Effect of Chalcogens on Electronic and Photophysical Properties of Vinylene-Based Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymers

Three vinylene linked diketopyrrolopyrrole based donor acceptor (D-A) copolymers have been synthesized with phenyl, thienyl, and selenyl units as donors. Optical and electronic properties were investigated with UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, organic field effect transistor (OFET) measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Optical and electrochemical band gaps decrease in the order phenyl, thienyl, and selenyl. Only phenyl-based polymers are nonplanar, but the main contributor to the larger band gap is electronic, not structural effects. Thienyl and selenyl polymers exhibit ambipolar charge transport but with higher hole than electron mobility. Experimental and theoretical results predict the selenyl system to have the best transport properties, but OFET measurements prove the thienyl system to be superior with p-channel mobility as high as 0.1 cm(2) V-1 s(-1).

Triarylborane conjugated dicyanovinyl chromophores: intriguing optical properties and colorimetric anion discrimination

Three new triarylborane conjugated dicyanovinyl chromophores (Mes(2)B-pi-donor-DCV); donor: N-methyldiphenylamine (1) and triphenylamine (2 and 3 with two BMes(2) substitutions]) of type A-D-A (acceptor-donor- acceptor) are reported. Compounds 1-3 exhibit intense charge transfer (CT) absorption bands in the visible region. These absorption peaks are combination CT bands of the amine donor to both the BMes(2) and DCV units. This inference was supported by theoretical studies. Compound 1 shows weak fluorescence compared to 2 and 3. The discrimination of fluoride and cyanide ions is essential in the case of triarylborane (TAB) based anion sensors as a similar response is given towards both the anions. Anion binding studies of 1, 2 and 3 showed that fluoride ions bind selectively to the boron centre and block the corresponding CT transition (donor to BMes(2)) leaving the other CT transition to be red shifted. On the other hand, cyanide ions bind with both the receptor sites and stop both the CT transition processes and hence a different colorimetric response was noted. The binding of F-/CN- induces colour changes in the visible region of the electronic spectra of 2 and 3, which allows for the naked-eye detection of F- and CN- ions. The anion binding mechanisms are established using NMR titration experiments.

Information and knowledge sharing

The Guidelines provide a special focus on information and knowledge sharing and its current and potential role in supporting implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. They expand on relevant principles and standards set forth in the Code and make practical suggestions about ways to ensure that this role can be enhanced. The issues involved in the flow of information between different stakeholder groups include topics as diverse as information policy frameworks and information and communication technology infrastructure, hence coverage is introductory. Some of the constraints involved in the cycle from the creation, production, dissemination and availability of information and knowledge to its effective use and sharing by the present generation as well as its preservation for the future are presented. The special circumstances and requirements of stakeholders in developing countries are recognized in accordance with Article 5 of the Code. A separate chapter on small-scale fisheries and aquaculture looks in more detail at the special situation and information needs of the sub-sector. The Guidelines aim to foster a better understanding of the issues involved to ensure that stakeholders obtain the essential information that they need and that they make available their own information and knowledge for the public good. (PDF contains 115 pages)

Seismic reflection experiments imaging the physical nature of crustal structures in southern California

Seismic reflection methods have been extensively used to probe the Earth's crust and suggest the nature of its formative processes. The analysis of multi-offset seismic reflection data extends the technique from a reconnaissance method to a powerful scientific tool that can be applied to test specific hypotheses. The treatment of reflections at multiple offsets becomes tractable if the assumptions of high-frequency rays are valid for the problem being considered. Their validity can be tested by applying the methods of analysis to full wave synthetics.

Three studies illustrate the application of these principles to investigations of the nature of the crust in southern California. A survey shot by the COCORP consortium in 1977 across the San Andreas fault near Parkfield revealed events in the record sections whose arrival time decreased with offset. The reflectors generating these events are imaged using a multi-offset three-dimensional Kirchhoff migration. Migrations of full wave acoustic synthetics having the same limitations in geometric coverage as the field survey demonstrate the utility of this back projection process for imaging. The migrated depth sections show the locations of the major physical boundaries of the San Andreas fault zone. The zone is bounded on the southwest by a near-vertical fault juxtaposing a Tertiary sedimentary section against uplifted crystalline rocks of the fault zone block. On the northeast, the fault zone is bounded by a fault dipping into the San Andreas, which includes slices of serpentinized ultramafics, intersecting it at 3 km depth. These interpretations can be made despite complications introduced by lateral heterogeneities.

