Zur lexikographischen Darstellung der Adjektivsyntax in neueren einsprachigen Wörtbüchern des Deutschen

The main objects of the investigation were the syntactic functions of adjectives. The reason for the interest in these functions are the different modes of use, in which an adjective can occur. All together an adjective can take three different modes of use: attributive (e. g. a fast car), predicative (e. g. the car is fast) and adverbial (e. g. the car drives fast). Since an adjective cannot always take every function, some dictionaries (esp. learner s dictionaries) deliver information within the lexical entry about any restrictions. The purpose of the research consisted of a comparison in relation to the lexical entries of adjectives, which were investigated within four selected monolingual German-speaking dictionaries. The comparison of the syntactical data of adjectives were done to work out the differences and the common characteristics of the lexical entries concerning the different modes of use and to analyse respective to assess them. In the foreground, however, were the differences of the syntactical information. Concerning those differences it had to be worked out, which entry is the grammatically right one respective if one entry is in fact wrong. To find that out an empirical analysis was needed, which based on the question in which way an adjective is used within a context as far as there are no conforming data within the dictionaries. The delivery of the correctness and the homogeneity of lexical entries of German-speaking dictionaries are very important to support people who are learning the German language and to ensure the user friendliness of dictionaries. Throughout the investigations it became clear that in almost half of the cases (over 40 %) syntactical information of adjectives differ from each other within the dictionaries. These differences make it for non-native speakers of course very difficult to understand the correct usage of an adjective. Thus the main aim of the doctoral thesis was it to deliver and to demonstrate the clear syntactical usage of a certain amount of adjectives.

A Curious Harpour in Helle : An Edition of the Commentary on the Orpheus Metre of De consolatione philosophiae in MS Thott 304,2

Tutkielmani on tekstieditio keskiaikaisesta kommentaarista, joka löytyy Kööpenhaminan Kuninkaallisen kirjaston käsikirjoituksesta Thott 304,2. Käsikirjoitus voidaan ajoittaa 1400-luvun ensimmäiselle neljännekselle ja se on kirjoitettu keskienglanniksi. Se sisältää John Waltonin runomuotoisen käännöksen Boethiuksen 500-luvun alussa latinaksi kirjoittamasta teoksesta De consolatione philosophiae (Filosofian lohdutus) sekä teosta kommentoivan proosamuotoisen kommentaarin. Käsikirjoitus on vaillinainen, mutta sen säilyneet foliot ovat enimmäkseen erittäin hyväkuntoisia. Itse käsikirjoitusta on tutkittu vain muutamissa artikkeleissa ja yhdessä tutkielmassa; kommentaarista ei ole toistaiseksi tehty kattavaa tutkimusta. Tavoitteeni onkin tuoda kommentaari keskiaikaisen filosofian, keskienglannin ja käsikirjoitusten tutkijoiden käytettäviin. Käsikirjoitus Thott 304,2 on esimerkki epätyypillisestä myöhäiskeskiaikaisesta maallikkomesenaattiudesta Englannissa. Tavanmukaisesti maallikkomesenaatit tukivat uskonnollisten tekstien tuottamista ja kääntämistä, kun taas Thott 304,2 sisältää käännöksen filosofisesta tekstistä. Sen lisäksi mesenaatti oli nainen, aatelistoon kuuluva Elizabeth Berkeley. Varsin harvinaiseksi käsikirjoituksen tekee sen painaminen kirjaksi 1500-luvun alussa. Kirjanpainajan käsikirjoituksen sivuille tekemistä merkinnöistä saadaan korvaamatonta tietoa varhaisesta painotekniikasta, sillä kirjanpainajien käyttämiä käsikirjoituskopioita ei ole säilynyt kovin runsaasti. Waltonin käännös on säilynyt yli kahdessakymmenessä käsikirjoituskopiossa, joista vain Thott 304,2 sisältää laajan kommentaarin. 1500-luvun painoksesta on jäljellä kolme kopiota, ja ne sisältävät saman kommentaarin kuin Thott 304,2. Valitsin editoitavaksi niin kutsuttua Orfeus-runoa kommentoivan osan kommentaarista, sillä se muodostaa ehjän kokonaisuuden ja sopii pituutensa puolesta Pro gradu -tutkielmaan. Orfeus-runo on myös yksi käsikirjoituksen kattavimmin kommentoiduista runoista. Editio on niin sanottu diplomaattinen transkriptio, jossa käsikirjoituksen piirteet on pyritty säilyttämään mahdollisimman tarkasti edition luettavuuden siitä kuitenkaan kärsimättä. Perinteisistä editioista poiketen tutkielmani sisältää myös kommentaarin ja Orfeus-runon transkriptiot, joissa rivijako, lyhenteet ja erikoismerkit on säilytetty. Näiden transkriptioiden toivon auttavan erityisesti käsikirjoituksessa esiintyvien lyhenteiden, erikoismerkkien ja kirjanpainajan merkintöjen tulkinnassa ja tutkimisessa. Editiota ja transkriptioita täydentävät nykyenglanniksi kirjoitettu lyhennelmä kommentaarista ja kuvat käsikirjoituksen sivuista, joilla editoimani kommentaari on. Tutkielmaan sisältyy alkuperäisen tekstin, käännöksen, kommentaarin ja käsikirjoituksen taustaa valottava osuus. Esittelen myös kaikki löytämäni lähteet, joissa käsikirjoitus on mainittu tai joissa sitä on tutkittu. Liitteeksi olen laatinut sanaston helpottamaan kommentaarin tulkitsemista.

