Finite element models of coseismic deformation due to the 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) and 2008 Wenchuan(China) earthquakes

The topic of my Ph.D. thesis is the finite element modeling of coseismic deformation imaged by DInSAR and GPS data. I developed a method to calculate synthetic Green functions with finite element models (FEMs) and then use linear inversion methods to determine the slip distribution on the fault plane. The method is applied to the 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake (Italy) and to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (China). I focus on the influence of rheological features of the earth's crust by implementing seismic tomographic data and the influence of topography by implementing Digital Elevation Models (DEM) layers on the FEMs. Results for the L’Aquila earthquake highlight the non-negligible influence of the medium structure: homogeneous and heterogeneous models show discrepancies up to 20% in the fault slip distribution values. Furthermore, in the heterogeneous models a new area of slip appears above the hypocenter. Regarding the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the very steep topographic relief of Longmen Shan Range is implemented in my FE model. A large number of DEM layers corresponding to East China is used to achieve the complete coverage of the FE model. My objective was to explore the influence of the topography on the retrieved coseismic slip distribution. The inversion results reveals significant differences between the flat and topographic model. Thus, the flat models frequently adopted are inappropriate to represent the earth surface topographic features and especially in the case of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.

Archeologia, paesaggio, architettura: il museo archeologico di Verucchio

Progetto per un museo archeologico a Verucchio. Inserimento dell'edificio nel contesto territoriale e paesaggistico attraverso la progettazione di un vasto parco che si apre verso la Valmarecchia.

Magma injections and destabilization of basaltic volcanoes: a numerical study. Application to La Reunion (Indian ocean, France) and Stromboli (Tyrrhenian sea, Italy)

Most basaltic volcanoes are affected by recurrent lateral instabilities during their evolution. Numerous factors have been shown to be involved in the process of flank destabilization occurring over long periods of time or by instantaneous failures. However, the role of these factors on the mechanical behaviour and stability of volcanic edifices is poorly-constrained as lateral failure usually results from the combined effects of several parameters. Our study focuses on the morphological and structural comparison of two end-member basaltic systems, La Reunion (Indian ocean, France) and Stromboli (southern Tyrrhenian sea, Italy). We showed that despite major differences on their volumes and geodynamic settings, both systems present some similarities as they are characterized by an intense intrusive activity along well-developed rift zones and recurrent phenomena of flank collapse during their evolution. Among the factors of instability, the examples of la Reunion and Stromboli evidence the major contribution of intrusive complexes to volcano growth and destruction as attested by field observations and the monitoring of these active volcanoes. Classical models consider the relationship between vertical intrusions of magma and flank movements along a preexisting sliding surface. A set of published and new field data from Piton des Neiges volcano (La Reunion) allowed us to recognize the role of subhorizontal intrusions in the process of flank instability and to characterize the geometry of both subvertical and subhorizontal intrusions within basaltic edifices. This study compares the results of numerical modelling of the displacements associated with high-angle and low-angle intrusions within basaltic volcanoes. We use a Mixed Boundary Element Method to investigate the mechanical response of an edifice to the injection of magmatic intrusions in different stress fields. Our results indicate that the anisotropy of the stress field favours the slip along the intrusions due to cointrusive shear stress, generating flank-scale displacements of the edifice, especially in the case of subhorizontal intrusions, capable of triggering large-scale flank collapses on basaltic volcanoes. Applications of our theoretical results to real cases of flank displacements on basaltic volcanoes (such as the 2007 eruptive crisis at La Reunion and Stromboli) revealed that the previous model of subvertical intrusions-related collapse is a likely mechanism affecting small-scale steeply-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Stromboli. Furthermore, our field study combined to modelling results confirms the importance of shallow-dipping intrusions in the morpho-structural evolution of large gently-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Piton de la Fournaise, Etna and Kilauea, with particular regards to flank instability, which can cause catastrophic tsunamis.

