Producción y rentabilidad en la ganadería argentina. 1980-2006

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal estudiar y analizar la producción y rentabilidad de la ganadería argentina. El trabajo intentará explorar si los vaivenes de la actividad se encuentran atados a la evolución de la economía en su conjunto, y del sector agropecuario en particular; o si por el contrario, se trata de un sector cuya senda ha logrado independizarse del resto de las actividades. En arreglo a lo dicho, se buscará dar cuenta del impacto de las políticas económicas y los cambios tecnológicos sobre la producción y rentabilidad del sector, prestando especial atención a cuestiones estructurales de la actividad como son la productividad, cantidad, localización y concentración del stock vacuno. Asimismo, y en relación a esta última variable, estudiaremos su incidencia sobre los pequeños, medianos y grandes productores. Para llevar a cabo dicho estudio, se analizará con especial atención lo acontecido a partir de 2002, intentando rescatar las rupturas y continuidades que supuso el abandono de la convertibilidad.

The potential of ocean acidifi cation on suppressing larval development in the Pacifi c oyster Crassostrea gigas and blood cockle Arca infl ata Reeve

We evaluated the effect of pH on larval development in larval Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and blood cockle ( Arca inflata Reeve). The larvae were reared at pH 8.2 (control), 7.9, 7.6, or 7.3 beginning 30 min or 24 h post fertilization. Exposure to lower pH during early embryonic development inhibited larval shell formation in both species. Compared with the control, larvae took longer to reach the D-veliger stage when reared under pH 7.6 and 7.3. Exposure to lower pH immediately after fertilization resulted in significantly delayed shell formation in the Pacific oyster larvae at pH 7.3 and blood cockle larvae at pH 7.6 and 7.3. However, when exposure was delayed until 24 h post fertilization, shell formation was only inhibited in blood cockle larvae reared at pH 7.3. Thus, the early embryonic stages were more sensitive to acidified conditions. Our results suggest that ocean acidification will have an adverse effect on embryonic development in bivalves. Although the effects appear subtle, they may accumulate and lead to subsequent issues during later larval development.

Rural electrification revisited : the case of Bihar, India

This study describes the dynamic processes of electrification. Some electrified villages have experienced de-electrification, mainly due to technical issues. Some villages were re-electrified through various efforts. Our econometric exercise indicates that small villages in remote locations tend to not be prioritized in the electrification process. It also finds that the cumulative number of ever-electrified villages is higher among villages having a higher ratio of socially advanced classes. However, some of these experienced de-electrification, rendering ambiguous the impact of village social characteristics on electrification.

Effect of fibers and whole grain content on quality attributes

Incorporation of fiber in cereals may lead to quality issues, thus decreasing consumer acceptance. This is partially due to deterioration of the microstructure, one of the primary quality attributes of cereals. The objective of this study was to better understand the mechanisms by which dietary fibers affect the quality of cereal products during extrusioncooking. The study quantified the effect of amount and type of fiber and whole grain on (i) texture, (ii) structure, and (iii) rehydration properties of extruded cereals. New innovative methods were applied and combined with traditional techniques to characterize both the structure and the rehydration properties. Extruded cereals were produced using a starch-based recipe (whole and wheat flours) and two sources of fibers (oat bran concentrate and wheat bran). The oat and wheat bran levels used in this study were 0, 10, and 20%. The different mixtures were extruded in a pilot twinscrew extruder BC21 (Clextral) and then sugar coated after drying. Mechanical properties of extruded cereals were investigated by compression test. The cellular structure was observed by X-ray tomography. The quality of coating (thickness, homogeneity) was analyzed by optical coherence tomography. The rehydration properties of such cereals in milk were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography. This work revealed that structure assessment of extruded cereals may lead to a better understanding of the effect of fiber addition on texture and rehydration properties. The application of innovative methods, such as optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, was found to be useful to quantify the structural properties.