In 1985 the Calcrust consortium designed a survey in the eastern Mojave desert to image structures in both the shallow and the deep crust. Preliminary field experiments showed that the major geophysical acquisition problem to be solved was the poor penetration of seismic energy through a low-velocity surface layer. Its effects could be mitigated through special acquisition and processing techniques. Data obtained from industry showed that quality data could be obtained from areas having a deeper, older sedimentary cover, causing a re-definition of the geologic objectives. Long offset stationary arrays were designed to provide reversed, wider angle coverage of the deep crust over parts of the survey. The preliminary field tests and constant monitoring of data quality and parameter adjustment allowed 108 km of excellent crustal data to be obtained.

This dataset, along with two others from the central and western Mojave, was used to constrain rock properties and the physical condition of the crust. The multi-offset analysis proceeded in two steps. First, an increase in reflection peak frequency with offset is indicative of a thinly layered reflector. The thickness and velocity contrast of the layering can be calculated from the spectral dispersion, to discriminate between structures resulting from broad scale or local effects. Second, the amplitude effects at different offsets of P-P scattering from weak elastic heterogeneities indicate whether the signs of the changes in density, rigidity, and Lame's parameter at the reflector agree or are opposed. The effects of reflection generation and propagation in a heterogeneous, anisotropic crust were contained by the design of the experiment and the simplicity of the observed amplitude and frequency trends. Multi-offset spectra and amplitude trend stacks of the three Mojave Desert datasets suggest that the most reflective structures in the middle crust are strong Poisson's ratio (σ) contrasts. Porous zones or the juxtaposition of units of mutually distant origin are indicated. Heterogeneities in σ increase towards the top of a basal crustal zone at ~22 km depth. The transition to the basal zone and to the mantle include increases in σ. The Moho itself includes ~400 m layering having a velocity higher than that of the uppermost mantle. The Moho maintains the same configuration across the Mojave despite 5 km of crustal thinning near the Colorado River. This indicates that Miocene extension there either thinned just the basal zone, or that the basal zone developed regionally after the extensional event.

Self-assembly of metalloporphyrins: first TPP-bipy coordination polymer with CoII (TPP=meso-tetraphenylporphyrin and bipy=4,4´-bipyridine)

Póster presentado en: 11th International Symposium on Applied Bioinorganic Chemistry. 2-5 Diciembre 2011. Barcelona, España (ISABC 2011)

Characterization and Comparison of the Tissue-Related Modules in Human and Mouse

Background: Due to the advances of high throughput technology and data-collection approaches, we are now in an unprecedented position to understand the evolution of organisms. Great efforts have characterized many individual genes responsible for the interspecies divergence, yet little is known about the genome-wide divergence at a higher level. Modules, serving as the building blocks and operational units of biological systems, provide more information than individual genes. Hence, the comparative analysis between species at the module level would shed more light on the mechanisms underlying the evolution of organisms than the traditional comparative genomics approaches. Results: We systematically identified the tissue-related modules using the iterative signature algorithm (ISA), and we detected 52 and 65 modules in the human and mouse genomes, respectively. The gene expression patterns indicate that all of these predicted modules have a high possibility of serving as real biological modules. In addition, we defined a novel quantity, "total constraint intensity,'' a proxy of multiple constraints (of co-regulated genes and tissues where the co-regulation occurs) on the evolution of genes in module context. We demonstrate that the evolutionary rate of a gene is negatively correlated with its total constraint intensity. Furthermore, there are modules coding the same essential biological processes, while their gene contents have diverged extensively between human and mouse. Conclusions: Our results suggest that unlike the composition of module, which exhibits a great difference between human and mouse, the functional organization of the corresponding modules may evolve in a more conservative manner. Most importantly, our findings imply that similar biological processes can be carried out by different sets of genes from human and mouse, therefore, the functional data of individual genes from mouse may not apply to human in certain occasions.