Spectral-Element and Adjoint 3D Full-Wave Tomography for the Lithosphere of Central Italy

The primary objective of this thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the 3D velocity structure of the lithosphere in central Italy. To this end, I adopted the Spectral-Element Method to perform accurate numerical simulations of the complex wavefields generated by the 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila event and by its foreshocks and aftershocks together with some additional events within our target region. For the mainshock, the source was represented by a finite fault and different models for central Italy, both 1D and 3D, were tested. Surface topography, attenuation and Moho discontinuity were also accounted for. Three-component synthetic waveforms were compared to the corresponding recorded data. The results of these analyses show that 3D models, including all the known structural heterogeneities in the region, are essential to accurately reproduce waveform propagation. They allow to capture features of the seismograms, mainly related to topography or to low wavespeed areas, and, combined with a finite fault model, result into a favorable match between data and synthetics for frequencies up to ~0.5 Hz. We also obtained peak ground velocity maps, that provide valuable information for seismic hazard assessment. The remaining differences between data and synthetics led us to take advantage of SEM combined with an adjoint method to iteratively improve the available 3D structure model for central Italy. A total of 63 events and 52 stations in the region were considered. We performed five iterations of the tomographic inversion, by calculating the misfit function gradient - necessary for the model update - from adjoint sensitivity kernels, constructed using only two simulations for each event. Our last updated model features a reduced traveltime misfit function and improved agreement between data and synthetics, although further iterations, as well as refined source solutions, are necessary to obtain a new reference 3D model for central Italy tomography.

Three dimensional seismic imaging and earthquake locations in a complex, segmented fault region in Southern Apennines (Italy)

The southern Apennines of Italy have been experienced several destructive earthquakes both in historic and recent times. The present day seismicity, characterized by small-to-moderate magnitude earthquakes, was used like a probe to obatin a deeper knowledge of the fault structures where the largest earthquakes occurred in the past. With the aim to infer a three dimensional seismic image both the problem of data quality and the selection of a reliable and robust tomographic inversion strategy have been faced. The data quality has been obtained to develop optimized procedures for the measurements of P- and S-wave arrival times, through the use of polarization filtering and to the application of a refined re-picking technique based on cross-correlation of waveforms. A technique of iterative tomographic inversion, linearized, damped combined with a strategy of multiscale inversion type has been adopted. The retrieved P-wave velocity model indicates the presence of a strong velocity variation along a direction orthogonal to the Apenninic chain. This variation defines two domains which are characterized by a relatively low and high velocity values. From the comparison between the inferred P-wave velocity model with a portion of a structural section available in literature, the high velocity body was correlated with the Apulia carbonatic platforms whereas the low velocity bodies was associated to the basinal deposits. The deduced Vp/Vs ratio shows that the ratio is lower than 1.8 in the shallower part of the model, while for depths ranging between 5 km and 12 km the ratio increases up to 2.1 in correspondence to the area of higher seismicity. This confirms that areas characterized by higher values are more prone to generate earthquakes as a response to the presence of fluids and higher pore-pressures.

Fault delineation and stress orientations from the analysis of background, low magnitude seismicity in Southern Apennines (Italy)

