On optimal computation of MPLS label binding for multipoint-to-point connections

Most network operators have considered reducing Label Switched Routers (LSR) label spaces (i.e. the number of labels that can be used) as a means of simplifying management of underlaying Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) and, hence, reducing operational expenditure (OPEX). This letter discusses the problem of reducing the label spaces in Multiprotocol Label Switched (MPLS) networks using label merging - better known as MultiPoint-to-Point (MP2P) connections. Because of its origins in IP, MP2P connections have been considered to have tree- shapes with Label Switched Paths (LSP) as branches. Due to this fact, previous works by many authors affirm that the problem of minimizing the label space using MP2P in MPLS - the Merging Problem - cannot be solved optimally with a polynomial algorithm (NP-complete), since it involves a hard- decision problem. However, in this letter, the Merging Problem is analyzed, from the perspective of MPLS, and it is deduced that tree-shapes in MP2P connections are irrelevant. By overriding this tree-shape consideration, it is possible to perform label merging in polynomial time. Based on how MPLS signaling works, this letter proposes an algorithm to compute the minimum number of labels using label merging: the Full Label Merging algorithm. As conclusion, we reclassify the Merging Problem as Polynomial-solvable, instead of NP-complete. In addition, simulation experiments confirm that without the tree-branch selection problem, more labels can be reduced

Dynamic bandwidth management as part of an integrated network management system based on distributed agents

We present a system for dynamic network resource configuration in environments with bandwidth reservation and path restoration mechanisms. Our focus is on the dynamic bandwidth management results, although the main goal of the system is the integration of the different mechanisms that manage the reserved paths (bandwidth, restoration, and spare capacity planning). The objective is to avoid conflicts between these mechanisms. The system is able to dynamically manage a logical network such as a virtual path network in ATM or a label switch path network in MPLS. This system has been designed to be modular in the sense that in can be activated or deactivated, and it can be applied only in a sub-network. The system design and implementation is based on a multi-agent system (MAS). We also included details of its architecture and implementation

Holografia de microones en banda X

Aquest projecte es basa, en el disseny i construcció d’una aplicació directa de l’holografia de microones. Està compost per el disseny d’un sistema el qual és capaç de mesurar la potència que arriba a un sistema d’antenes receptores al travessar un obstacle i posteriorment, mitjançant una sèrie de passos que caracteritzen l’holografia, el que permet és, recuperar una imatge virtual de l’obstacle en qüestió el qual s’ha volgut holografiar. Aquest sistema s’ha elaborat mitjançant un motor rotatori i posteriorment lineal per fer l’escaneig de potència. Primerament el que s’ha dut a terme és una simulació de com el sistema es comportaria en un entorn ideal i posteriorment, s’ha dut a la realitat amb un sistema el qual ens ha permès fer una comparació amb els resultats obtinguts en la simulació. Finalment es mostren els resultats sobre la seva viabilitat.

Imputation in data fusion of heterogeneous data sets a model-based numerical experiment

Given the very large amount of data obtained everyday through population surveys, much of the new research again could use this information instead of collecting new samples. Unfortunately, relevant data are often disseminated into different files obtained through different sampling designs. Data fusion is a set of methods used to combine information from different sources into a single dataset. In this article, we are interested in a specific problem: the fusion of two data files, one of which being quite small. We propose a model-based procedure combining a logistic regression with an Expectation-Maximization algorithm. Results show that despite the lack of data, this procedure can perform better than standard matching procedures.

Angiographic demonstration of neoangiogenesis after intra-arterial infusion of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia.

