Filogenia molecular das enzimas isocitrato liase e malato sintase e sua evolução em Viridiplanta

The plant metabolism consists of a complex network of physical and chemical events resulting in photosynthesis, respiration, synthesis and degradation of organic compounds. This is only possible due to the different kinds of responses to many environmental variations that a plant could be subject through evolution, leading also to conquering new surroundings. The glyoxylate cycle is a metabolic pathway found in glyoxysomes plant, which has unique role in the seedling establishment. Considered as a variation of the citric acid cycle, it uses an acetyl coenzyme A molecule, derived from lipids beta-oxidation to synthesize compounds which are used in carbohydrate synthesis. The Malate synthase (MLS) and Isocitrate lyase (ICL) enzyme of this cycle are unique and essential in regulating the biosynthesis of carbohydrates. Because of the absence of decarboxylation steps as rate-limiting steps, detailed studies of molecular phylogeny and evolution of these proteins enables the elucidation of the effects of this route presence in the evolutionary processes involved in their distribution across the genome from different plant species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a relationship between the molecular evolution of the characteristics of enzymes from the glyoxylate cycle (isocitrate lyase and malate synthase) and their molecular phylogeny, among green plants (Viridiplantae). For this, amino acid and nucleotide sequences were used, from online repositories as UniProt and Genbank. Sequences were aligned and then subjected to an analysis of the best-fit substitution models. The phylogeny was rebuilt by distance methods (neighbor-joining) and discrete methods (maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis). The identification of structural patterns in the evolution of the enzymes was made through homology modeling and structure prediction from protein sequences. Based on comparative analyzes of in silico models and from the results of phylogenetic inferences, both enzymes show significant structure conservation and their topologies in agreement with two processes of selection and specialization of the genes. Thus, confirming the relevance of new studies to elucidate the plant metabolism from an evolutionary perspective

A criança com paralisia cerebral na educação infantil: um olhar sobre a prática docente

La inclusión de los niños con discapacidad en la educación infantil, además de ser un tema poco planteado en la comunidad científica, es un reto actual en lo que se refiere a la práctica docente. Basándose en este aspecto, nuestro objetivo en esta investigación realizada, que resultó en la elaboración de este trabajo, fue analizar cómo se procesa la práctica docente con vistas a la inclusión escolar de un niño con parálisis cerebral, en un Centro Municipal de Educación Infantil (CMEI), en la ciudad de Natal / RN. Más específicamente, buscamos: reflexionar sobre la práctica de la profesora responsable por la clase, en lo que se refiere al desarrollo del niño con parálisis cerebral; analizar las interacciones entre educador y niño con parálisis cerebral; observar la práctica docente en la perspectiva de favorecer la interacción entre el niño con parálisis cerebral y otros niños. Para ello, realizamos una pesquisa exploratoria, cualitativa, y así que optamos por el método del Estudio de Caso. Utilizamos como procedimientos metodológicos el análisis documental, la investigación bibliográfica, la entrevista semiestructurada, la observación y la filmación de escenas relacionadas a la práctica docente. Los sujetos de la investigación fueron la profesora y el niño con parálisis cerebral. Los datos construidos durante la investigación señalaron el hecho de que la práctica de la profesora no estaba encaminada a las necesidades específicas de la alumna con parálisis cerebral, todavía, se desarrollaba de una manera similar para todos los niños en la clase. La presencia de limitaciones significativas para la inclusión de la niña con parálisis cerebral en la educación infantil puede ser considerado como el resultado de la ausencia de una adecuada preparación docente, tanto en el nivel de la formación inicial, cuanto de una formación continua y también la escasez de directrices para el maestro, en proceso; directrices estas acerca de la educación de los niños con parálisis cerebral, lo que hacía imposible a la profesora contribuir de manera efectiva a su mayor desarrollo cognitivo y social.

Topologia de gerador de distúrbios elétricos baseada em conversores de potência

Electrical disturbances such as voltage sags, interruptions and voltage unbalances might cause serious problems for the end-user and for the companies of generation and transmission of energy. Few years ago, those companies have been using methods and equipments of protection to avoid the disturbances’ presence or to mitigate their effects on the power system. Disturbances generators are used to analyse the behavior of electrical and electronic equipments affected by disturbances. The analysis of those failures allows the development of appropriated protection equipments. In this paper, the development of a disturbances generator based on power converters is presented. The disturbance generator developed is able to generate some symmetrical disturbances, such as: voltage sags, voltage swells and harmonic distortion. The control strategy used in the disturbance generator is based on discrete and repetitive control. The steps of the design of the control and of the filter used for reducing harmonic in the output, are detailed in the text. Are presented the obtained results on computational simulations and the obtained results on laboratory tests.