The aim of this work was to show that refined analyses of background, low magnitude seismicity allow to delineate the main active faults and to accurately estimate the directions of the regional tectonic stress that characterize the Southern Apennines (Italy), a structurally complex area with high seismic potential. Thanks the presence in the area of an integrated dense and wide dynamic network, was possible to analyzed an high quality microearthquake data-set consisting of 1312 events that occurred from August 2005 to April 2011 by integrating the data recorded at 42 seismic stations of various networks. The refined seismicity location and focal mechanisms well delineate a system of NW-SE striking normal faults along the Apenninic chain and an approximately E-W oriented, strike-slip fault, transversely cutting the belt. The seismicity along the chain does not occur on a single fault but in a volume, delimited by the faults activated during the 1980 Irpinia M 6.9 earthquake, on sub-parallel predominant normal faults. Results show that the recent low magnitude earthquakes belongs to the background seismicity and they are likely generated along the major fault segments activated during the most recent earthquakes, suggesting that they are still active today thirty years after the mainshock occurrences. In this sense, this study gives a new perspective to the application of the high quality records of low magnitude background seismicity for the identification and characterization of active fault systems. The analysis of the stress tensor inversion provides two equivalent models to explain the microearthquake generation along both the NW-SE striking normal faults and the E- W oriented fault with a dominant dextral strike-slip motion, but having different geological interpretations. We suggest that the NW-SE-striking Africa-Eurasia convergence acts in the background of all these structures, playing a primary and unifying role in the seismotectonics of the whole region.

Integrating new and traditional approaches for the estimate of slip-rates of active faults: examples from the Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake area, Central Italy

This thesis is based on the integration of traditional and innovative approaches aimed at improving the normal faults seimogenic identification and characterization, focusing mainly on slip-rate estimate as a measure of the fault activity. The L’Aquila Mw 6.3 April 6, 2009 earthquake causative fault, namely the Paganica - San Demetrio fault system (PSDFS), was used as a test site. We developed a multidisciplinary and scale‐based strategy consisting of paleoseismological investigations, detailed geomorphological and geological field studies, as well as shallow geophysical imaging and an innovative application of physical properties measurements. We produced a detailed geomorphological and geological map of the PSDFS, defining its tectonic style, arrangement, kinematics, extent, geometry and internal complexities. The PSDFS is a 19 km-long tectonic structure, characterized by a complex structural setting and arranged in two main sectors: the Paganica sector to the NW, characterized by a narrow deformation zone, and the San Demetrio sector to SE, where the strain is accommodated by several tectonic structures, exhuming and dissecting a wide Quaternary basin, suggesting the occurrence of strain migration through time. The integration of all the fault displacement data and age constraints (radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and tephrochronology) helped in calculating an average Quaternary slip-rate representative for the PSDFS of 0.27 - 0.48 mm/yr. On the basis of its length (ca. 20 km) and slip per event (up to 0.8 m) we also estimated a max expected Magnitude of 6.3-6.8 for this fault. All these topics have a significant implication in terms of surface faulting hazard in the area and may contribute also to the understanding of the PSDFS seismic behavior and of the local seismic hazard.

'Defending the rights'. An integrated model of collective action for "public water" in Italy

In many communities, supplying water for the people is a huge task and the fact that this essential service can be carried out by the private sector respecting the right to water, is a debated issue. This dissertation investigates the mechanisms through which a 'perceived rights violation' - which represents a specific form of perceived injustice which derives from the violation of absolute moral principles – can promote collective action. Indeed, literature on morality and collective action suggests that even if many people apparently sustain high moral principles (like human rights), only a minority decides to act in order to defend them. Taking advantage of the political situation in Italy, and the recent mobilization for "public water" we hypothesized that, because of its "sacred value", the perceived violation of the right to water facilitates identification with the social movement and activism. Through five studies adopting qualitative and quantitative methods, we confirmed our hypotheses demonstrating that the perceived violation of the right to water can sustain activism and it can influence vote intentions at the referendum for 'public water'. This path to collective action coexists with other 'classical' predictors of collective action, like instrumental factors (personal advantages, efficacy beliefs) and anger. The perceived rights violation can derive both from personal values (i.e. universalism) and external factors (i.e. a mobilization campaign). Furthermore, we demonstrated that it is possible to enhance the perceived violation of the right to water and anger through a specifically designed communication campaign. The final chapter summarizes the main findings and discusses the results, suggesting some innovative line of research for collective action literature.