Critical limb ischemia in diabetic patients is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Suboptimal responses to the available medical and surgical treatments are common in these patients, who also demonstrate limited vascular homeostasis. Neovasculogenesis induced by stem cell therapy could be a useful approach for these patients. Neovasculogenesis and clinical improvement were compared at baseline and at 3 and 12 months after autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell (BMMNC) transplantation in diabetic patients with peripheral artery disease. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intra-arterial administration of autologous BMMNCs (100-400 × 10(6) cells) in 20 diabetic patients with severe below-the-knee arterial ischemia. Although the time course of clinical effects differed among patients, after 12 months of follow-up all patients presented a notable improvement in the Rutherford-Becker classification, the University of Texas diabetic wound scales, and the Ankle-Brachial Index in the target limb. The clinical outcome was consistent with neovasculogenesis, which was assessed at 3 months by digital subtraction angiography and quantified by MetaMorph software. Unfortunately, local cell therapy in the target limb had no beneficial effect on the high mortality rate in these patients. In diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia, intra-arterial perfusion of BMMNCs is a safe procedure that generates a significant increase in the vascular network in ischemic areas and promotes remarkable clinical improvement.

Correlations between major risk factors and closely related Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates grouped by three current enotyping procedures: a population-based study in northeast Mexico

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients related to a chain of recent TB transmissions were investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates (120) were genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-IS6110 (R), spacer oligotyping (S) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (M) methods. The MTB isolates were clustered and the clusters were grouped according to the similarities of their genotypes. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between the groups of MTB isolates with similar genotypes and those patient characteristics indicating a risk for a pulmonary TB (PTB) chain transmission were ana- lysed. The isolates showing similar genotypes were distributed as follows: SMR (5%), SM (12.5%), SR (1.67%), MR (0%), S (46.67%), M (5%) and R (0%). The remaining 35 cases were orphans. SMR exhibited a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with visits to clinics, municipalities and comorbidities (primarily diabetes mellitus). S correlated with drug consumption and M with comorbidities. SMR is needed to identify a social network in metropolitan areas for PTB transmission and S and M are able to detect risk factors as secondary components of a transmission chain of TB.

Assessment of Epstein-Barr virus nucleic acids in gastric but not in breast cancer by next-generation sequencing of pooled Mexican samples

Gastric (GC) and breast (BrC) cancer are two of the most common and deadly tumours. Different lines of evidence suggest a possible causative role of viral infections for both GC and BrC. Wide genome sequencing (WGS) technologies allow searching for viral agents in tissues of patients with cancer. These technologies have already contributed to establish virus-cancer associations as well as to discovery new tumour viruses. The objective of this study was to document possible associations of viral infection with GC and BrC in Mexican patients. In order to gain idea about cost effective conditions of experimental sequencing, we first carried out an in silico simulation of WGS. The next-generation-platform IlluminaGallx was then used to sequence GC and BrC tumour samples. While we did not find viral sequences in tissues from BrC patients, multiple reads matching Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) sequences were found in GC tissues. An end-point polymerase chain reaction confirmed an enrichment of EBV sequences in one of the GC samples sequenced, validating the next-generation sequencing-bioinformatics pipeline.

Angiographic demonstration of neoangiogenesis after intra-arterial infusion of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia.

Critical limb ischemia in diabetic patients is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Suboptimal responses to the available medical and surgical treatments are common in these patients, who also demonstrate limited vascular homeostasis. Neovasculogenesis induced by stem cell therapy could be a useful approach for these patients. Neovasculogenesis and clinical improvement were compared at baseline and at 3 and 12 months after autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell (BMMNC) transplantation in diabetic patients with peripheral artery disease. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intra-arterial administration of autologous BMMNCs (100-400 × 10(6) cells) in 20 diabetic patients with severe below-the-knee arterial ischemia. Although the time course of clinical effects differed among patients, after 12 months of follow-up all patients presented a notable improvement in the Rutherford-Becker classification, the University of Texas diabetic wound scales, and the Ankle-Brachial Index in the target limb. The clinical outcome was consistent with neovasculogenesis, which was assessed at 3 months by digital subtraction angiography and quantified by MetaMorph software. Unfortunately, local cell therapy in the target limb had no beneficial effect on the high mortality rate in these patients. In diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia, intra-arterial perfusion of BMMNCs is a safe procedure that generates a significant increase in the vascular network in ischemic areas and promotes remarkable clinical improvement.

