969 resultados para Northeast
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In May 2006, the NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS), in conjunction with the EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory (NHEERL), conducted an assessment of the status of ecological condition of soft-bottom habitat and overlying waters throughout the mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) portion of the eastern U.S. continental shelf. The study area encompassed the region from Cape Cod, MA and Nantucket Shoals in the northeast to Cape Hatteras in the south, and was defined using a one nautical mile buffer of the shoreline extended seaward to the shelf break (~100-m depth contour). A total of 50 stations were targeted for sampling using standard methods and indicators applied in prior NOAA coastal studies and EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) and National Coastal Assessment (NCA). A key feature adopted from these studies was the incorporation of a random probabilistic sampling design. Such a design provides a basis for making unbiased statistical estimates of the spatial extent of ecological condition relative to various measured indicators and corresponding thresholds of concern. Indicators included multiple measures of water quality, sediment quality, and biological condition (benthic fauna). Through coordination with the NOAA Fisheries Service/Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NFS/NEFSC), samples of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) also were obtained from 30 winter 2007 bottom-trawl survey stations in overlapping portions of the study area and used for analysis of chemical-contaminant body burdens.
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The impact of recent changes in climate on the arctic environment and its ecosystems appear to have a dramatic affect on natural populations (National Research Council Committee on the Bering Sea Ecosystem 1996) and pose a serious threat to the continuity of indigenous arctic cultures that are dependent on natural resources for subsistence (Peterson D. L., Johnson 1995). In the northeast Pacific, winter storms have intensified and shifted southward causing fundamental changes in sea surface temperature patterns (Beamish 1993, Francis et al. 1998). Since the mid 1970’s surface waters of the central basin of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) have warmed and freshened with a consequent increase in stratification and reduced winter entrainment of nutrients (Stabeno et al. 2004). Such physical changes in the structure of the ocean can rapidly affect lower trophic levels and indirectly affect fish and marine mammal populations through impacts on their prey (Benson and Trites 2002). Alaskan natives expect continued and perhaps accelerating changes in resources due to global warming (DFO 2006).and want to develop strategies to cope with their changing environment.
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根据野外样地调查方法取得数据,我对样地资料进行了以下几方面的分析。根据吴征镒、王荷生区系分析方法,分析了东北地区蒙古栎群落中261种维管植物的区系成分,还分别分析了蒙古栎群落的乔木层、灌木层、草本层以及层间植物的区系成分。比较了东北地区的10个地点和河北省1个地点的蒙古栎群落物种所在属的分布区类型,计算了温带属与热带属(T/R)的比值,并给出了T/R值、纬度和海拔三者关系的回归方程。最后对这种分布格局产生的原因进行了解释。分析了东北地区10个地点蒙古栎群落中290个维管植物的生活型,发现东北地区蒙古栎群落物种的生活型以地面芽最多,同时本文对地下芽、地面芽与纬度、海拔的关系进行了回归分析。根据Raunkiaer系统,分析了蒙古栎群落中337种维管植物的叶型,发现蒙古栎群落植物以小型叶为主,并分析了叶的边缘状况,全缘叶占22.3%。还分别分析了群落乔木、灌木和草本的叶型及叶缘状况。分析了13个地点蒙古栎群落物种相似性与两地之间距离的关系。 比较了丰林自然保护区三个不同年龄林(64年、100年和270年)物种多样性特征。对黑龙江省七个地点的蒙古栎林的更新特点的分析,蒙古栎林可划分为不同特点的蒙古栎林型,即蒙古栎纯林、蒙古栎桦林林、蒙古栎落叶松林、蒙古栎槭树林、蒙古栎红松林和蒙古栎红松混交林等。 比较了13个地点蒙古栎群落的物种丰富度、Simpson指数、PIE指数、Shannon指数和Pielou指数。并对蒙古栎群落和核桃揪群落、蒙古栎群落和长白落叶松群落、蒙古栎群落和杂灌丛群落及其交错带进行了研究。采用点样地法对五个地点蒙古栎的邻体多样性进行了研究,用物种共同出现百分率测定了4个地点的蒙古栎与其伴生种的种间联结值(PC值),并引入了LS值方法(即相邻物种的平均个体数目),对4个地点蒙古栎群落在不同的环境因子下物种多样性的进行了比较。
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With the increasing recognition that climate change is occurring and having large impacts on living marine resources, a sound ecosystem approach to management of those resources requires both understanding how climate affects ecosystems and integration of that understanding into management processes. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) must identify how changing climatic conditions will impact its mission and must be prepared to adapt to these changes. This document identifies the climate related ecosystem concerns in the regional marine ecosystems for which NMFS has living marine resource management responsibilities, what NMFS is currently doing to address these concerns, what NMFS must do going forward to address these concerns, and what climate information is needed to integrate climate into resource management. The regional ecosystems included in this analysis are: the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf; the Southeast U.S. Continental Shelf, Gulf of Mexico, and U.S. Caribbean; the California Current Ecosystem; the Alaskan Ecosystem Complex; the Pacific Island Ecosystem Complex; the Eastern Tropical Pacific; North Pacific Highly Migratory Species; and the Antarctic.