Local home bias: Theory and new empirical evidence from Italy

This thesis examines the literature on local home bias, i.e. investor preference towards geographically nearby stocks, and investigates the role of firm’s visibility, profitability, and opacity in explaining such behavior. While firm’s visibility is expected to proxy for the behavioral root originating such a preference, firm’s profitability and opacity are expected to capture the informational one. I find that less visible, and more profitable and opaque firms, conditionally to the demand, benefit from being headquartered in regions characterized by a scarcity of listed firms (local supply of stocks). Specifically, research estimates suggest that firms headquartered in regions with a poor supply of stocks would be worth i) 11 percent more if non-visible, non-profitable and non-opaque; ii) 16 percent more if profitable; and iii) 28 percent more if both profitable and opaque. Overall, as these features are able to explain most, albeit not all, of the local home bias effect, I reasonably argue and then assess that most of the preference for local is determined by a successful attempt to exploit local information advantage (60 percent), while the rest is determined by a mere (irrational) feeling of familiarity with the local firm (40 percent). Several and significant methodological, theoretical, and practical implications come out.

Indoor and Outdoor Natural Radioactivity in the Vulsini Volcanic District (Central Italy): Estimation of Doses and Radiological Risks

Terrestrial radioactivity for most individual is the major contributor to the total dose and is mostly provided by 238U, 232Th and 40K radionuclides. In particular indoor radioactivity is principally due to 222Rn, a radioactive noble gas descendent of 238U, second cause of lung cancer after cigarettes smoking. Vulsini Volcanic District is a well known quaternary volcanic area located between the northern Latium and southern Tuscany (Central Italy). It is characterized by an high natural radiation background resulting from the high concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in the volcanic products. In this context, subduction-related metasomatic enrichment of incompatible elements in the mantle source coupled with magma differentiation within the upper crust has given rise to U, Th and K enriched melts. Almost every ancient village and town located in this part of Italy has been built with volcanic rocks pertaining to the Vulsini Volcanic District. The radiological risk of living in this area has been estimated considering separately: a. the risk associated with buildings made of volcanic products and built on volcanic rock substrates b. the risk associated to soil characteristics. The former has been evaluated both using direct 222Rn indoor measurements and simulations of “standard rooms” built with the tuffs and lavas from the Vulsini Volcanic District investigated in this work. The latter has been carried out by using in situ measurements of 222Rn activity in the soil gases. A radon risk map for the Bolsena village has been developed using soil radon measurements integrating geological information. Data of airborne radioactivity in ambient aerosol at two elevated stations in Emilia Romagna (North Italy) under the influence of Fukushima plume have been collected, effective doses have been calculated and an extensive comparison between doses associated with artificial and natural sources in different area have been described and discussed.