Women in police services in the EU: facts and figures 2012

The Institute for Public Security of Catalonia (ISPC), the only state-funded education and research centre for police in Catalonia-Spain, developed in 2012 a comparative study on Gender diversity in police services in the European Union. The study is an update of the research Facts & Figures 2008 that was carried out by the European Network of Policewomen (ENP), a non-profit organization that works in partnership with colleagues from police and/or law enforcement organizations in its member countries to facilitate positive changes in the position of women in police services. To gather the 2012 data, the ISPC invited EU Member States’ police services to cooperate in the study answering a 10- ITEM questionnaire. The questionnaire was the same tool used in 2008 by the ENP. In February 2012, the ISPC sent the questionnaires through Cepol National Contact Points’ network. In order to include as many police services as possible in the study, the ENP also supported us to gather some of the data. Altogether we received questionnaires from 29 police services corresponding to 17 UE countries. Besides, we used data from open sources about England and Wales police services and the French National Police. In this document you can find: first, the tool we used to collect the data; second, the answers we gathered presented per country; finally, some comparative tables and graphics developed by the ISPC. Countries: Austria, Belgium Cyprus, Denmark, England, Wales, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Swden.

SOURCE, FATE AND FUNCTION OF EARLY GLIAL CELLS EXPRESSING NKX2.1 IN MOUSE EMBRYONIC BRAINS

The brain tissue is made of neuronal and glial cells generated in the germinal layer bordering the ventricles. These cells divide, differentiate and migrate following specific pathways. The specification of GABAergic interneurons and glutamatergic neurons has been broadly studied but little is known about the origin, the fate and the function of early glial cells in the embryonic telencephalon. It has been commonly accepted since long that the glial cells and more particularly the astrocytes were generated after neurogenesis from the dorsal telencephalon. However, our work shows that, unlike what was previously thought, numerous glial cells (astroglia and polydendrocytes) are generated during neurogenesis in the early embryonic stages from E14.5 to E16.5, and originate from the ventral Nkx2.1-expressing precursors instead. NK2 homeobox 1 (Nkx2.1) is a member of the NK2 family of homeodomaincontaining transcription factors. The specification of the MGE precursors requires the expression of the Nkx2.1 homeobox gene. Moreover, Nkx2.1 is previously known to regulate the specification of GABAergic interneurons and early oligodendrocytes in the ventral telencephalon. Here, in my thesis work, I have discovered that, in addition, Nkx2.1 also regulates astroglia and polydendrocytes differentiation. The use of Nkx2.1 antibody and Nkx2.1 riboprobe have revealed the presence of numerous Nkx2.1-positive cells that express astroglial markers (like GLAST and GFAP) in the entire embryonic brain. Thus, to selectively fate map MGE-derived GABAergic interneurons and glia, we crossed Nkx2.1-Cre mice, Glast-Cre ERT+/- inducible mice and NG2-Cre mice with the Cre reporter Rosa26-lox-STOP-lox-YFP (Rosa26-YFP) mice. The precise origin of Nkx2.1-positive astroglia has been directly ascertained by combining glial immunostaining and focal electroporation of the pCAG-GS-EGFP plasmids into the subpallial domains of organotypic slices, as well as, by using in vitro neurosphere experiments and in utero electroporation of the pCAG-GS-tomato plasmid into the ventral pallium of E14.5 Nkx2.1-Cre+/Rosa-YFP+/- embryos. We have, thus, confirmed that the three germinal regions of the ventral telencephalon i.e. the MGE, the AEP/POA and the triangular septal nucleus are able to generate early astroglial cells. Moreover, immunohistochemistry for several astroglial cells and polydendrocyte markers, both in the Nkx2.1-/- and control embryos and in the neurospheres, has revealed a severe loss of both glial cell types in the Nkx2.1 mutants. We found that the loss of glia corresponded to a decrease of Nkx2.1-derived precursor division capacity and glial differentiation. There was a drastic decrease of BrdU+ dividing cells labeled for Nkx2.1 in the MGE*, the POA* and the septal nucleus* of Nkx2.1 mutants. In addition, we noticed that while some remaining Nkx2.1+ precursors still succeeded to give rise to post-mitotic neurons in vitro