitoring stations have been chosen to respond to regional, national and European requirements. The suite of parameters to be analysed in the laboratory is listed in Tables 1 and 2. Appendix 2 lists the environmental quality objectives (EQOs) and standards (EQSs) for estuaries and coastal waters. These values will help in interpreting the collected data from the Ribble surveys.

Description of NRA tracking studies: tracking techniques and fish counter technology

The study began on the 7th January 1991 and was completed in June 1991. Two reports have been produced. This report published as R&D Note 33 describes NRA tracking studies, tracking techniques and fish counter technology. The second report published as R&D Note 34 evaluates NRA tracking studies and recommends future research. The latter will be used solely for NRA management purposes. This report briefly outlines the programme of the NRA, placing the Fisheries programme in the context of the work of the NRA as a whole, and viewing the tracking work against the broader requirements of the NRA Fisheries research programme. Two techniques currently exist for studying the detailed timing and extent of movements of adult salmon: tracking of individually identifiable fish, and counting the numbers of fish moving past a fixed point in the river. Further details of these techniques and their development are given in Sections 2 and 3. Section 4 summarises and assesses completed and current NRA tracking Studies. Complete project descriptions for the studies are contained in Appendix A. Section 5 discusses the scientific content of these studies in relation to similar work carried out elsewhere in the UK. Section 6 details the future development of tracking techniques. Tracking work on migratory salmonids has tended to concentrate largely upon the movements of adult salmon. Much of this report will therefore be concerned with salmon tracking studies. NRA studies involving sea trout are referred to where appropriate. The methodological problems of sea trout tracking studies are summarised in Section 2.1.3.

Avian piscivores: basis for policy.

In Britain, many birds eat fish in fresh waters but only three species, cormorant, red-breasted merganser and goosander, are commonly perceived to present serious problems for freshwater fisheries. Complaints are mainly that cormorants eat large fish and that all three bird species eat so many juvenile fish, that there are subsequently fewer fish to be harvested or angled, but also that persistent predation by birds changes fish behaviour so that they are less 'catchable'. To this end, this report reviews existing information on the current status, foraging ecology, and population biology of the three bird species as background to their potential impact on fisheries. Discusses fish population dynamics within the context of predation effects. Reviews existing experimental evidence for impacts on fish populations and fisheries; and describes current legislation, discusses potential criteria for serious damage to a fishery, and suggests ways forward for NRA policy and research.

Mississippi River sustenance of brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) in Louisiana coastal waters

Brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) are abundant along the Louisiana coast, a coastline that is heavily influenced by one of the world’s largest rivers, the Mississippi River. Stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur (CNS) isotopes of shrimp and their proventriculus (stomach) contents were assayed to trace riverine support of estuarine-dependent brown shrimp. Extensive inshore and of fshore collections were made in the Louisiana coastal zone during 1999–2006 to document shrimp movement patterns across the bay and shelf region. Results showed an unexpectedly strong role for nursery areas in the river delta in supporting the offshore fishery, with about 46% of immigrants to offshore regions arriving from riverine marshes. Strong river influences also were evident offshore, where cluster analysis of combined CNS isotope data showed three regional station groups related to river inputs. Two nearer-river mid-shelf station groups showed isotope values indicating river fertilization and productivity responses in the benthic shrimp food web, and a deeper offshore station group to the south and west showed much less river inf luence. At several mid-shelf stations where hypoxia is common, shrimp were anomalously 15N depleted versus their diets, and this d15N difference or mismatch may be useful in monitoring shrimp movement responses to hypoxia.