Phylogenetics and biogeography of a spectacular Old World radiation of butterflies: the subtribe Mycalesina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrini)

Background: Butterflies of the subtribe Mycalesina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) are important model organisms in ecology and evolution. This group has radiated spectacularly in the Old World tropics and presents an exciting opportunity to better understand processes of invertebrate rapid radiations. However, the generic-level taxonomy of the subtribe has been in a constant state of flux, and relationships among genera are unknown. There are six currently recognized genera in the group. Mycalesis, Lohora and Nirvanopsis are found in the Oriental region, the first of which is the most speciose genus among mycalesines, and extends into the Australasian region. Hallelesis and Bicyclus are found in mainland Africa, while Heteropsis is primarily Madagascan, with a few species in Africa. We infer the phylogeny of the group with data from three genes (total of 3139 bp) and use these data to reconstruct events in the biogeographic history of the group.,Results: The results indicate that the group Mycalesina radiated rapidly around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Basal relationships are unresolved, but we recover six well-supported clades. Some species of Mycalesis are nested within a primarily Madagascan clade of Heteropsis,while Nirvanopsis is nested within Lohora. The phylogeny suggests that the group had its origin either in Asia or Africa, and diversified through dispersals between the two regions, during the late Oligocene and early Miocene. The current dataset tentatively suggests that the Madagascan fauna comprises two independent radiations. The Australasian radiation shares a common ancestor derived from Asia. We discuss factors that are likely to have played a key role in the diversification of the group. Conclusions: We propose a significantly revised classification scheme for Mycalesina. We conclude that the group originated and radiated from an ancestor that was found either in Asia or Africa, with dispersals between the two regions and to Australasia. Our phylogeny paves the way for further comparative studies on this group that will help us understand the processes underlying diversification in rapid radiations of invertebrates.