On-chip Monitoring: A Light-Weight Interconnection Network Approach

Current nanometer technologies are subjected to several adverse effects that seriously impact the yield and performance of integrated circuits. Such is the case of within-die parameters uncertainties, varying workload conditions, aging, temperature, etc. Monitoring, calibration and dynamic adaptation have appeared as promising solutions to these issues and many kinds of monitors have been presented recently. In this scenario, where systems with hundreds of monitors of different types have been proposed, the need for light-weight monitoring networks has become essential. In this work we present a light-weight network architecture based on digitization resource sharing of nodes that require a time-to-digital conversion. Our proposal employs a single wire interface, shared among all the nodes in the network, and quantizes the time domain to perform the access multiplexing and transmit the information. It supposes a 16% improvement in area and power consumption compared to traditional approaches.

Efficient negation using abstract interpretation

While negation has been a very active área of research in logic programming, comparatively few papers have been devoted to implementation issues. Furthermore, the negation-related capabilities of current Prolog systems are limited. We recently presented a novel method for incorporating negation in a Prolog compiler which takes a number of existing methods (some modified and improved by us) and uses them in a combined fashion. The method makes use of information provided by a global analysis of the source code. Our previous work focused on the systematic description of the techniques and the reasoning about correctness and completeness of the method, but provided no experimental evidence to evalúate the proposal. In this paper, we report on an implementation, using the Ciao Prolog system preprocessor, and provide experimental data which indicates that the method is not only feasible but also quite promising from the efficiency point of view. In addition, the tests have provided new insight as to how to improve the proposal further. Abstract interpretation techniques are shown to offer important improvements in this application.

Programming with global analysis

Global data-flow analysis of (constraint) logic programs, which is generally based on abstract interpretation [7], is reaching a comparatively high level of maturity. A natural question is whether it is time for its routine incorporation in standard compilers, something which, beyond a few experimental systems, has not happened to date. Such incorporation arguably makes good sense only if: • the range of applications of global analysis is large enough to justify the additional complication in the compiler, and • global analysis technology can deal with all the features of "practical" languages (e.g., the ISO-Prolog built-ins) and "scales up" for large programs. We present a tutorial overview of a number of concepts and techniques directly related to the issues above, with special emphasis on the first one. In particular, we concéntrate on novel uses of global analysis during program development and debugging, rather than on the more traditional application área of program optimization. The idea of using abstract interpretation for validation and diagnosis has been studied in the context of imperative programming [2] and also of logic programming. The latter work includes issues such as using approximations to reduce the burden posed on programmers by declarative debuggers [6, 3] and automatically generating and checking assertions [4, 5] (which includes the more traditional type checking of strongly typed languages, such as Gódel or Mercury [1, 8, 9]) We also review some solutions for scalability including modular analysis, incremental analysis, and widening. Finally, we discuss solutions for dealing with meta-predicates, side-effects, delay declarations, constraints, dynamic predicates, and other such features which may appear in practical languages. In the discussion we will draw both from the literature and from our experience and that of others in the development and use of the CIAO system analyzer. In order to emphasize the practical aspects of the solutions discussed, the presentation of several concepts will be illustrated by examples run on the CIAO system, which makes extensive use of global analysis and assertions.

Efficient implementation of general negation using abstract interpretation

While negation has been a very active área of research in logic programming, comparatively few papers have been devoted to implementation issues. Furthermore, the negation-related capabilities of current Prolog systems are limited. We recently presented a novel method for incorporating negation in a Prolog compiler which takes a number of existing methods (some modified and improved) and uses them in a combined fashion. The method makes use of information provided by a global analysis of the source code. Our previous work focused on the systematic description of the techniques and the reasoning about correctness and completeness of the method, but provided no experimental evidence to evalúate the proposal. In this paper, after proposing some extensions to the method, we provide experimental data which indicates that the method is not only feasible but also quite promising from the efficiency point of view. In addition, the tests have provided new insight as to how to improve the proposal further. Abstract interpretation techniques (in particular those included in the Ciao Prolog system preprocessor) have had a significant role in the success of the technique.