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Larval development of the sidestriped shrimp (Pandalopsis dispar) is described from larvae reared in the laboratory. The species has five zoeal stages and one postlarval stage. Complete larval morphological characteristics of the species are described and compared with those of related species of the genus. The number of setae on the margin of the telson in the first and second stages is variable: 11+12, 12+12, or 11+11. Of these, 11+12 pairs are most common. The present study confirms that what was termed the fifth stage in the original study done by Berkeley in 1930 was the sixth stage and that the fifth stage in the Berkeley’s study is comparable to the sixth stage that is described in the present study. The sixth stage has a segmented inner flagellum of the antennule and fully developed pleopods with setae. The ability to distinguish larval stages of P. dispar from larval stages of other plankton can be important for studies of the effect of climate change on marine communities in the Northeast Pacific and for marine resource management strategies.
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We examined the diets and habitat shift of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Fish were collected from open sand-mud habitat (little to no relief), and artificial reef habitat (1-m3 concrete or PVC blocks), from June 1993 through December 1994. In 1994, fish settled over open habitat from June to September, as shown by trawl collections, then began shifting to reef habitat — a shift that was almost completed by December as observed by SCUBA visual surveys. Stomachs were examined from 1639 red snapper that ranged in size from 18.0 to 280.0 mm SL. Of these, 850 fish had empty stomachs, and 346 fish from open habitat and 443 fish from reef habitat contained prey. Prey were identified to the lowest possible taxon and quantified by volumetric measurement. Specific volume of particular prey taxa were calculated by dividing prey volume by individual fish weight. Red snapper shifted diets with increasing size. Small red snapper (<60 mm SL) fed mostly on chaetognaths, copepods, shrimp, and squid. Large red snapper (60–280 mm SL) shifted feeding to fish prey, greater amounts of squid and crabs, and continued feeding on shrimp. We compared red snapper diets for overlapping size classes (70–160 mm SL) of fish that were collected from both habitats (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and multidimensional scaling analysis). Red snapper diets separated by habitat type rather than fish size for the size ranges that overlapped habitats. These diet shifts were attributed to feeding more on reef prey than on open-water prey. Thus, the shift in habitat shown by juvenile red snapper was reflected in their diet and suggested differential habitat values based not just on predation refuge but food resources as well.
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Blue (Callinectes sapidus)(Portunidae),lady (Ovalipes ocellatus)(Portunidae), and Atlantic rock (Cancer irroratus) (Cancridae) crabs inhabit estuaries on the northeast United States coast for parts or all of their life cycles. Their distributions overlap or cross during certain seasons. During a 1991–1994 monthly otter trawl survey in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary between New York and New Jersey, blue and lady crabs were collected in warmer months and Atlantic rock crabs in colder months. Sex ratios, male:female, of mature crabs were 1:2.0 for blue crabs, 1:3.1 for lady crabs, and 21.4:1 for Atlantic rock crabs. Crabs, 1286 in total, were subsampled for dietary analysis, and the dominant prey taxa for all crabs, by volume of foregut contents, were mollusks and crustaceans. The proportion of amphipods and shrimp in diets decreased as crab size increased. Trophic niche breadth was widest for blue crabs, narrower for lady crabs, and narrowest for Atlantic rock crabs. Trophic overlap was lowest between lady crabs and Atlantic rock crabs, mainly because of frequent consumption of the dwarf surfclam (Mulinia lateralis) by the former and the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) by the latter. The result of cluster analysis showed that size class and location of capture of predators in the estuary were more influential on diet than the species or sex of the predators.