and in vivo in the Nkx2.1-/-, they completely lost the capacity to differentiate in astrocytes. Altogether, these observations indicate for the first time that the transcription factor Nkx2.1 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of precursors in three subpallial domains that generate early embryonic astroglia and polydendrocytes. Furthermore, in order to investigate the potential function of these early Nkx2.1- derived glia, we have performed multiple immunohistochemical stainings on Nkx2.1-/- and wild-type animals, and Nkx2.1-Cre mice that were crossed to Rosa-DTA+/- mice in which the highly toxic diphtheria toxin aided to selectively deplete a majority of the Nkx2.1-derived cells. Interestingly, in these two mutants, we observed a drastic and significant loss of GFAP+, GLAST+, NG2+ and S100ß+ astroglial cells at the telencephalic midline and in the medial cortical areas. This cells loss could be directly correlated with severe axonal guidance defects observed in the corpus callosum (CC), the hippocampal commissure (HIC), the fornix (F) and the anterior commissure (AC). Axonal guidance is a key step allowing neurons to form specific connections and to become organized in a functional network. The contribution of guidepost cells inside the CC and the AC in mediating the growth of commissural axons have until now been attributed to specialized midline guidepost astroglia. Previous published results in our group have unravelled that, during embryonic development, the CC is populated in addition to astroglia by numerous glutamatergic and GABAergic guidepost neurons that are essential for the correct midline crossing of callosal axons. Therefore, the relative contribution of individual neuronal or glial populations towards the guidance of commissural axons remains largely to be investigated to understand guidance mechanisms further. Thus, we crossed Nkx2.1-Cre mice with NSE-DTA+/- mice that express the diphtheria toxin only in neurons and allowed us to selectively deplete Nkx2.1-derived GABAergic neurons. Interestingly, in the Nkx2.1-/- mice, the CC midline was totally disorganized and the callosal axons partly lost their orientation, whereas in the Nkx2.1Cre+/Rosa-DTA+/- and the Nkx2.1Cre+/NSE-DTA+/- mice, the axonal organization of the CC was not affected. In the three types of mice, hippocampal axons of the fornix were not properly fasciculated and formed disoriented bundles through the septum. Additionally, the AC formation was completely absent in Nkx2.1-/- mice and the AC was divided into two/three separate paths in the Nkx2.1Cre+/Rosa-DTA+/- mice that project in wrong territories. On the other hand, the AC didn't form or was reduced to a relatively narrower tract in the Nkx2.1Cre+/NSE-DTA+/- mice as compared to wild-type AC. These results clearly indicate that midline Nkx2.1-derived cells play a major role in commissural axons pathfinding and that both Nkx2.1-derived guidepost neurons and glia are necessary elements for the correct development of these commissures. Furthermore, during our investigations on Nkx2.1-/- and Nkx2.1Cre+/Rosa-DTA+/- mice, we noticed similar and severe defects in the erythrocytes distribution and the blood vessels network morphology in the embryonic brain of both mutants. As the Cre-mediated recombination was never observed to occur in the blood vessels of Nkx2.1-Cre mice, we inferred that the vessels defects observed were due to the loss of Nkx2.1-derived cells and not to the cells autonomous effects of Nkx2.1 in regulating endothelial cell precursors. Thereafter, the respective contribution of individual Nkx2.1-regulated neuronal or glial populations in the blood vessels network building were studied with the use of transgenic mice strains. Indeed, the use of Nkx2.1Cre+/NSE-DTA+/- mice indicated that the Nkx2.1-derived neurons were not implicated in this process. Finally, to discriminate between the two Nkx2.1-derived glial cell populations, the GLAST+ astroglia and the NG2+ polydendrocytes, an NG2-Cre mouse strain crossed to the Rosa-DTA+/- mice was used. In that mutant, the blood vessel network and the erythrocytes distribution were similarly affected as observed in Nkx2.1Cre+/Rosa-DTA+/- animals. Therefore, this result indicates that most probably, the NG2+ polydendrocytes are involved in helping to build the vessels network in the brain. Taken altogether, these observations show that during brain development, Nkx2.1- derived embryonic glial cells act as guidepost cells on the guidance of axons as well as forming vessels. Both Nkx2.1-regulated guidepost GABAergic neurons and glia collaborate