Planejamento ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Guapi-Macacu: estudo da paisagem e qualidade ecológica

Os estudos de relação entre a paisagem e a água doce vêm sendo aprofundados pela comunidade científica e pelos propositores de políticas públicas, principalmente, para atender às demandas sobre as maneiras que este sistema ambiental pode ser alterado e na identificação das implicações políticas e ecológicas destas mudanças. Quanto mais se torna intenso e diversificado o uso dos corpos hídricos e da paisagem em bacias hidrográficas maior é a necessidade de se definir formas de planejamento, gerenciamento e gestão ecológica desses ecossistemas. O completo entendimento do funcionamento e dos processos ecológicos que ocorrem em uma bacia hidrográfica exige conhecimento simultâneo de seus sistemas aquáticos e terrestres, da biodiversidade, da fisiografia, da geologia e de sua conservação, temporal e espacial. Este entendimento e conhecimento da área de interesse são vitais para proposições de instrumentos ambientais legais, como Unidades de Conservação (UCs). É muito importante que a fundamentação destas propostas tenha como eixo principal o funcionamento dos ecossistemas e das paisagens, de forma a garantir uma maior conectividade e integração entre água (doce, salobra e salgada) e terra, e seus múltiplos usos. A presente tese foi desenvolvida com base neste contexto, apresentando e aplicando metodologias integradoras, seja na ecologia de paisagem (EP), seja na relação entre os ambientes dulcícola e terrestre. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de processos para planejamento ambiental em BHs, através do diagnóstico, compreensão e análise do funcionamento e dinâmica da paisagem e de ecossistemas de rios e córregos, apoiados no uso de geotecnologias. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a BHGM ocupa uma área de 1260,36 km e 204,69 km de perímetro. É uma bacia com forma mais alongada que circular (KC = 1,6144e IC =0,4747 km/km) que indica uma menor susceptibilidade a enchentes em condições normais de precipitação exceto em eventos de intensidades anômalas. O mapeamento base (2007) realizado indicou que a bacia possuía 34,86% de uso antrópico e 64,04 % de remanescente florestal. Os dados de fitofisionomia potencial indicaram predominância da classe Florestas Ombrófila Densa Submontana (40%) e de Terras Baixas (39%). Foram estabelecidas para bacia 269 unidades de paisagem (integração da geomorfologia, geologia, fitofisionomia e uso da terra e cobertura vegetal (2007)) que junto com os dados de métrica de paisagem constituíram a proposta integrativa da tese para ecologia de paisagem. Em relação à qualidade ambiental foram adotados o índice de avaliação visual (IAV), o índice multimétrico físico-químico bacteriológico e o índice biótico estendido (IBE). A comparação entre estes índices demonstrou a confirmação entre os seus resultados para a maioria dos pontos amostrados nas áreas de referência e de pelo menos dois índices para os pontos intermediários e impactados. Foram propostos também dois cenários para a bacia: um considerando as condicionantes e medidas compensatórias vinculadas à licença prévia do complexo petroquímico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (COMPERJ); e outro, sem considerar estas condições. O primeiro indicou a realização da restauração ecológica, seguindo as diretrizes do mapa síntese, integrada para restauração da paisagem.

A bacia hidrográfica Lagos-São João pós década de 1960: um estudo das transformações espaciais da região e suas influências sobre a qualidade ambiental

A Bacia Hidrográfica Lagos São João, localizada no sudoeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, abrange 13 municípios que abrigam cerca de 520 mil habitantes. Na temporada de férias esse número sobe para mais de 1 milhão de pessoas. A pastagem constitui o principal tipo de uso do solo, em seguida vem as áreas urbanas e as salinas. A partir da década de 1960 essa região passou a receber maior contingente populacional, tanto de veranistas quanto de moradores fixos, beneficiados pela implantação de novas vias de acesso, como a Ponte Rio-Niteroi e pela construção da represa de Juturnaíba, que ampliou o abastecimento de água dos municípios. Surge neste contexto a especulação imobiliária, que acelera a ocupação das terras próximas a Lagoa de Araruama. Rapidamente essas terras foram loteadas e o setor da construção civil foi ganhando força. Entretanto, a região não contou com adequado planejamento, e os investimentos em saneamento básico e outras infraestruturas urbanas não acompanharam o ritmo da construção civil, que cada vez mais investia em casas, prédios e condomínios, que ampliaram consideravelmente a área urbana e a ocupação da zona costeira. Sendo assim, ficou visível o aumento da malha urbana e a ocupação de áreas impróprias, como as margens dos corpos hídricos, os manguezais, dunas e restingas, além da redução da cobertura vegetal. Dessa forma, foi substancial a perda de qualidade ambiental na região, sobretudo, com relação a água da lagoa e dos rios, que passaram a receber maior volume de efluentes sem tratamento. O potencial turístico da região tem sido explorado e provocado altos investimentos dos agentes de especulação imobiliária, entretanto além de promover a ocupação em áreas irregulares, leva a privatização de espaços públicos e incentiva o fenômeno da segunda residência. A chegada de novos turistas iniciou o processo de desenvolvimento do turismo e, consequentemente, a redução da produção salineira. Com isso, o espaço local ganhou novos significados, inseridos pela lógica da urbanização turística. Foi essa nova lógica transformadora que, gradativamente, valorizou a paisagem local, ampliando e encarecendo o seu consumo. Além de ampliar as transformações espaciais, tendo em vista a expansão da malha urbana verificada nas imagens de satélites, atuais, que foram comparadas com fotografias aéreas de décadas anteriores. Todas as transformações ocorridas na região apresentam alguma relação com o desencadeamento de novos problemas ambientais identificados nos seus ecossistemas, sobretudo a Lagoa de Araruama, ou a ampliação de problemas anteriormente existentes.