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There has been much recent interest in the effects of fishing on habitat and non-target species, as well as in protecting certain areas of the seabed from these effects (e.g. Jennings and Kaiser, 1998; Benaka, 1999; Langton and Auster, 1999; Kaiser and de Groot, 2000). As part of an effort to determine the effectiveness of marine closed areas in promoting recovery of commercial species (e.g. haddock, Melanogrammus aegelfinus; sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus; yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea; cod, Gadus morhua), nontarget species, and habitat, a multidisciplinary research cruise was conducted by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service. The cruise was conducted in closed area II (CA-II) of the eastern portion of Georges Bank during 19–29 June 2000 (Fig. 1). The area has historically produced high landings of scallops but was closed in 1994 principally for groundfish recovery (Fogarty and Murawski, 1998). The southern portion of the area was reopened to scallop fishing from 15 June to 12 November 1999, and again from 15 June to 15 August 2000. While conducting our planned sampling, we observed scallop viscera (the noncalcareous remains from scallops that have been shucked by commercial fishermen at sea) in the stomachs of several fish species at some of these locations, namely little skate (Raja erinacea), winter skate (R. ocellata), red hake (Urophycis chuss), and longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus). We examined the stomach contents of a known scavenger, the longhorn sculpin, to evaluate and document the extent of this phenomenon.
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We analyzed data from National Marine Fisheries Service bottom trawl surveys carried out triennially from 1984 to 1996 in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). The continental shelf and upper slope (0–500 m) of the GOA support a rich demersal fish fauna dominated by arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), and Pacific Ocean perch (Sebastes alutus). Average catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of all groundfish species combined increased with depth and had a significant peak near the shelf break at 150–200 m. Species richness and diversity had significant peaks at 200–300 m. The western GOA was characterized by higher CPUEs and lower species richness and diversity than the eastern GOA. Highest CPUEs were observed in Shelikof Strait, along the shelf break and upper slope south of Kodiak Island, and on the banks and in the gullies northeast of Kodiak Island. Significant differences in total CPUE among surveys suggest a 40% increase in total groundfish biomass between 1984 and 1996. A multivariate analysis of the CPUE of 72 groundfish taxa revealed strong gradients in species composition with depth and from east to west, and a weak but significant trend in species composition over time. The trend over time was associated with increases in the frequency of occurrence and CPUE of at least eight taxa, including skates (Rajidae), capelin (Mallotus villosus), three flatfish species, and Pacific Ocean perch, and decreases in frequency of occurrence and CPUE of several sculpin (Myoxocephalus spp.) species. Results are discussed in terms of spatial and temporal patterns in productivity and in the context of their ecological and management implications.
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Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) are migratory, long-lived, and slow maturing. They are difficult to study because they are seen rarely and their habitats range over vast stretches of the ocean. Movements of immature turtles between pelagic and coastal developmental habitats are particularly difficult to investigate because of inadequate tagging technologies and the difficulty in capturing significant numbers of turtles at sea. However, genetic markers found in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provide a basis for predicting the origin of juvenile turtles in developmental habitats. Mixed stock analysis was used to determine which nesting populations were contributing individuals to a foraging aggregation of immature loggerhead turtles (mean 63.3 cm straight carapace length [SCL]) captured in coastal waters off Hutchinson Island, Florida. The results indicated that at least three different western Atlantic loggerhead sea turtle subpopulations contribute to this group: south Florida (69%), Mexico (20%), and northeast Florida-North Carolina (10%). The conservation and management of these immature sea turtles is complicated by their multinational genetic demographics.