Nanoinformatics: a new area of research in nanomedicine

Over a decade ago, nanotechnologists began research on applications of nanomaterials for medicine. This research has revealed a wide range of different challenges, as well as many opportunities. Some of these challenges are strongly related to informatics issues, dealing, for instance, with the management and integration of heterogeneous information, defining nomenclatures, taxonomies and classifications for various types of nanomaterials, and research on new modeling and simulation techniques for nanoparticles. Nanoinformatics has recently emerged in the USA and Europe to address these issues. In this paper, we present a review of nanoinformatics, describing its origins, the problems it addresses, areas of interest, and examples of current research initiatives and informatics resources. We suggest that nanoinformatics could accelerate research and development in nanomedicine, as has occurred in the past in other fields. For instance, biomedical informatics served as a fundamental catalyst for the Human Genome Project, and other genomic and ?omics projects, as well as the translational efforts that link resulting molecular-level research to clinical problems and findings.

Non invasive moisture measurement in agricultural fiel using a rolling spherical robot

Irrigation management in large crop fields is a very important practice. Since the farm management costs and the crop results are directly connected with the environmental moisture, water control optimization is a critical factor for agricultural practices, as well as for the planet sustainability. Usually, the crop humidity is measured through the water stress index (WSI), using imagery acquired from satellites or airplanes. Nevertheless, these tools have a significant cost, lack from availability, and dependability from the weather. Other alternative is to recover to ground tools, such as ground vehicles and even static base stations. However, they have an outstanding impact in the farming process, since they can damage the cultivation and require more human effort. As a possible solution to these issues, a rolling ground robot have been designed and developed, enabling non-invasive measurements within crop fields. This paper addresses the spherical robot system applied to intra-crop moisture measurements. Furthermore, some experiments were carried out in an early stage corn field in order to build a geo-referenced WSI map.

The dicode workbench: A flexible framework for the integration of information and web services

Aiming to address requirements concerning integration of services in the context of ?big data?, this paper presents an innovative approach that (i) ensures a flexible, adaptable and scalable information and computation infrastructure, and (ii) exploits the competences of stakeholders and information workers to meaningfully confront information management issues such as information characterization, classification and interpretation, thus incorporating the underlying collective intelligence. Our approach pays much attention to the issues of usability and ease-of-use, not requiring any particular programming expertise from the end users. We report on a series of technical issues concerning the desired flexibility of the proposed integration framework and we provide related recommendations to developers of such solutions. Evaluation results are also discussed.

PPP in light rail transit systems in Spain

Light rail systems have proliferated in Spain in the last decade, following a tendency that is common not only in other European countries but also in other parts of the world. This paper reviews the benefits of light rail systems, both related to environmental issues and mobility issues. It analyses the evolution of light rail projects in Spain and shows that light rail systems in this country have evolved towards an extensive use of public-private partnerships. The analysis of the Spanish projects, however, does not contribute any conclusive evidence about whether public-private partnerships have been more efficient than publicly owned enterprises in building and operating light rail systems.

Información personal: la nueva moneda de la economía digital

Technological progress has profoundly changed the way personal data are collected, accessed and used. Those data make possible unprecedented customization of advertising which, in turn, is the business model adopted by many of the most successful Internet companies. Yet measuring the value being generated is still a complex task. This paper presents a review of the literature on this subject. It has been found that the economic analysis of personal information has been conducted up to now from a qualitative perspective mainly linked to privacy issues. A better understanding of a quantitative approach to this topic is urgently needed.