Imunoexpressão das proteínas APE-1 e XRCC-1 em carcinoma epidermoide de língua oral

DNA repair systems play a critical role in protecting the human genome from damage caused by carcinogens present in the environment. Mutations in DNA repair genes may be responsible for tumor development and resistance of malignant cells to chemotherapeutic agents. The major pathway for oxidative DNA damage repair is the base excision repair pathway. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunoexpression of APE-1 and XRCC-1, which are proteins involved in DNA base excision repair and its association with clinical and histopathological parameters in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), in order to investigate a possible prognostic value for those proteins. The expression of APE-1 and XRCC-1 was evaluated semi-quantitatively by immunohistochemistry in 50 OTSCC cases. Clinical data was collected from patients’ medical charts and histopathological grading was performed for each case. Statistical analysis (Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests; significance of 5%) was performed to determine the association between protein expressions and clinico-pathological characteristics. APE-1 was highly expressed in nucleus and cytoplasm in 56% of cases. XRCC-1 showed overexpression only in nucleus in 60% of cases. High expression of XRCC-1 was significantly associated to clinical stages I and II (P=0.02). Both proteins were not associated to other clinical parameters or histopathological grading. Our findings demonstrate that DNA base excision repair proteins APE-1 and XRCC-1 are upregulated in OTSCC, however, they are not related to clinical and histologic parameters, except for XRCC-1 association to better clinical staging. Our results indicate that the immunohistochemical expression of these proteins has no association with prognostic parameters in this tumor.

Imunoexpressão das proteínas APE-1 e XRCC-1 em carcinoma epidermoide de língua oral

DNA repair systems play a critical role in protecting the human genome from damage caused by carcinogens present in the environment. Mutations in DNA repair genes may be responsible for tumor development and resistance of malignant cells to chemotherapeutic agents. The major pathway for oxidative DNA damage repair is the base excision repair pathway. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunoexpression of APE-1 and XRCC-1, which are proteins involved in DNA base excision repair and its association with clinical and histopathological parameters in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), in order to investigate a possible prognostic value for those proteins. The expression of APE-1 and XRCC-1 was evaluated semi-quantitatively by immunohistochemistry in 50 OTSCC cases. Clinical data was collected from patients’ medical charts and histopathological grading was performed for each case. Statistical analysis (Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests; significance of 5%) was performed to determine the association between protein expressions and clinico-pathological characteristics. APE-1 was highly expressed in nucleus and cytoplasm in 56% of cases. XRCC-1 showed overexpression only in nucleus in 60% of cases. High expression of XRCC-1 was significantly associated to clinical stages I and II (P=0.02). Both proteins were not associated to other clinical parameters or histopathological grading. Our findings demonstrate that DNA base excision repair proteins APE-1 and XRCC-1 are upregulated in OTSCC, however, they are not related to clinical and histologic parameters, except for XRCC-1 association to better clinical staging. Our results indicate that the immunohistochemical expression of these proteins has no association with prognostic parameters in this tumor.

Uma descrição sonora contemporânea do imagético tradicional armorial como subsídio para abordagens interpretativas do ciclo de canções “Visagem” de Nelson Almeida

This study suggests sonorous ambiences from the propose of images configured according to the description in “A Visagem da Moça Caetana” by Ariano Suassuna in order to create individual sonorous possibilities that may help musicians to play the piece. The cycle, composed in 1996 (for voice, viola, cello, bass clarinet/clarinet), is formed by three untitled songs. Its text is an excerpt from the “Folheto XLIV”, from the Romance d’A Pedra do Reino e o príncipe do sangue do vai-e-volta, and describes a sentence of death illustrated by symbols of the Armorial imagery, with neologisms and the peculiar accent from the Sertão in northeast Brazil. In addition to the analysis of technical difficulties to play, this study informs interpreters of the sonorous timbre and texture used by Nelson Almeida to describe tradition through contemporary musical language. The metaphors and transgressions of reason in Suassuna’s book were explored to create three image compositions so that they may lead interpreters to the sonorous description of the inanimate objects and the affections to which the poetry refers, expanding any technical-interpretative indications limited by musical notation. This research used the Visagem scores, the literature on the theme, discussions with the musicians that played the piece, interviews with Almeida, and composers’ reports. To illustrate the theory, the three images are available, printed as woodcut in cordel literature.