to guide growing commissural axons, while polydendrocytes are implicated in regulating brain angiogenesis. - Le tissu cérébral est composé de cellules neuronales et gliales générées dans les couches germinales qui bordent les ventricules. Ces cellules se divisent, se différencient et migrent selon des voies particulières. La spécification des interneurones GABAergiques et des neurones glutamatergiques a été largement étudiée, par contre, l'origine, le destin et la fonction des cellules gliales précoces du télencéphale embryonnaire restent peu élucidées. Depuis longtemps, il était communément accepté que les cellules gliales, et plus particulièrement les astrocytes, sont générés après la neurogénèse à partir du télencéphale dorsal. Toutefois, notre travail montre que de nombreuses cellules gliales sont générées à partir de précurseurs ventraux qui expriment le gène Nkx2.1, entre E14.5 et E16.5, c'est-à dire,à des stades embryonnaires très précoces. Le gène NK2 homéobox 1 (Nkx2.1) appartient à une famille de facteurs de transcription appelée NK2. Il s'agit de protéines qui contiennent un homéo-domaine. La spécification des précurseurs de la MGE requiert l'expression du gène homéobox Nkx2.1. De plus, la fonction du gène Nkx2.1 dans la régulation de la spécification des interneurones GABAergiques et des oligodendrocytes dans le télencéphale ventral était déjà connue. Au cours de mon travail de thèse, j'ai également mis en évidence que, Nkx2.1 régule aussi les étapes de prolifération et de différenciation de divers sous-types de cellules gliales soit de type astrocytes ou bien polydendrocytes. L'utilisation d'un anticorps contre la protéine Nkx2.1 ainsi qu'une sonde à ribonucléotides contre l'ARN messager du gène Nkx2.1 ont révélé la présence de nombreuses cellules positives pour Nkx2.1 qui exprimaient des marqueurs astrocytaires (comme GLAST et GFAP) dans le télencéphale embryonnaire. Afin de déterminer de manière sélective le sort des interneurones GABAergiques, des polydendrocytes et des astrocytes dérivés de la MGE, nous avons croisé soit des souris Nkx2.1-Cre, des souris Glast-Cre ERT+/- inductibles ou bien des souris NG2-Cre avec des souris Rosa26-lox-STOP-lox-YFP (Rosa26-YFP) Cre rapportrices. L'origine précise des astroglies positives pour Nkx2.1 a été directement établie en combinant une coloration immunologique pour les glies et une électroporation focale d'un plasmide pCAG-GS-EGFP dans les domaines subpalliaux de tranches organotypiques, puis également, par des cultures de neurosphères in vitro et des expériences d'électroporation in utero d'un plasmide pCAG-GS-tomato dans le pallium ventral d'embryons Nkx2.1-Cre+/Rosa- YFP+/- au stade E14.5. Nous avons donc confirmé que les trois régions germinales du télencéphale ventral, c'est-à-dire, la MGE, l'AEP/POA et le noyau triangulaire septal sont capables de générer des cellules astrogliales. D'autre part, l'immunohistochimie pour plusieurs marqueurs d'astrocytes ou de polydendrocytes, dans les embryons Nkx2.1-/- et contrôles ainsi que dans les neurosphères, a révélé une sévère perte de ces deux types gliaux chez les mutants. Nous avons trouvé que la perte de glies correspondait à une diminution de la capacité de division des précurseurs dérivés de Nkx2.1, ainsi que l'incapacité de ces précurseurs de se différencier en cellules gliales. Nous avons en effet observé une diminution importante des cellules BrdU+ en division exprimant Nkx2.1dans la MGE*, la POA* et le noyau septal* des mutants pour Nkx2.1. D'autre part, nous avons pu mettre en évidence aussi bien in vitro, qu'in vivo, que certains précurseurs Nkx2.1+ chez le mutant gardent la capacité à se différencier en neurones tandis qu'ils perdent celle de se différencier en cellules gliales. Prises dans leur ensemble, ces observations indiquent pour la première fois que le facteur de transcription Nkx2.1 régule les étapes de prolifération et de différentiation des précurseurs des trois domaines subpalliaux qui génèrent les astroglies et polydendrocytes embryonnaires précoces. Par la suite, dans le but de comprendre la fonction potentielle de ces glies précoces, nous avons procédé à de multiples colorations immunohistochimiques sur des animaux Nkx2.1-/- et sauvages, ainsi que sur des souris Nkx2.1-Cre croisées à des souris Rosa-DTA+/- dans lesquelles la toxine diphthérique hautement toxique a permis de supprimer sélectivement la majorité des cellules dérivées de Nkx2.1. De manière intéressante, nous avons observé dans ces deux mutants, une perte drastique et significative de cellules astrogliales GFAP+, GLAST+ et polydendrocytaires NG2+ et S100ß+ dans le télencéphale, à la midline et dans les aires corticales médianes. Ces pertes ont pu être directement corrélées avec des défauts de guidage axonal observés dans le corps calleux (CC), la commissure hippocampique (HIC), le fornix (F) et la commissure antérieure (AC). Le guidage axonal est une étape clé permettant aux neurones de former des connections spécifiques et de s'organiser dans un réseau fonctionnel. La contribution des cellules « guidepost » dans le CC et dans la AC comme médiateurs de la croissance des axones commissuraux à jusqu'à aujourd'hui été attribuée spécifiquement à des astroglies « guidepost » de la midline. Des résultats publiés précédemment dans notre groupe, ont permis de montrer que, pendant le développement embryonnaire, le CC est peuplé en plus de la glie par de nombreux neurones « guidepost » glutamatergiques et GABAergiques qui sont essentiels pour le croisement correct des axones callosaux à la midline. Ainsi, la contribution relative des populations individuelles neuronales ou gliales pour le guidage des axones commissuraux demande à être approfondie afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de guidage. A ces fins, nous avons croisé des souris Nkx2.1-Cre avec des souris NSE-DTA+/- qui expriment la toxine diphthérique uniquement dans les neurones et ainsi, nous avons pu sélectivement supprimer les neurones dérivés de domaines Nkx2.1+. Dans les souris Nkx2.1-/-,nous avons découvert que le CC était désorganisé avec des axones callosaux perdant partiellement leur orientation, alors que dans les souris Nkx2.1Cre+/Rosa-DTA+/- et Nkx2.1Cre+/NSE-DTA+/-, l'organisation axonale n'était pas affectée. De plus, les faisceaux hippocampiques du fornix étaient défasciculés dans les trois types de mutants. Par ailleurs, la formation de la commissure antérieure (AC) était complètement absente dans les souris Nkx2.1-/- d'une part, et d'autre part, celle-ci était divisée en deux à trois voies séparées dans les souris Nkx2.1Cre+/Rosa-DTA+/-. Finalement, la AC était soit absente, soit réduite de manière ne former plus qu'un faisceau relativement plus étroit dans les souris Nkx2.1Cre+/NSE-DTA+/- en comparaison avec la AC sauvage. Ces derniers résultats indiquent clairement que les cellules dérivées de Nkx2.1 à la midline, jouent un rôle majeur dans le guidage des axones commissuraux et que, autant les neurones, que les astrocytes « guidepost » dérivés de Nkx2.1, sont des éléments nécessaires au développement correct de ces commissures. En outre, lors de nos investigations sur les souris Nkx2.1-/- et Nkx2.1Cre+/Rosa-DTA+/-, nous avons remarqués des défauts sévères et similaires dans la distribution des erythrocytes et dans la morphologie du réseau de vaisseaux sanguins dans le cerveau embryonnaire des deux mutants précités. Puisque nous n'avons jamais observé de recombinaison de la Cre recombinase dans les vaisseaux sanguins des souris Nkx2.1Cre, nous en avons déduit que les défauts de vaisseaux observés étaient dus à la perte de cellules dérivées de Nkx2.1. Il existerait donc en plus de la fonction cellulaire autonome de Nkx2.1 reconnue pour régulée directement la spécification des cellules endothéliales, une fonction indirecte de Nkx2.1. Afin de déterminer la contribution respective des populations individuelles neuronales ou gliales régulées par Nkx2.1 dans la construction du réseau de vaisseaux sanguins, nous avons utilisé diverses lignées de souris transgéniques. L'utilisation de souris Nkx2.1Cre+/NSE-DTA+/- a indiqué que les neurones dérivés de Nkx2.1 n'étaient pas impliqués dans ce processus. Finalement, afin de discriminer entre les deux populations de cellules gliales dérivées de Nkx2.1, les astroglies et les polydendrocytes, nous avons croisé une lignée de souris NG2-Cre avec des souris Rosa-DTA+/-. Dans ce dernier mutant, le réseau de vaisseaux sanguins du cortex ainsi que la distribution des erythrocytes étaient affectés de la même manière que dans le cortex des souris Nkx2.1Cre+/Rosa-DTA+/-. Par conséquent, ce résultat indique que très probablement, les polydendrocytes NG2+ sont impliqués dans la mise en place du réseau de vaisseaux dans le cerveau. Prises dans leur ensemble, ces observations montrent que durant le développement embryonnaire du cerveau, des sous-populations de glies régulées par Nkx2.1 jouent un rôle de cellules « guidepost » dans le guidage des axones, ainsi que des vaisseaux. Les polydendrocytes sont impliquées dans la régulation de l'angiogenèse tandis que, autant les neurones GABAergiques que les astrocytes collaborent dans le guidage des axones commissuraux en croissance.