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中国东北样带(NorthEast China Transect, NECT)是位于中纬度温带以降水量作为主要驱动因素的陆地样带。本文的工作以此作为研究平台,利用生态信息系统(Ecological Information System, EIS)以及Microsoft Excel 7.0软件包建立了样带的地理数据库和植物多样性数据库,包括气候数据库、植被数据库、遥感数据库和内蒙内C_4植物数据库以及样带内生态系统特征数据库。在此基础上,主要研究了以下四个方面的内容: 1. 利用Holdridge的生命地带方法对NECT内的生物群区进行了划分。 主要是确定了生物群区间过渡带的位置与宽度,并预测了在全球变化三种模式下NECT内生物群区,尤其是过渡带的变化图景。湿度升高2 ℃后,过渡带的面积都呈扩大化的趋势。森林区对于降水量的变化反应很敏感。荒漠灌丛(即荒漠草原类型)由于其水热条件处于样带内较极端类型,因而对于全球气候变化反应也比较敏感。 2. 研究了NECT内的α、β多样性以及包括生活型、水分生态型、区系地理成分等在内的植物群落特征多样性的梯度变化规律。 研究了样带内的多样性梯度,提出了在样带内存在的α多样性测度问题以及β多样性沿样带的变化规律:样带内由东到西,β多样性逐渐升高,群落内物种被替代的速率变慢;两种植被类型边界上的两个样地之间的相似程度由东到西呈上升趋势;同一类型群落之间的物种周转率比不同类型群落间的物种周转率相对要低。同时将各个环境因子与α、β多样性作了回归分析,找出样带内决定α、β多样性的主要环境因子指标。 样带内沿43.5°N一线附近植物群落的生活型共有17类,水分生态型8类,区系地理成分包括17类,以此为基础分析了群落特征沿样带的变化规律。并探讨了生活型分布的历史地理原因。 3. 对样带气候-NDVI间的关系以及植被-NDVI的关系进行了探讨。 利用来自气象卫星的遥感数据一归一化植被指数(NDVI),和数值化后的样带1:100万植被图进行叠加,找到NECT内每种植被类型对应的NDVI值。样带内共有植被类型147种,反映在NDVI变化上的植被类型有106类。其中,自然植被101种。 影响年均NDVI分布的因子主要有经度、辐射日照百分率及7月温度,与经度呈正相关,与辐射日照时数及7月温度呈负相关。回归方程如下: NDVI = -220.426 + 3.273Lon - 80.338Ratio - 1.962T_7 (R~2 = 0.9714, F = 521.52, p < 0.001) 4. 研究了NECT内的光合功能型。 主要包括内蒙古地区的C_4植物及其生态地理特性。揭标C_4植物的分类群特性、生活型、水分生态型与区系地理成分等生态学特性。C_4植物分布的科属极其集中。C_4光合型为维管植物某些分类群(科、属、种)的特性,为它们固有的遗传特性。推断C_4起源于草本的某些科属。C_4植物为喜热、耐旱的类群。世界种、泛热带种、泛地中海种C_4植物较集中。 样带内的C_3、C_4功能型及其与环境因子的相关性。样带内C_4和C_3光合型植物组成比例由东到西表现出两高两低的趋势。分布主要与年均温和降水量呈显著相关。 提出了一种新的C_3、C_4鉴别方法。即根据野外测定的光合数据建立了C_3、C_4的判别模型: f_1(x) = -1.5493 + 0.1427Pn + 0.1035Tr + 0.3768ΔT + 0.1000Gs f_2(x) = -15.6142 + 1.0542Pn - 0.2503Tr - 0.2957ΔT + 0.6491Gs 最后,综合7个GCMs模型(GFDL,GISS,LLNL,MPI,OSU,UKMOH,UKMOL)的输出结果,利用此结果和本文建立的回归模型,模拟了样带内生物多样性的窨分布格局,并预测了末来全球变化下归一化植被指数NDVI的空间分布格局的变化。
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基于中国东北样带(NECT)30个植被样方调查和表土孢粉资料,从个体、群落水平研究了孢粉-植被关系,结果表明,孢粉类型与植被关系密切,在 = 0.05的显著性水平上,相关系数大于0.5;表土孢粉组合与植物群落间有较大的相似性,相似系数大于50%。