Nas águas da memória: o rio como metáfora em Dois irmãos e Órfãos do Eldorado, de Milton Hatoum

As narrativas Dois irmãos e Órfãos do Eldorado, de Milton Hatoum, estão cercadas pelo ambiente dos rios, espaço fluido, aquoso, profundo, que representa o limite entre a vida e a morte. O rio, cenário mítico, simbólico para o material ficcional das narrativas, metaforicamente também pode ser entendido como o lugar mais íntimo e profundo do ser, onde os personagens são levados a uma imersão, um voltar-se para si mesmo. Espaço de transcendência, permitida pelo mergulho na memória, que, assim como os rios, é dinâmica, instável, fluida. Temos nos livros de Hatoum narradores em primeira pessoa que se dedicam a recompor os fios dos tempos através de relatos, num processo solitário, por vias da memória. Eles fazem um mergulho no íntimo do homem e descobrem sua condição humana, frágil. Num trabalho de catarse e de autorreflexão, alimentado pela memória, eles se descobrem estranhos a si mesmos, uma vez que, ao reconstruir a própria história, o sujeito está calcado no momento presente. O eixo temporal da narração é, desse modo, presente-passado. Nesse sentido, há importância em compreendermos que a memorização exige estratégias. Os contos, os ritos, os mitos, as fábulas fazem parte desse conjunto de estratégias, que, através de imagens e símbolos, transmitem, de geração em geração, a realidade de um povo, em tempo e espaço diferentes. É verdade que os narradores de Dois irmãos e Órfãos do Eldorado contam histórias particulares, mas eles o fazem se valendo dos elementos de que a memória individual e coletiva dispõem, memórias estas permeadas pelo ambiente em que estão inseridos. Entendemos, portanto, que estudar a memória é estudar a cultura e a história vivida de cada sujeito e de seus grupos. Quando se entende que a memória de um indivíduo é também a de sua região e dos grupos de que faz parte, considera-se o processo memorialístico como uma construção coletiva. Isso significa que a memória individual é parte da memória coletiva. Desse modo, nos textos estudados, é pelo viés da memória que se entrelaçam espaços e tempos num lugar em que o rio se coloca entre os mundos narrados

Modified sorting technique to mitigate the collateral mortality of trawled school prawns (Metapenaeus macleayi)

The potential for changes to onboard handling practices in order to improve the fate of juvenile school prawns (Metapenaeus macleayi) discarded during trawling were investigated in two Australian rivers (Clarence and Hunter) by comparing a purpose-built, water-filled sorting tray against a conventional dry tray across various conditions, including the range of typical delays before the start of sorting the catch (2 min vs. 15 min). Juvenile school prawns (n= 5760), caught during 32 and 16 deployments in each river, were caged and sacrificed at four times: immediately (T0), and at 24 (T24), 72 (T72), and 120 (T12 0) hours after having been discarded. In both rivers, most mortalities occurred between T0 and T24 and, after adjusting for control deaths (<12%), were greatest for the 15-min conventional treatment (up to 41% at T120). Mixed-effects logistic models revealed that in addition to the sampling time, method of sorting, and delay in sorting, the weight of the catch, salinity, and percentage cloud cover were significant predictors of mortality. Although trawling caused some mortalities and comparable stress (measured as L -lactate) in all school prawns, use of the water tray lessened the negative impacts of some of the above factors across both the 2-min and 15-min delays in sorting so that the overall discard mortality was reduced by more than a third. When used in conjunction with selective trawls, widespread application of the water tray should help to improve the sustainability of trawling for school prawns.