Um brinde à cachaça: o patrimônio históricocultural e seus usos turísticos nos alambiques do Rio Grande do Norte

The study proposes to present a discussion about the value of cachaça as a cultural heritage and its relation with the touristic activities in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Based on a discussion originated from historic studies related to the touristic sector, especially when it comes to gastronomy, cachaça is defined not only as an important instrument to the construction of identities, but, also, as an element able to weave social, political and economic relations. Therefore, a touristic product that can provide new destinations. The research was made through five alembics located on the East and Seridó regions of Rio Grande do Norte. To define the focus, it is necessary to refine this selection, especially when dealing with historical facts and memories from these establishment owners. Thus, it becomes necessary to consider the alembic trajectory, periods of larger productions and insertion in the touristic market. Through documental data collection and observations made in field tours, the research has a qualitative approach with descriptive and exploratory goal, methodology that allows us to approach issues around articulations among heritage, identity and tourism. "It was concluded that the state of Rio Grande do Norte has many tourist routes where handmade cachaça produced in the State can be inserted in any of these routes due to its potential searched in the research, as well as, it is possible to work in other perspective when it comes to ways of protecting this patrimony and strategies of incentive of the activity for the development and appreciation of local economy.

Protocolo clínico para confecção de próteses removíveis

Este protocolo objetiva esclarecer dúvidas existentes a respeito dos passos necessários para a reabilitação com próteses totais e parciais removíveis convencionais. Essas alternativas de tratamento são modalidades terapêuticas consagradas na literatura e podem devolver função mastigatória, estética, fonação e conforto ao paciente quando confeccionadas de maneira satisfatória. Elas representam também uma ótima opção para aqueles pacientes que não podem se submeter ao tratamento com implantes, por apresentarem limitações biológicas ou financeiras. A abordagem do protocolo clínico está dividida em duas partes. A primeira parte ilustra a reabilitação com próteses totais convencionais e a segunda, a reabilitação com próteses parciais removíveis convencionais em arcos inferiores com extremidade livre bilateral. Por meio da demonstração do passo a passo com fotos, dicas clínicas e resumos sistemáticos do conteúdo teórico contido nesse material, o aluno de Odontologia e o cirurgião-dentista poderão conhecer os passos necessários para executar estes tipos de reabilitações, desde o momento clínico de diagnóstico até o de controle e manutenção. Esperamos que essa obra desperte o interesse dos cirurgiões-dentistas por executar esses tipos de próteses e que os ajude a desenvolverem práticas e habilidades que melhorem o desempenho clínico dessas alternativas de tratamento.

Protocolo clínico para confecção de próteses removíveis

Este protocolo objetiva esclarecer dúvidas existentes a respeito dos passos necessários para a reabilitação com próteses totais e parciais removíveis convencionais. Essas alternativas de tratamento são modalidades terapêuticas consagradas na literatura e podem devolver função mastigatória, estética, fonação e conforto ao paciente quando confeccionadas de maneira satisfatória. Elas representam também uma ótima opção para aqueles pacientes que não podem se submeter ao tratamento com implantes, por apresentarem limitações biológicas ou financeiras. A abordagem do protocolo clínico está dividida em duas partes. A primeira parte ilustra a reabilitação com próteses totais convencionais e a segunda, a reabilitação com próteses parciais removíveis convencionais em arcos inferiores com extremidade livre bilateral. Por meio da demonstração do passo a passo com fotos, dicas clínicas e resumos sistemáticos do conteúdo teórico contido nesse material, o aluno de Odontologia e o cirurgião-dentista poderão conhecer os passos necessários para executar estes tipos de reabilitações, desde o momento clínico de diagnóstico até o de controle e manutenção. Esperamos que essa obra desperte o interesse dos cirurgiões-dentistas por executar esses tipos de próteses e que os ajude a desenvolverem práticas e habilidades que melhorem o desempenho clínico dessas alternativas de tratamento.

El proceso de toma de decisiones en la política exterior del gobierno de Ricardo Lagos, 2000-2006

El proceso de la globalización está incrementando la interconexión entre los estados y sociedades, creando nuevos espacios supraterritoriales, haciendo más difusas las fronteras entre la política interna y la externa, y que los asuntos internacionales tengan un mayor impacto sobre los asuntos domésticos que en el pasado. Al hacerlo, la globalización está impactando el principio de la soberanía, al Estado en sí mismo y la forma en que los estados interactúan entre sí, demandando su adaptación a estos cambios. Todos estos cambios están teniendo también un impacto en los procesos de toma de decisiones en política exterior, los cuales se han vuelto más complejos, abiertos y sensibles, con la participación de más y nuevos actores y la existencia de más temas en la agenda internacional. Esta situación se ve fortalecida en el caso de países que han optado por una mayor apertura y vinculación exterior como resultado de su modelo de desarrollo. Chile es un país pequeño en vías de desarrollo que ha respondido a la globalización a través de una mayor interconexión con el sistema internacional y las consecuencias han sido positivas. Chile es considerado hoy en día un país altamente interconectado con el sistema internacional y uno en el cual la globalización ha tenido importantes beneficios, con una mejoría considerable en las últimas décadas de las condiciones económicas y sociales. En tal sentido, la experiencia chilena demostraría que la globalización es positiva para estados pequeños si se adoptan políticas, entre ellas la externa, adecuadas para enfrentarla...