Contrasting spatio-temporal climatic niche dynamics during the eastern and western invasions of spotted knapweed in North America

Aim The spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe), a plant native to south-east and central Europe, is highly invasive in North America. We investigated the spatio-temporal climatic niche dynamics of the spotted knapweed in North America along two putative eastern and western invasion routes. We then considered the patterns observed in the light of historical, ecological and evolutionary factors. Location Europe and North America. Methods The niche characteristics of the east and west invasive populations of spotted knapweed in North America were determined from documented occurrences over 120 consecutive years (1890-2010). The 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of values along temperature and precipitation gradients, as given by the two first axes of a principal component axis (PCA), were then calculated. We additionally measured the climatic dissimilarity between invaded and native niches using a multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) analysis. Results Along both invasion routes, the species established in regions with climatic conditions that were similar to those in the native range in Europe. An initial spread in ruderal habitats always preceded spread in (semi-)natural habitats. In the east, the niche gradually increased over time until it reached limits similar to the native niche. Conversely, in the west the niche abruptly expanded after an extended time lag into climates not occupied in the native range; only the native cold niche limit was conserved. Main conclusions Our study reveals that different niche dynamics have taken place during the eastern and western invasions. This pattern indicates different combinations of historical, ecological and evolutionary factors in the two ranges. We hypothesize that the lack of a well-developed transportation network in the west at the time of the introduction of spotted knapweed confined the species to a geographically and climatically isolated region. The invasion of dry rangelands may have been favoured during the agricultural transition in the 1930s by release from natural enemies, local adaptation and less competitive vegetation, but further experimental and molecular studies are needed to explain these contrasting niche patterns fully. Our study illustrates the need and benefit of applying large-scale, temporally explicit approaches to understanding biological invasions.