Population structure of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) across the Pacific Rim, determined from microsatellite analysis

The Pacific Rim population structure of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) was examined with a survey of microsatellite variation to describe the distribution of genetic variation and to evaluate whether chum salmon may have originated from two or more glacial refuges following dispersal to newly available habitat after glacial retreat. Variation at 14 microsatellite loci was surveyed for over 53,000 chum salmon sampled from over 380 localities ranging from Korea through Washington State. An index of genetic differentiation, FST, over all populations and loci was 0.033, with individual locus values ranging from 0.009 to 0.104. The most genetically diverse chum salmon were observed from Asia, particularly Japan, whereas chum salmon from the Skeena River and Queen Charlotte Islands in northern British Columbia and those from Washington State displayed the fewest number of alleles compared with chum salmon in other regions. Differentiation in chum salmon allele frequencies among regions and populations within regions was approximately 18 times greater than that of annual variation within populations. A regional structuring of populations was the general pattern observed, with chum salmon spawning in different tributaries within a major river drainage or spawning in smaller rivers in a geographic area generally more similar to each other than to populations in different major river drainages or geographic areas. Population structure of chum salmon on a Pacific Rim basis supports the concept of a minimum of two refuges, northern and southern, during the last glaciation, but four possible refuges fit better the observed distribution of genetic variation. The distribution of microsatellite variation of chum salmon on a Pacific Rim basis likely reflects the origins of salmon radiating from refuges after the last glaciation period.

Inferring Population Genetic Structure in Widely and Continuously Distributed Carnivores: The Stone Marten (Martes foina) as a Case Study

The stone marten is a widely distributed mustelid in the Palaearctic region that exhibits variable habitat preferences in different parts of its range. The species is a Holocene immigrant from southwest Asia which, according to fossil remains, followed the expansion of the Neolithic farming cultures into Europe and possibly colonized the Iberian Peninsula during the Early Neolithic (ca. 7,000 years BP). However, the population genetic structure and historical biogeography of this generalist carnivore remains essentially unknown. In this study we have combined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing (621 bp) and microsatellite genotyping (23 polymorphic markers) to infer the population genetic structure of the stone marten within the Iberian Peninsula. The mtDNA data revealed low haplotype and nucleotide diversities and a lack of phylogeographic structure, most likely due to a recent colonization of the Iberian Peninsula by a few mtDNA lineages during the Early Neolithic. The microsatellite data set was analysed with a) spatial and non-spatial Bayesian individual-based clustering (IBC) approaches (STRUCTURE, TESS, BAPS and GENELAND), and b) multivariate methods [discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and spatial principal component analysis (sPCA)]. Additionally, because isolation by distance (IBD) is a common spatial genetic pattern in mobile and continuously distributed species and it may represent a challenge to the performance of the above methods, the microsatellite data set was tested for its presence. Overall, the genetic structure of the stone marten in the Iberian Peninsula was characterized by a NE-SW spatial pattern of IBD, and this may explain the observed disagreement between clustering solutions obtained by the different IBC methods. However, there was significant indication for contemporary genetic structuring, albeit weak, into at least three different subpopulations. The detected subdivision could be attributed to the influence of the rivers Ebro, Tagus and Guadiana, suggesting that main watercourses in the Iberian Peninsula may act as semi-permeable barriers to gene flow in stone martens. To our knowledge, this is the first phylogeographic and population genetic study of the species at a broad regional scale. We also wanted to make the case for the importance and benefits of using and comparing multiple different clustering and multivariate methods in spatial genetic analyses of mobile and continuously distributed species.