Effets du vieillissement sur les index électrophysiologiques de l’évaluation des relations spatiales en mémoire de travail visuelle

Le processus de vieillissement humain est un processus complexe qui varie grandement d’une personne à l’autre. Malgré l’ampleur des recherches faites sur le sujet, il reste encore beaucoup à explorer et à comprendre. Cette thèse propose trois expériences qui nous permettent d’améliorer notre compréhension des changements qui s’opèrent dans la mémoire de travail visuelle et l’attention visuospatiale avec la prise en âge. La première expérience propose d’examiner les changements dans les capacités de mémoire de travail visuelle entre des jeunes adultes, des adultes âgés sains et des personnes atteintes de trouble cognitif léger (TCL). De plus, grâce à un suivi fait avec les personnes ayant un TCL, nous avons pu examiner si des différences existaient au niveau comportemental entre les âgés qui ont déclinés vers un type de démence et ceux dont l’état est resté stable. Plusieurs techniques peuvent être utilisées pour étudier les effets du vieillissement sur le cerveau. Les tests neuropsychologiques et les tâches comportementales présentées dans la première expérience en sont un exemple. La neuroimagerie peut aussi s’avérer particulièrement utile. En effet, certaines mesures électrophysiologiques, aussi appelées potentiels reliés aux évènements (PRE), sont associées à des fonctions cognitives précises. Ces composantes nous permettent de suivre ces processus et d’observer les modulations causées par les caractéristiques des stimuli ou l’âge par exemple. C’est le cas de la N2pc (négativité 2 postérieure controlatérale) et de la SPCN (sustained posterior contralateral negativity), des composantes électrophysiologiques liées respectivement à l’attention visuospatiale et la mémoire de travail visuelle. On connait bien ces deux composantes ainsi que les facteurs qui les modulent, or elles sont peu utilisées pour les changements qui occurrent dans l’attention et la mémoire de travail visuelle dans le cadre du processus de vieillissement. Les deuxième et troisième expériences proposent d’utiliser une tâche de recherche visuelle (nombre d’items de couleur et identification d’une relation spatiale entre deux items de couleur) afin d’explorer les changements observables sur ces composantes électrophysiologiques. La deuxième expérience examine l’efficacité d’un paradigme à présentations multiples (‘multiple frame’) afin de mesurer la N2pc et la SPCN chez de jeunes adultes. La troisième expérience a pour but d’examiner les effets du vieillissement normal sur l’amplitude et la latence de la N2pc et la SPCN en utilisant le même type de tâche de recherche visuelle.

Enseignement de la géométrie en première secondaire et conceptions d'élèves : une oscillation entre la perception, la mesure et la théorie

Cette recherche, réalisée en milieu scolaire québécois, concerne l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de la géométrie à l’entrée au secondaire. Ce contexte est caractérisé par une géométrie non clairement définie d’un point de vue épistémologique, tant dans le programme d’études du premier cycle que dans les manuels scolaires. Ainsi, nous avons cherché à voir d’une part, l’activité géométrique souhaitée et actualisée par des enseignants incluant les problèmes proposés et, d’autre part, les conceptions d’élèves développées par ces problèmes. À partir de données recueillies auprès de quatre classes, nous avons déterminé cette activité géométrique et répertorié six types de problèmes dont quatre sont dominants ainsi que des conceptions d’élèves. L’activité géométrique en classe a donné lieu à des moments d’hésitation épistémologique, lesquels ne sont pas sans effet dans le développement des conceptions des élèves.

Studies on the Role of Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation in the Interannual Variability of Indian Summer Monsoon

The present study illustrates the biennial oscillation in different ocean-atmosphere parameters associated with interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall.It also accounts the role of different processes like ENSO, IOD, QBO and ISO in the monsoon variability during the TBO years.

Intraseasonal oscillation of total precipitable water over North Indian Ocean and its application in the diagnostic study of coastal rainfall

TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) is reported to be a useful sensor to measure the atmospheric and oceanic parameters even in cloudy conditions. Vertically integrated specific humidity, Total Precipitable Water (TPW) retrieved from the water vapour absorption channel (22GHz.) along with 10m wind speed and rain rate derived from TMI is used to investigate the moisture variation over North Indian Ocean. Intraseasonal Oscillations (ISO) of TPW during the summer monsoon seasons 1998, 1999, and 2000 over North Indian Ocean is explored using wavelet analysis. The dominant waves in TPW during the monsoon periods and the differences in ISO over Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal are investigated. The northward propagation of TPW anomaly and its coherence with the coastal rainfall is also studied. For the diagnostic study of heavy rainfall spells over the west coast, the intrusion of TPW over the North Arabian Sea is seen to be a useful tool.