Convento dominico de Miguel Fisac en Madrid. El acento de los objetos

La tesis estudia el Convento de Los Dominicos en Madrid (1955-1958) que representa una de las obras más importantes del arquitecto Miguel Fisac (1913-2006). Supone el punto de partida de una etapa profesional donde comienza a cualificar los espacios y a abandonar la idea de la arquitectura como volumen. El proyecto se ubica en un lugar sin apenas referencias (sólo el aire, la luz y el agua) donde Fisac incorpora objetos entendidos a distintas escalas, que acentúan la correcta organización del programa propuesto. Objetos-edificios, objetos-techos de luz y objetos táctiles pertenecen a espacios singulares del conjunto conventual que se enlazan mediante un sistema de patios como estrategia de articulación. En este edificio se encuentran las claves y conceptos que Fisac aplica posteriormente en las obras de esta etapa que acaba de comenzar. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que lo cercano cualifica el espacio, se hace hincapié en los objetos que ponen en valor los lugares más significativos y en las relaciones espaciales que se plantean entre ellos. El objetivo es analizar los recursos espaciales utilizados por Fisac en este proyecto así como la relación con el lugar, la articulación de los espacios y la preocupación por el detalle. La tesis se estructura en tres capítulos: con-texto, pre-texto y texto. El primer capítulo describe el convento, comenzando con una introducción sobre la influencia de los viajes experimentales realizados por Fisac antes del desarrollo del proyecto. Es un estudio desde el punto de vista del autor y con documentación original. El segundo capítulo analiza la obra para identificar aquellos elementos que constituyen la naturaleza del proyecto y su organización espacial enfatizando el sistema de patios como elemento estructurante y una selección de los espacios singulares de la iglesia, el refectorio y las aulas que permiten tratar temás relacionados con la planta convergente en la iglesia, la doble escala en el refectorio y la iluminación en el caso de las aulas. Estos temás se explican con la elaboración de nuevos planos que apoyan el análisis. El tercer capítulo titulado el acento de los objetos, selecciona algunos de estos elementos a distintas escalas: torre, escalera, lucernario y fuente. Con el objetivo de profundizar en cada uno de ellos se utiliza la comparativa con otras referencias que plantean temás similares para entender los conceptos planteados por Fisac y su alcance. A través de la torre y la escalera del claustro, se tratan temás relacionados con la geometría y la trama estructural. Los techos de luz plantean conceptos de iluminación, acústica y continuidad interior y los pequeños objetos de piedra, madera y metal sirven para realizar un acercamiento a la materia y a la técnica a través del detalle, que Fisac aplica en casi todas sus obras. Con la superposición de estas visiones- la del historiador, la del arquitecto y la del crítico- se calibra el grado de elaboración de la obra y se sacan las conclusiones que representan los aspectos más importantes que acomete Fisac en este proyecto. ABSTRACT This thesis studies the Convent for the Dominican Order in Madrid (1955- 1958) which represents one of the most important buildings designed by the Spanish architect Miguel Fisac(1913-2006). This work will become the first step of a professional phase where he begins to qualify the spaces and abandons the idea of Architecture as a Volume. The building is located in a site without almost any reference (only the air, the light and the water). Here, Fisac incorporates different kinds of objects understood at different scales, which emphasizes the correct organisation of the program. Object-buildings, object- ceiling light and tactile-objects belong to singular room of the Conventual complex. These items connect to each other by a system of courtyards used as a strategy for the articulation of the spaces. In this building it is possible to find the keys and concepts that Fisac will apply in following his buildings of this same period that he just has started. Based on the hypothesis that the near things qualify the space, special emphasis is put on the objects that show the great value of the most significant places and the spatial relation that is created between them. The final objective is to analyse the spatial resources used by Fisac in this project, as well as the relation created with the site, the articulation of the spaces and the emphasis on the building details. The thesis is structured around three chapters: con-text, pre-text and text. The first one describes the Seminary, starting with an introduction about the influence of the research trips did by Fisac before the project was development. It is a study from the authors point of view using original documents. The next chapter analyses his work in order to identify those elements that constitute the nature of the project and its spatial organisation with special focus on the system of courtyards as element that structure everything, and a selection of the singular spaces in the church, the refectory and the classrooms that allows to treat issues related to the church´s convergent plan, the double scale of the refectory and the lighting of the classrooms. These issues are explained by new elaborated plans that support the analyse. The third chapter titled “the emphasis on the objects” selects some of these elements in different scales: tower, stairs, skylight, and fountain. In order study in depth these elements, they are compared to other references that pose similar issues in order to understand Fisac’s concepts and scope. Through the tower and the cloister stair, he addresses certain issues in relation to the geometry and structural grid. The skylights raise lighting, acoustic and indoor continuity concepts, and the small stone, wood and metal objects are used in order to carry out an approach to the material and technique through the detail that Fisac applies in almost all his work. With the overlapping of these visions - the historian, the architect and critic - the degree of elaboration is calibrated and conclusions are met to represent the most important aspects of Fisac’s project.