Subject Teacher Training and Teaching in English

The purpose of this Master s thesis is on one hand to find out how CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) teachers and English teachers perceive English and its use in teaching, and on the other hand, what they consider important in subject teacher education in English that is being planned and piloted in STEP Project at the University of Helsinki Department of Teacher Education. One research question is also what kind of language requirements teachers think CLIL teachers should have. The research results are viewed in light of previous research and literature on CLIL education. Six teachers participate in this study. Two of them are English teachers in the comprehensive school, two are class teachers in bilingual elementary education, and two are subject teachers in bilingual education, one of whom teaches in a lower secondary school and the other in an upper secondary school. One English teacher and one bilingual class teacher have graduated from a pilot class teacher program in English that started at the University of Helsinki in the middle of the 1990 s. The bilingual subject teachers are not trained in English but they have learned English elsewhere, which is a particular focus of interest in this study because it is expected that a great number of CLIL teachers in Finland do not have actual studies in English philology. The research method is interview and this is a qualitative case study. The interviews are recorded and transcribed for the ease of analysis. The English teachers do not always use English in their lessons and they would not feel confident in teaching another subject completely in English. All of the CLIL teachers trust their English skills in teaching, but the bilingual class teachers also use Finnish during lessons either because some teaching material is in Finnish, or they feel that rules and instructions are understood better in mother tongue or students English skills are not strong enough. One of the bilingual subject teachers is the only one who consciously uses only English in teaching and in discussions with students. Although teachers good English skills are generally considered important, only the teachers who have graduated from the class teacher education in English consider it important that CLIL teachers would have studies in English philology. Regarding the subject teacher education program in English, the respondents hope that its teachers will have strong enough English skills and that it will deliver what it promises. Having student teachers of different subjects studying together is considered beneficial. The results of the study show that acquiring teaching material in English continues to be the teachers own responsibility and a huge burden for the teachers, and there has, in fact, not been much progress in the matter since the beginning of CLIL education. The bilingual subject teachers think, however, that using one s own material can give new inspiration to teaching and enable the use of various pedagogical methods. Although it is questionable if the language competence requirements set for CLIL teachers by the Finnish Ministry of Education are not adhered to, it becomes apparent in the study that studies in English philology do not necessarily guarantee strong enough language skills for CLIL teaching, but teachers own personality and self-confidence have significance. Keywords: CLIL, bilingual education, English, subject teacher training, subject teacher education in English, STEP

Analisi contrastiva delle modalità di traduzione in finnico dei Tempi verbali e delle perifrasi aspettuali dell'italiano

Analisi contrastiva delle modalità di traduzione in finnico dei Tempi verbali e delle perifrasi aspettuali dell italiano (Italian Philology) The topic of this research is a contrastive study of tenses and aspect in Italian and in Finnish. The study aims to develop a research method for analyzing translations and comparable texts (non-translation) written in a target language. Thus, the analysis is based on empirical data consisting of translations of novels from Italian to Finnish and vice versa. In addition to this, for the section devoted to solutions adopted in Finnish for translating the Italian tenses Perfetto Semplice and Perfetto Composto, 39 Finnish native speakers were asked to answer questions concerning the choice of Perfekti and Imperfekti in Finnish. The responses given by the Finnish informants were compared to the choices made by translators in the target language, and in this way it was possible both to benefit from the motivation provided by native speakers to explain the selection of a tense (Imperfekti/Perfekti) in a specific context compared with the Italian formal equivalents (Perfetto Composto/Perfetto Semplice), and to define the specific features of the Finnish verb tenses. The research aims to develop a qualitative method for the analysis of formal equivalents and translational changes ( shifts ). Although, as the choice of Italian and Finnish progressive forms is optional and related to speaker preferences, besides the qualitative analysis, I also considered it necessary to operate a quantitative one in order to find out whether the two items share the same degree of correspondence in frequency of use. In this study I explain translation choices in light of cognitive grammar, suggesting that particular translation relationships derive from so-called construal operations. I use the concepts of cognitive linguistics not only to analyze the convergences and divergences of the two aspectual systems, but also to redefine some general procedures related to the phenomenon of translation. For the practical analysis of the corpus were for the most part employed theoretical categories developed in a framework proposed by Pier Marco Bertinetto. Following this approach, the notions of aspect (the morphologic or morphosyntactic, subjective level) and actionality (the lexical aspect or objective level, traditionally Aktionsart) are carefully distinguished. This also allowed me to test the applicability of these distinctions to two languages typologically different from each other. The data allowed both the analysis of the semantic and pragmatic features that determine tense and aspect choices in these two languages, and to discover the correspondences between the two language systems and the strategies that translators are forced to resort to in particular situations. The research provides not only a detailed and analytically argued inventory about possible solutions for translating Italian tenses and aspectual devices in Finnish that could be of pedagogical relevance, but also new contributions about the specific uses of time-aspectual devices in the two languages in question.