Bristle pattern formation in the thorax formation of Drosophila: a systems level approach

A fundamental question in developmental biology is how tissues are patterned to give rise to differentiated body structures with distinct morphologies. The Drosophila wing disc offers an accessible model to understand epithelial spatial patterning. It has been studied extensively using genetic and molecular approaches. Bristle patterns on the thorax, which arise from the medial part of the wing disc, are a classical model of pattern formation, dependent on a pre-pattern of trans-activators and –repressors. Despite of decades of molecular studies, we still only know a subset of the factors that determine the pre-pattern. We are applying a novel and interdisciplinary approach to predict regulatory interactions in this system. It is based on the description of expression patterns by simple logical relations (addition, subtraction, intersection and union) between simple shapes (graphical primitives). Similarities and relations between primitives have been shown to be predictive of regulatory relationships between the corresponding regulatory factors in other Systems, such as the Drosophila egg. Furthermore, they provide the basis for dynamical models of the bristle-patterning network, which enable us to make even more detailed predictions on gene regulation and expression dynamics. We have obtained a data-set of wing disc expression patterns which we are now processing to obtain average expression patterns for each gene. Through triangulation of the images we can transform the expression patterns into vectors which can easily be analysed by Standard clustering methods. These analyses will allow us to identify primitives and regulatory interactions. We expect to identify new regulatory interactions and to understand the basic Dynamics of the regulatory network responsible for thorax patterning. These results will provide us with a better understanding of the rules governing gene regulatory networks in general, and provide the basis for future studies of the evolution of the thorax-patterning network in particular.

Repeated Double-Poling Sprint Training in Hypoxia by Competitive Cross-country Skiers.

PURPOSE: Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) was recently shown to improve repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in cycling. This phenomenon is likely to reflect fiber type-dependent, compensatory vasodilation, and therefore, our hypothesis was that RSH is even more beneficial for activities involving upper body muscles, such as double poling during cross-country skiing. METHODS: In a double-blinded fashion, 17 competitive cross-country skiers performed six sessions of repeated sprints (each consisting of four sets of five 10-s sprints, with 20-s intervals of recovery) either in normoxia (RSN, 300 m; FiO2, 20.9%; n = 8) or normobaric hypoxia (RSH, 3000 m; FiO2, 13.8 %; n = 9). Before (pre) and after (post) training, performance was evaluated with an RSA test (10-s all-out sprints-20-s recovery, until peak power output declined by 30%) and a simulated team sprint (team sprint, 3 × 3-min all-out with 3-min rest) on a double-poling ergometer. Triceps brachii oxygenation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: From pretraining to posttraining, peak power output in the RSA was increased (P < 0.01) to the same extent (29% ± 13% vs 26% ± 18%, nonsignificant) in RSH and in RSN whereas the number of sprints performed was enhanced in RSH (10.9 ± 5.2 vs 17.1 ± 6.8, P < 0.01) but not in RSN (11.6 ± 5.3 vs 11.7 ± 4.3, nonsignificant). In addition, the amplitude in total hemoglobin variations during sprints throughout RSA rose more in RSH (P < 0.01). Similarly, the average power output during all team sprints improved by 11% ± 9% in RSH and 15% ± 7% in RSN. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal greater improvement in the performance of repeated double-poling sprints, together with larger variations in the perfusion of upper body muscles in RSH compared with those in RSN.

Impedance boundary conditions for pseudo-spectral time-domain methods in room acoustics

The pseudo-spectral time-domain (PSTD) method is an alternative time-marching method to classicalleapfrog finite difference schemes in the simulation of wave-like propagating phenomena. It is basedon the fundamentals of the Fourier transform to compute the spatial derivatives of hyperbolic differential equations. Therefore, it results in an isotropic operator that can be implemented in an efficient way for room acoustics simulations. However, one of the first issues to be solved consists on modeling wallabsorption. Unfortunately, there are no references in the technical literature concerning to that problem. In this paper, assuming real and constant locally reacting impedances, several proposals to overcome this problem are presented, validated and compared to analytical solutions in different scenarios.

Community Action In Iowa-Annual Report, 2004

This report details the efforts of the community action network in Iowa.