Un museo archeologico per le necropoli villanoviane di Verucchio

Ogni luogo, ogni città, reca i segni dell’evoluzione e della trasformazione dettata dal tempo. In alcuni casi il passato viene visto con un’accezione negativa, in altri positiva a tal punto da monumentalizzarla. Nel caso della città di Verucchio non è possibile mettere in ombra il valore, e la forza della Rocca del Sasso, che per la sua storia e la sua posizione, che la rende visibile sia dall’interno che dall’esterno del centro storico, la attesta come simbolo della città. Allo stesso tempo questa città di piccole dimensioni possiede un ricco passato che non è rintracciabile all’interno della città storica ma che emerge dal verde, nonchè dagli spazi nascosti sotto il parco che cinge perimetralmente la città. Questi momenti della storia, importanti e riconoscibili, possono essere connessi nonostante sia notevole il salto temporale che li divide. Lo strumento deve essere una forma che li unisca, uno spazio pubblico, limitato ma aperto, distinguibile ma integrato nel paesaggio, un nuovo “layer” che si sovrapponga a quelli precedenti esaltandone il valore. Il tema della direzione, del percorso, è alla base dei ragionamenti e delle soluzioni proposte per la realizzazione di un museo archeologico. A differenza dei luoghi pubblici come la piazza o il teatro, in questo caso l’esposizione prevede che l’utente si muova negli ambienti, che segua in maniera dinamica una serie di spazi, di figure, di affacci, che devono essere in grado si susseguirsi in maniera fluida, attraverso un “respiro” che mantenga alta l’attenzione del visitatore. Adottato questo tema si ha la possibilità di declinarlo più volte, attraverso non solo la disposizione degli spazi ma anche con la posizione dei volumi e degli assi che li generano. Il progetto del nuovo museo si pone in una zona che può essere definita come “di cerniera” tra il centro storico e il parco archeologico. A livello territoriale questa può essere giudicata una zona critica, poiché sono più di trenta i metri di dislivello tra queste due zone della città. La sfida è quindi quella di trasformare la lontananza da problema a opportunità e relazionarsi con la conformazione del territorio senza risultare eccessivamente impattanti ed invasivi su quest’ultimo. Poiché la città di Verucchio possiede già un museo archeologico, inserito all’interno dell’ex convento e della chiesa di Sant’Agostino, il percorso archeologico, che vede il museo progettato come fulcro del tutto, prevede che il turista abbia la possibilità di conoscere la civiltà villanoviana visitando sia il museo di progetto che quello esistente, avendo questi differenti allestimenti che non creano delle “sovrapposizioni storiche”, poiché sono uno tematico e l’altro cronologico. Il museo esistente si inserisce all’interno di un edificio esistente, adattando inevitabilmente i propri spazi espositivi alla sua conformazione. La realizzazione di un una nuova struttura porterebbe a una migliore organizzazione degli spazi oltre che ad essere in grado di accogliere anche i reperti presenti all’interno dei magazzini dell’ex convento e dei beni culturali di Bologna. La necropoli Lippi è solo una delle necropoli individuate perimetralmente alla città e i reperti, rilevati, catalogati e restaurati, sono in numero tale da poter essere collocati in una struttura museale adeguata. Il progetto si sviluppa su più fronti: l’architettura, l’archeologia ed il paesaggio. Il verde è una componente fondamentale del sistema della città di Verucchio, risulta essere un elemento di unione, che funge talvolta da perimetro del centro, talvolta da copertura della nuda roccia dove l’inclinazione del terreno non ha permesso nel tempo la realizzazione di edifici e strutture urbane, si mette in contrapposizione con la forma e i colori della città.

Orti Urbani: riqualificazione energetica e funzionale dell'ex asilo Santarelli a Forlì