Texts "Con and Pro" : The Early Modern Medical Controversy over Tobacco

The habit of "drinking smoke" , meaning tobacco smoking, caused a true controversy in early modern England. The new substance was used both for its alleged therapeutic properties as well as its narcotic effects. The dispute over tobacco continues the line of written controversies which were an important means of communication in the sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe. The tobacco controversy is special among medical controversies because the recreational use of tobacco soon spread and outweighed its medicinal use, ultimately causing a social and cultural crisis in England. This study examines how language is used in polemic discourse and argumentation. The material consists of medical texts arguing for and against tobacco in early modern England. The texts were compiled into an electronic corpus of tobacco texts (1577 1670) representing different genres and styles of writing. With the help of the corpus, the tobacco controversy is described and analyzed in the context of early modern medicine. A variety of methods suitable for the study of conflict discourse were used to assess internal and external text variation. The linguistic features examined include personal pronouns, intertextuality, structural components, and statistically derived keywords. A common thread in the work is persuasive language use manifested, for example, in the form of emotive adjectives and the generic use of pronouns; the latter is especially pronounced in the dichotomy between us and them. Controversies have not been studied in this manner before but the methods applied have supplemented each other and proven their suitability in the study of conflictive discourse. These methods can also be applied to present-day materials.

Morality and Gender in Jeff Lindsay's Dexter Novels

Tutkimuksessa analysoin neljää Jeff Lindsayn Dexter -dekkaria kahdesta eri näkökulmasta. Ensimmäinen osa keskittyy päähenkilön sosiopaattisen persoonan aiheuttamiin moraalisiin ristiriitoihin, sillä hän on sekä sarjamurhaaja että työskentelee poliisin laboratoriossa silti noudattaen erittäin tiukkaa moraalista ohjenuoraa, joka määrittää kenet hän saa tappaa. Tutkimuksen toinen osa tarkastelee kirjojen naishahmoja ja heidän ongelmiaan. Käsittelen lyhyesti myös kirjasarjan ja niiden pohjalta tehdyn televisiosarjan eroja. Metodeina käytän lähiluentaa, eettistä analyysiä sekä rikoskirjallisuuden alalajien vertailua. Vaikkei rikoskirjallisuudessa olekaan yleistä, että poliisi tai tutkija olisi siviilissä rikollinen, on Dexter hyvin tyypillinen fiktiivinen sosiopaatti ja sarjamurhaaja. Lindsayn kirjojen juonet ja Dexter päähenkilönä noudattavat paikoin lähes kirjaimellisesti Thomas Harrisin Hannibal Lecterille luomaa kaavaa. Kirjojen moraaliset ristiriidat taas aiheutuvat sekä Dexterin roolista lainvartijana ja -rikkojana että hänen noudattamastaan tiukasta moraalisesta ohjenuorasta, joka määrittää kenet saa tappaa. Sosiopaattina hänen pitäisi olla kaikkien yhteiskunnan asettamien lakien ja rajoitusten tavoittamattomissa, mutta silti hänen päätöksentekonsa perustuu täysin kasvatti-isänsä laatimiin ohjeisiin. Tämä on yksi Dexterin hahmon suurimmista ristiriitaisuuksista, joka vahvistaa Heta Pyrhösen esittämän ajatuksen siitä, ettei rikoskirjallisuus tule toimeen ilman vahvaa moraalista selkärankaa. Dexterin tiukka moraalinen ohjenuora ja lukijoiden samaistuminen päähenkilöön ovat kuitenkin todennäköisin syy hänen selviytymiseensä kirjasta toiseen, ja sarjan myötä Dexter muuttuukin inhimillisemmäksi kuin alussa. Toisaalta naishahmojen ongelmien havaitseminen on vaikeaa, sillä ensivaikutelman perusteella voisi kuvitella, että Lindsayn kuvaama yhteiskunta on jo ratkaissut kaikki tasa-arvo-ongelmansa. Sukupuolten ja kansanryhmien välisestä tasa-arvosta ei kirjoissa keskustella, mutta merkittäviä naishahmoja on silti huomattavan vähän, eikä heistäkään ole rakennettu yhtä johdonmukaisia ja mielenkiintoisia kuin päähenkilöstä esimerkiksi. He jäävät pitkälti Dexterin varjoon. Edes Dexterin sisko Deborah ei pysty säilyttämään osaansa kirjojen naispäähenkilönä, sillä hänen ammattitaitoaan poliisina ja olemustaan naisena kuvataan jatkuvan ristiriitaisesti. Kaksi seuraavaksi tärkeintä naishahmoa ovat Dexterin tyttöystävä Rita, joka toimii äitiyden ruumiillistumana, sekä hänen tyttärensä Astor, joka on veljensä ohella samanlainen sosiopaatti kuin Dexter. Naissarjamurhaajien puute ja naishahmojen epäjohdonmukainen kuvaus ovat yksi Lindsayn kirjojen suurimmista ongelmista. Analyysin keskeisimmät johtopäätökset paljastavat, miten omaperäisyydestään huolimatta Dexter muistuttaa huomattavasti muita tunnettuja fiktiivisiä sarjamurhaajia, ja miten Lindsay pohjaa tekstinsä amerikkalaiseen arvomaailmaan ja rikoskirjallisuuden alalajien konventioihin. Vaikka suurin osa lukijoista pystyykin käsittelemään Dexterin tekojen moraalisia ristiriitoja, voi sarjamurhaajan ihannointi aiheuttaa toisille ongelmia. Toisaalta luomalla monipuolisia ja johdonmukaisia naishahmoja, jotka pystyisivät säilyttämään itsenäisyytensä kaikissa tilanteissa, Lindsayn kirjat olisivat sekä ajankohtaisempia että omaperäisempiä kuin nyt.