Study of distribution, growth and reproduction polychaetes Nereidae in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbas and effect dominant species on white Indian shrimp brood stocks (Fenneropenaeus indicus)

Distribution of polychaetes worms Nereidae in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbass indicated that distribution rate of worms from the west to east for the reason status of seabed type, habitat and feeding substrate used to worms increased. Also investigation description that last-mentioned worms are belong to Nereididae family, Perinereis genus and species of Perinereis nuntia. By viewpoint seabed soil types experiments implement indicated Nereididae worms have higher survival with sandy clay loam soil texture. Statistical analysis showed positive relation coefficient correlation of Pearson between substrate type to frequency of worms and too substrate type with soil organic matter value (P<0.05). By viewpoint feeding also experiments with different feed treatment indicated that Nereid worms is Omnivore but in natural condition more utilized algae substrate special Entermorpha and survival rate had the worms last-mentioned in dietary treatments on this algae 93/3% different significant with other treatments (P<0.05). In this project pond-reared white Indian shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) were used in four maturation and spawning trials lasting 60 days. one group of shrimps was fed a formulated pelleted special of broodstock diet only, a second group was fed squid meat diet; a third group of shrimps with mollusca (Solen vagina) meat diet and fourth group was fed polychaete worms Nereidae family, collected in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbass. Four types of dietary treatments (M1, M4) were given to separate batches that were run in three duplicate. Results of experiments demonstrate that more grew rate and maturation and spawning rate and we found that shrimps fed with polychaete worms have the best condition and then shrimps fed with solen. This is demonstrate furthermore environmental circumstance, endocrine hormone, types of feed important of maturation and spawning of shrimps and in polychaete worms used HUFA help to maturation ovarian in shrimp.

Characterization of genetic biodiversity of Nile perch, Lates niloticus, Tilapiines, Haplochromine flock and Ningu (Labeo victorianus) in the Victoria Lake Basin: an overview

Genetic biodiversity is the vaflatlOn among individuals within and between units of interbreeding individuals (populations) of a species. It includes inheritable and transmittable differences that occur between individuals andlor popuhitions of a given species through reproductive interaction. There exists enormous variability among individuals andlor populations of a species for most living organisms, and most of this variation is inheritable. differences among individuals arise through mutation and via recombination of genes during meiosis. These ifferences are then transmitted to successive generations through sexual reproduction and maintained in the populations through processes such as natural selection and genetic drift. Unfortunately much of this variation is normally threatened and often in danger of extinction because most focus in conservation of natural resources is put at saving species or habitats than varieties or strains of a species

The vibrations of bubbles and balloons

Bubbles and balloons are two examples of structures that feature a pressure difference across the skin, a thin, tensioned membrane, and a doubly curved interface surface. While mathematical models have been formulated for bubble vibrations, no such model exists for balloon vibrations. This paper reviews a model of bubble vibrations, and compares its predicted natural frequencies and modeshapes to those of a rubber balloon. It is shown that the bubble model consistently underpredicts the balloon's natural frequencies, and it is concluded that the nonlinear elasticity present in the balloon skin accounts for this result.

Alteration mineral mapping using masking and Crosta technique for mineral exploration in mid-vegetated areas: a case study in Areletuobie, Xinjiang (China)

Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM)+ data have been successfully employed in the field of mineral exploration to identify key minerals over arid and semi-arid terrains. However, redundant vegetation and cloud may seriously interfere with the discrimination of the minerals with diagnostic features. Therefore, in this study, we use masking technique to eliminate the negative influence of vegetation and cloud and Crosta technique to identify the diagnostic features of hydroxyl-minerals, carbonate-minerals and iron oxides. Then the anomalies were endowed with special colours and overlapped with the remote-sensing and geochemical data, overlaying images as remote-sensing anomalies. The mineral exploration work was carried through by synthetic analysis of the remote-sensing images, geochemical data and structures. Finally, areas with high correlation between the occurrence of hydrothermal alteration and presence of main faults and geochemical anomalies were considered as mineral exploration targets worthy of further detailed exploration programmes.