Inertial oscillation forced by the September 1997 cyclone in the Bay of Bengal

Time-series measurements from a moored data buoy located in the Bay of Bengal captured signals of inertial oscillation forced by the September 1997 cyclone. The progressive vector diagram showed mean northeastward current with well-defined clockwise circulation. Spectral analysis exhibited inertial peak at 0.67 cpd with blue shift and high rotary coefficient of –0.99, which signifies strong circular inertial oscillation. The wind and SST also exhibited spectral peak at inertial band (0.69 cpd) with higher blue shift. The inertial amplitude of 148.8 cm/s corresponding to a wind stress of 0.99 N/m2 and spectral peak near the local inertial frequency (0.653 cpd) indicate that the transfer of momentum was high.

Fluorescence characterization and gain studies on a dye-doped graded index polymer optical-fiber preform

Preparation of an appropriate optical-fiber preform is vital for the fabrication of graded-index polymer optical fibers (GIPOF), which are considered to be a good choice for providing inexpensive high bandwidth data links, for local area networks and telecommunication applications. Recent development of the interfacial gel polymerization technique has caused a dramatic reduction in the total attenuation in GIPOF, and this is one of the potential methods to prepare fiber preforms for the fabrication of dye-doped polymer-fiber amplifiers. In this paper, the preparation of a dye-doped graded-index poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) rod by the interfacial gel polymerization method using a PMMA tube is reported. An organic compound of high-refractive index, viz., diphenyl phthalate (DPP), was used to obtain a graded-index distribution, and Rhodamine B (Rh B), was used to dope the PMMA rod. The refractive index profile of the rod was measured using an interferometric technique and the index exponent was estimated. The single pass gain of the rod was measured at a pump wavelength of 532 nm. The extent of doping of the Rh B in the preform was studied by axially exciting a thin slice of the rod with white light and measuring the spatial variation of the fluorescence intensity across the sample.

Fabrication and Characterisation of Dye Doped Polymer Optical Fibres With Different Refractive Index Profiles for Photonic Applications

International School of Photonics, Cohin University of Science and Technology

Enzyme reactions as index of freshness of Fish and Shellfish

An attempt has been made in this study to screen some fish muscle enzymes to assess their potential worth in testing the degree of freshness of fish. A problem with routine enzyme activity determinations is the complexity of the method of enzyme assay. Hence, in the present study as far as possible simple assay techniques were adopted. Several species were screened to assess the possibility of employing this procedure on a large scale. It is hoped that findings of this study will lead to the development of meaningful criteria in testing the freshness of fish. This thesis has been divided into five chapters

Variation in radio refractivity index associated with formation of low - pressure systems

Numerous low - pressure systems form in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. These low-pressure systems are highly useful in bringing the rainfall over the Indian sub continent. The developments of these systems are accompanied by the reduction in air temperature and an increase in atmospheric humidity. The radio refractivity, which is a function of the atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity, also changes following the development of these systems. Variation of radio refractive index and its vertical gradient are analysed for many low pressure systems formed over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. It is found that the atmosphere becomes super refractive associated with the formation of these systems, caused by the increase in humidity and decrease in temperature. The maximum gradient is observed near the surface layers, especially in the lowest 1 km. Super refraction leads to increased radar detection range and extension of radio horizon

Characteristics of oscillation in surface layer and above over Cochin

The oscillations in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) are important because the transport mechanism from the surface to the upper atmosphere is governed by the ABL characteristics. The study was carried out using wind and temperature data observed at surface, 925 hPa and 850 hPa levels over Cochin and the different frequencies embedded in the boundary layer parameters are identified by employing wavelet technique. Surface boundary layer characteristics over the monsoon region are closely linked to the upper layer monsoon features. In this perception it is important to study the various oscillations in the surface boundary layer and the layer above. It is found that the wind and temperature at different levels show oscillations in Quasi Biweekly Mode (QBM) and Intra Seasonal Oscillation (ISO) bands as observed in a typical monsoon system. Amplitude of the oscillation varies with height. The amplitude of the QBM periodicity is more in the surface levels but in the upper levels the amplitude of the ISO periodicity is more than that of the QBM. From this, it is obvious that the controlling mechanism of QBM band is surface parameters such as surface friction and that for ISO band is associated with the active-break cycles of monsoon system