Interruption and Uncooperativeness in Academic ELF Group Work : An Application of Linear Unit Grammar

This study addresses the challenge of analyzing interruption in spoken interaction. It begins with my observation of eight hours of academic group work among speakers of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in a university course. Unlike the common findings of ELF research which underscore the cooperative orientation of ELF users, this particular group gave strong impressions of interruption and uncooperativeness as they prepared a scientific group presentation. In the effort to investigate these impressions, I found that no satisfactory method exists for systematically identifying and analyzing interruptions. A useful tool was found in Linear Unit Grammar or LUG (Sinclair & Mauranen 2006), which analyzes spoken interaction prospectively as linear text. In the course of transcribing one of the early group work meetings, I developed a model of LUG-based criteria for identifying individual instances of interruption. With this system in place, I was then able to evaluate the aggregate occurrences of interruption in the group work and identify co-occurring interactive features which further influenced the perception of uncooperativeness. Finally, these aggregate statistics directed a return to the data and a contextually sensitive, qualitative analysis. This research cycle illuminates the interactive features which contributed to my own impressions of uncooperativeness, as well as the group members orientations to their own interruptive practice.

An Online Kannada Text Transliteration System for Mobile Phones

Transliteration system for mobile phone is an area that is always in demand given the difficulties and constraints we face in its implementation. In this paper we deal with automatic transliteration system for Kannada which has a non-uniform geometry and inter-character spacing unlike non-oriental language text like English. So it is even more a challenging problem. Working model consists of part of the process taking place on a mobile with remaining on a server. Good results are achieved.

Font and Size Independent OCR for Printed Kannada Documents using SVM Classifiers

The following topics were dealt with: document analysis and recognition; multimedia document processing; character recognition; document image processing; cheque processing; form processing; music processing; document segmentation; electronic documents; character classification; handwritten character recognition; information retrieval; postal automation; font recognition; Indian language OCR; handwriting recognition; performance evaluation; graphics recognition; oriental character recognition; and word recognition

Nest site characterization of sympatric hornbills in a tropical dry forest

Hornbills, among the largest and most threatened tropical frugivores, provide important seed dispersal services. Hornbill nest site characteristics are known primarily from wet tropical forests. Nests of the Indian grey hornbill Ocyceros birostris and Oriental pied hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris were characterized in a tropical dry forest. Despite A. albirostris being twice the size of O. birostris, few of the nest cavity attributes were different. A. albirostris nests were surrounded by higher proportion of mixed forest and lower sal forest compared to O. birostris. In this landscape, the larger A. albirostris may prefer to nest in sites with more food plants compared to the smaller O. birostris.