Oggetto della tesi di laurea è la riqualificazione energetica e funzionale dell’ex asilo Santarelli a Forlì. Il complesso sorge su un area al margine del tracciato delle mura storiche della città dove erano collocati gli orti medievali. Promosso dalla collettività e da numerosi enti caritatevoli come primo asilo laico della città, l’edificio venne progettato nel 1934 dall’ing Guido Savini, secondo i caratteri stilistici e compositivi dell’architettura razionalista e inaugurato da donna Rachele Mussolini nel 1937. L’edificio, di proprietà dell’O.A.S.I. A.S.P., ha svolto la sua attività educativa fino alla sua chiusura avvenuta a giugno 2012, a causa degli gli elevati costi di gestione e per l’inidoneità della struttura alle attuali necessità. L’amministrazione comunale ha manifestato l’intenzione di recuperare l’immobile, soggetto al parere della soprintendenza, prevedendo di ospitare nuove funzioni didattiche, a conferma della sua destinazione storica, ma organizzate in base alle esigenze attuali, secondo il principio dell’economicità. Dalle analisi urbane è emerso che il quartiere dispone di servizi quali il museo San Domenico, la casa di riposo e il parco Franco Agosto, ma che al contempo la sua posizione marginale e la struttura della viabilità lo rendono un punto di passaggio automobilistico tra la periferia e il centro storico. Per la formulazione di un programma funzionale si è condotta un’indagine sia sugli attuali servizi didattici che gli indirizzi di sviluppo sociale offerti dall’amministrazione, ha fatto emergere una carenza degli spazi verdi all’interno delle scuole e la presenza di un programma di sviluppo degli orti urbani nelle aree di proprietà comunali. Al fine di rispondere alle esigenze della pubblica amministrazione si è deciso di formulare una proposta di intervento su due livelli. Il primo mediante una ridefinizione fisica del rapporto tra l’edificio, il quartiere e il sistema della mobilità. Il secondo attraverso una proposta funzionale che potesse coinvolgere non solo gli studenti ma tutta la cittadinanza. Per la ridefinizione del rapporto tra l’edificio e il quartiere si è deciso di eliminare l’isolamento dell’edificio imposto dalla recinzione esistente, mediante la 8 realizzazione di nuovi varchi di accesso. Diventa così possibile proporre un nuovo percorso pedonale inserito all’interno dell’area verde dell’edificio. In prossimità dell’accesso su via Val Verde, è stato realizzato un ambiente filtro a relazione tra la città e il verde privato.Per migliorare l’accessibilità, favorire il coinvolgimento del pubblico e promuovere l’interazione con le aree verdi circostanti, si sono definiti dei concetti chiave: chiusura, connessione tra le preesistenze, varco, permeabilità visiva, organicità. La tensostruttura, caratteristica per sua flessibilità, leggerezza e trasparenza, è stato l’elemento scelto per rispondere alle esigenze, permettendo al contempo di distinguere l’intervento dalle preesistenze. Il nuovo programma funzionale suddivide l’edificio in tre zone autonome, così da affiancare alla didattica, una zona pubblica per offrire uno spazio a disposizione della comunità e una commerciale per garantire una quota di risorse finanziarie alla gestione dell’immobile. Nello specifico, la didattica è stata specializzata per l‘insegnamento dell’orticultura, al fine di promuovere l’educazione della sostenibilità ambientale, la valorizzazione degli spazi verdi e la promozione dei prodotti del territorio. L’ispirazione scaturisce dal primo orto didattico nato in America a metà degli anni ‘90 ad opera dello chef Alice Waters, precursore degli attuali sviluppi didattici e sociali all’interno delle scuole. Il recupero di alcune funzioni originali ha favorito la tripartizione dell’edificio, inoltre la disponibilità di più accessi esistenti ha garantito la possibilità di rendere autonoma le tre zone. Le aule sono state collegate direttamente con l’esterno ed il problema del dislivello con il giardino, è stato risolto realizzando un porticato coperto, che dilata lo spazio didattico sull’esterno. Il solarium, nonostante fosse abbandonato da anni, grazie alla sua posizione privilegiata per l’osservazione del parco e della città è stato recuperando inserendolo come nuovo punto di sosta nel sistema dei percorsi pubblici. Per questo è stato necessario progettare un corpo scale esterno per rendere accessibile ed autonomo l’ambiente. L’ultimo aspetto affrontato è l’intervento di retrofit energetico, pensato in varie fasi per essere il meno invasivo possibile sull’immobile, prevede l’installazione di un sistema di ventilazione meccanica, un isolamento termico interno di 10cm in lana di roccia montata 9 meccanicamente e la sostituzione di tutti gli infissi non originali con soluzioni più performanti. Per raggiungere la classe A è stato necessario intervenire anche sugli impianti, introducendo un sistema autonomo per la zona commerciale e la sostituzione di tutti i terminali radianti. Considerando l’elevato fabbisogno di energia primaria si è integrata una parte questa mediante l’utilizzo di fonti rinnovabili quali fotovoltaico e solare termico. patrimonio storico, adattandolo alle nuove necessità e dimostrando come sia possibile la trasformazione di un edificio fortemente energivoro in una con ridotto fabbisogno energetico senza stravolgere la struttura e aggiungendo qualità e valore.