i-Motif Quadruplex DNA-Based Biosensor for Distinguishing Single- and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

The increasing worldwide demand for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and increasing concern regarding how to safely develop and use CNTs are requiring a low-cost, simple, and highly sensitive CNT detection assay for toxicological evaluation and environmental monitoring. However, this goal is still far from being achieved. All the current CNT detection techniques are not,applicable for automation and field analysis because they are dependent on highly expensive special instruments and complicated sample preparation. On the basis of the capability of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to specifically induce human telomeric i-motif formation, we design an electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) sensor that can distinguish single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes both in buffer and in cell extracts. The E-DNA sensor can selectively detect SWNTs; with a direct detection limit of 0.2 ppm and has been demonstrated in cancer cell extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a biosensing technique that can distinguish different types of nanotubes. Our work will provide new insights into how to design a biosensor for detection of carbon nanotubes.

Naphthyl and thionaphthyl end-capped oligothiophenes as organic semiconductors: Effect of chain length and end-capping groups

Two series of oligothiophenes (OThs), NaTn and TNTn (n = 2-6 represents the number of thiophene rings), end-capped with naphthyl and thionaphthyl units have been synthesized by means of Stille coupling. Their thermal properties, optical properties, single crystal structures, and organic field-effect transistor performance have been characterized. All oligomers display great thermal stability and crystallinity. ne crystallographic structures of NaT2, NaT3, TNT2, and TNT3 have been determined. The crystals of NaT2 and NaT3 are monoclinic with space group P2(1)/C, while those of TNT2 and TNT3 are triclinic and orthorhombic with space groups P-1(-) and P2(1)2(1)2(1), respectively. All oligomers adopt the well-known herringbone packing-mode in crystals with packing parameters dependent on the structure of the end-capping units and the number of thiophene rings. The shorter intermolecular distance in NaT3 compared to NaT2 indicates that the intermolecular interaction principally increases with increasing molecular length. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization indicate that the NaTn oligomers can form films with better morphology and high molecular order than TNTn oligomers with the same number of thiophene rings. The NaTn oligomers exhibit mobilities that are much higher than those for TNTn oligomers (0.028-0.39 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) versus 0.010-0.055 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), respectively).

Highly active, hexabutylguanidinium salt/zinc bromide binary catalyst for the coupling reaction of carbon dioxide and epoxides

An experimentally simple and inexpensive catalyst system based on hexabutylguanidinium/ZnBr, has been developed for the coupling of carbon dioxide and epoxides to form cyclic carbonates with significant catalytic activity under mild reaction conditions without using additional organic solvents (e.g. the turnover frequencies (TOF, h(-1)) values as high as 6.6 x 10(3) h(-1) for styrene oxide and 1.01 x 10(4) h(-1) for epichlorohydrin). This catalyst system also offers the advantages of recyclability and reusability. Therefore, it is a very effective, environmentally benign, and simple catalytic process. The special steric and electrophilic characteristics of hexabutylguanidinium bromide ionic liquid result in the prominent performance of this novel catalyst system.

Synthesis, properties and structural characterization of an intermolecular photosensitive complex: (HGly-Gly)(3)PMo12O40 center dot 4H(2)O

The first heteropoly acid-dipeptide complex, (HGly-Gly)(3)PMo12O40.4H(2)O, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV, H-1 NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray crystallographic study showed that the crystal structure was constructed from N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds among the (HGly-Gly)(+), H2O and PMo12O403- units. This structure represents a model interaction between polyoxometalates and proteins. The complex has photosensitivity under irradiation by sunlight. The fluorescent activity of this compound is also reported.

Progress in the chemistry of spirodilactone and its derivations

Spirodilactones are a series of compounds with the structures of spiro-carbon and lactone which result in the special physical and chemical characters of Spirodilactones, In this paper the advance in the methods of synthesis, derivative reaction, chrial resolution, polymer synthesis of the most representative aspects for spirodi-gamma -butylactone and its derivations , were summarized described.