Gestión de configuración y línea de productos para mejorar el proceso experimental en ingeniería del software

La Ingeniería del Software (IS) Empírica adopta el método científico a la IS para facilitar la generación de conocimiento. Una de las técnicas empleadas, es la realización de experimentos. Para que el conocimiento obtenido experimentalmente adquiera el nivel de madurez necesario para su posterior uso, es necesario que los experimentos sean replicados. La existencia de múltiples replicaciones de un mismo experimento conlleva la existencia de numerosas versiones de los distintos productos generados durante la realización de cada replicación. Actualmente existe un gran descontrol sobre estos productos, ya que la administración se realiza de manera informal. Esto causa problemas a la hora de planificar nuevas replicaciones, o intentar obtener información sobre las replicaciones ya realizadas. Para conocer con detalle la dimensión del problema a resolver, se estudia el estado actual de la gestión de materiales experimentales y su uso en replicaciones, así como de las herramientas de gestión de materiales experimentales. El estudio concluye que ninguno de los enfoques estudiados proporciona una solución al problema planteado. Este trabajo persigue como objetivo mejorar la administración de los materiales experimentales y replicaciones de experimentos en IS para dar soporte a la replicación de experimentos. Para satisfacer este objetivo, se propone la adopción en experimentación de los paradigmas de Gestión de Configuración del Software (GCS) y Línea de Producto Software (LPS). Para desarrollar la propuesta se decide utilizar el método de investigación acción (en inglés action research). Para adoptar la GCS a experimentación, se comienza realizando un estudio del proceso experimental como transformación de productos; a continuación, se realiza una adopción de conceptos fundamentada en los procesos del desarrollo software y de experimentación; finalmente, se desarrollan un conjunto de instrumentos, que se incorporan a un Plan de Gestión de Configuración de Experimentos (PGCE). Para adoptar la LPS a experimentación, se comienza realizando un estudio de los conceptos, actividades y fases que fundamentan la LPS; a continuación, se realiza una adopción de los conceptos; finalmente, se desarrollan o adoptan las técnicas, simbología y modelos para dar soporte a las fases de la Línea de Producto para Experimentación (LPE). La propuesta se valida mediante la evaluación de su: viabilidad, flexibilidad, usabilidad y satisfacción. La viabilidad y flexibilidad se evalúan mediante la instanciación del PGCE y de la LPE en experimentos concretos en IS. La usabilidad se evalúa mediante el uso de la propuesta para la generación de las instancias del PGCE y de LPE. La satisfacción evalúa la información sobre el experimento que contiene el PGCE y la LPE. Los resultados de la validación de la propuesta muestran mejores resultados en los aspectos de usabilidad y satisfacción a los experimentadores. ABSTRACT Empirical software engineering adapts the scientific method to software engineering (SE) in order to facilitate knowledge generation. Experimentation is one of the techniques used. For the knowledge generated experimentally to acquire the level of maturity necessary for later use, the experiments have to be replicated. As the same experiment is replicated more than once, there are numerous versions of all the products generated during a replication. These products are generally administered informally without control. This is troublesome when it comes to planning new replications or trying to gather information on replications conducted in the past. In order to grasp the size of the problem to be solved, this research examines the current state of the art of the management and use of experimental materials in replications, as well as the tools managing experimental materials. The study concludes that none of the analysed approaches provides a solution to the stated problem. The aim of this research is to improve the administration of SE experimental materials and experimental replications in support of experiment replication. To do this, we propose the adaptation of software configuration management (SCM) and software product line (SPL) paradigms to experimentation. The action research method was selected in order to develop this proposal. The first step in the adaptation of the SCM to experimentation was to analyse the experimental process from the viewpoint of the transformation of products. The concepts were then adapted based on software development and experimentation processes. Finally, a set of instruments were developed and added to an experiment configuration management plan (ECMP). The first step in the adaptation of the SPL to experimentation is to analyse the concepts, activities and phases underlying the SPL. The concepts are then adapted. Finally, techniques, symbols and models are developed or adapted in support of the experimentation product line (EPL) phases. The proposal is validated by evaluating its feasibility, flexibility, usability and satisfaction. Feasibility and flexibility are evaluated by instantiating the ECMP and the EPL in specific SE experiments. Usability is evaluated by using the proposal to generate the instances of the ECMP and EPL. The results of the validation of the proposal show that the proposal performs better with respect to usability issues and experimenter satisfaction.