Analysis of Wrist Pulse Signals Using Spatial Features in Time Domain

Wrist pulse signal contains more important information about the health status of a person and pulse signal diagnosis has been employed in oriental medicine since very long time. In this paper we have used signal processing techniques to extract information from wrist pulse signals. For this purpose we have acquired radial artery pulse signals at wrist position noninvasively for different cases of interest. The wrist pulse waveforms have been analyzed using spatial features. Results have been obtained for the case of wrist pulse signals recorded for several subjects before exercise and after exercise. It is shown that the spatial features show statistically significant changes for the two cases and hence they are effective in distinguishing the changes taking place due to exercise. Support vector machine classifier is used to classify between the groups, and a high classification accuracy of 99.71% is achieved. Thus this paper demonstrates the utility of the spatial features in studying wrist pulse signals obtained under various recording conditions. The ability of the model to distinguish changes occurring under two different recording conditions can be potentially used for health care applications.

A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)

A new bufonid amphibian, belonging to a new monotypic genus, is described from the Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, Republic of India, based on unique external morphological and skeletal characters which are compared with those of known Oriental and other relevant bufonid genera. Blythophryne gen. n. is distinguished from other bufonid genera by its small adult size (mean SVL 24.02 mm), the presence of six presacral vertebrae, an absence of coccygeal expansions, presence of an elongated pair of parotoid glands, expanded discs at digit tips and phytotelmonous tadpoles that lack oral denticles. The taxonomic and phylogenetic position of the new taxon (that we named as Blythophryne beryet gen. et sp. n.) was ascertained by comparing its 12S and 16S partial genes with those of Oriental and other relevant bufonid lineages. Resulting molecular phylogeny supports the erection of a novel monotypic genus for this lineage from the Andaman Islands of India.

El chayote (Sechium edule Jacq-Swartz): Una alternativa de comercialización no tradicional

El estudio El Chayote (Sechium edule Jacq-Swartz): Una alternativa de comercialización no tradicional, consistió en la identificación de la cadena de comercialización, el cual estuvo dirigido a siete comunidades: El Hatillo, Jamaica, Aguas Frias, San Miguel, El Molino, La Labranza y Jumaikí, ubicadas al Este del municipio de Sébaco, del Departamento de Matagalpa. Este se realizó en el período comprendido entre el1° de enero al 31 de Diciembre del 2000. La cadena de comercialización encontrada en la zona de estudio está formada por cuatro eslabones, productor, mayorista, detallista y consumidor final. En el detallista se encontró a cuatro diferentes tipos: Canasteros, ubicados en el Mercado Oriental, pulperos, camioneros y supermercados. En el consumidor final, existen dos tipos: el consumidor final perteneciente a las unidades familiares y el consumidor final empresarial, que venden alimentos elaborados (comideras). Los márgenes brutos de comercialización (MBC) reflejan que el productor participa con un 25.55% y el resto de la intermediación con el 74.45%. En cuanto a los márgenes netos de comercialización (MNC), el productor 1 mayorista, es el que obtiene el mayor margen neto de comercialización, con un C$ 53.96 por cada 68.20 kilos, equivalentes a un saco con 200 frutos, esto es debido a la doble función que el mismo realiza en la cadena, obteniendo las utilidades del productor y del mayorista. Se determinó que la zona de estudio posee ventajas agro ecológicas que la convierten en un área adecuada para la producción del chayote, con rendimientos que superan el promedio nacional. Sin embargo, esta producción no logra abastecer el mercado local, debiendo realizar importaciones de origen centroamericano. En general, se determinó que los diferentes eslabones que conforman la cadena de comercialización del chayote no afectan los márgenes de comercialización del productor.