采用定量描述花粉与植物关系的参数:联合指数(association)A、超代表性指数(over-representation)O、低代表性指数(under-representation)U、相关系数(correlation coefficient)C和代表性系数(representation coefficient)R等值,应用TWINSPAN分类、PCA排序和回归分析,把表土花粉类型划分为4类:具代表性类群组Group1,它们能正确反映植被;超代表性类群组Group2,它们常具有高花粉值与植被不成比例;低代表性类群组Group3,它们的花粉很难分离提取;以及低代表性类群的Group4,其花粉在土壤地层中较常见;指出一些常见花粉类型:松(Pinus)、桦(Betula)、栎(Quercus)、椴(Tilia)、槭(Acer)、榆(Ulmus)、蒿(Artemisia)、藜(Chenopodiaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)和莎草科(Cyperaceae)的回归参数在东部森林区和西部草原区是有变化的,因此回归参数在应用于古植被恢复中要注意适用范围。 以Biomization模型为基础,根据植物的生理生态特性,定义了NECT孢粉类型的植物功能型(PETs)各种生物群区(Biome)的PFTs组合,构建了经表土孢粉检验的适用于NECT的以孢粉数据为驱动的模型框架,该模型模拟的生物群区与其化指标(气候、植物生理、土壤等)模拟划分的BIOME(Holdrige, BIOME3)是可比的,与植被类型有较好的对应性。 根据29剖面(986个样品)的孢粉数据,重建了NECT 6 kaB.P以来的生物群区。从时空二方面阐述了NECT6kaB.P以来生物群区的分布特点: (1)6ka B. P是一暖湿期,气温比现在高1~4℃,降水比现在多50%。落叶阔叶林分最广,面积最大。森林草原、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林向西延伸最远。 (2)5ka B. P 是一降温期,气温比现在低2℃,降水多30%。有苔原、寒温带针叶林分布。 (3)4ka B. P是一暖湿期,气温比现在高1~2℃,降水比现在多50%。针阔光林和森林草原有最大分布面积。 (4)3Ka-2kaBP的气温与现代相似,降水比现在多20%左右。与4Ka B. P相比,森林和森林草原过渡带都向东移动。 (5)1Ka B. P的气温与现代相似,降水比现在多10%左右。草原向东大幅度扩张,森林分布面积减小。 (6)东部森林,中部森林草原,西部草原的分布格局的3Ka B. P基本确定,此后随着气候的不断变干冷,草原向东扩张。 (7)森林向扩张最大距离的时期发生在6Ka B. P,此时也是森林草原向西扩张最远时期。落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、森林草原向西移动最大距离的时间是6Ka B. P,草原向西移动最远距离的时期发生在3Ka B. P。
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陆地样带研究是国际地圈一生物圈计划( IGBP)全球变化研究中最引入注目的创新之一。目前,国际上已经设立了15条陆地样带,而且正在开展各项研究工作。现有关于陆地样带的研究报道多集中在环境梯度分析、气候变化对植被初级生产力的影响及环境变化与植被变化的对应关系等方面,而关于陆地样带环境梯度变化上植物种群生态学的研究尚未见报道。 本研究以东北样带为平台,研究北纬43。31' - 44041',东经125018’-115。31'范围内,即由湿润到干旱的环境梯度变化系列,羊草主要形态特征、种群密度、生物量、种子生产、生物量分配比例等变化规律及其与环境因子的相关关系,初步探讨了中国东北大尺度环境变化对羊草种群的影响及羊草对变化环境的适应规律。 在本研究的环境变化系列上,羊草种群外部形态的突出变化是种群植株高度由东至西沿降水量逐渐下降的梯度逐级递减,而且植株高度与生长季前期的降水量呈显著正相关关系。除旗叶外,羊草种群各叶片长度具有相似的变化趋势,即长春地区种群叶片长度远远大于其它种群,阿巴嘎旗地区种群叶片长度远远小于其它种群,其它8个种群叶片长度变化不大,呈平缓波动状态。除长春地区羊草叶片宽度显著大于其它种群外,其它9个种群间虽有一定的差异,但基本是处于波动状态。这说明羊草的各形态特征对该梯度环境变化的反映是不同的。 在该环境梯度上,羊草种群总密度、营养枝密度和生殖枝密度具有非常相似的变化趋势,均为由东至西呈先增后减的趋势,并且最大值都在长岭种马场地区。而且,无论是种群总密度,还是营养枝和生殖枝密度均与9月份平均温度显著相关,这是因为秋季高温对地上部分的营养物质向地下根茎转移及地下根茎芽的形成有利,丰富的物质积累和发育良好的地下根茎芽是翌年种群具有较高密度的保障。在本研究的10个种群中,除长春地区种群生殖枝分化率显著低于其它种群外,各羊草种群生殖枝分化率相对稳定,而且羊草种群生殖枝分化率与环境梯度上各环境因子间的相关性均不显著。 在本研究中,种群总生物量、营养枝生物量、生殖枝生物量和个体生物量等指标具有不同的变化趋势。表现为由东至西或由湿润到干旱,除生殖枝生物量在最东端的各种群中呈增加趋势外,种群总生物量和地上群体生物量(营养枝生物量和生殖枝生物量)均呈逐级盘低走势,而且干燥系数和生长季前期的降水量是决定总生物量和地上群体生物量变化的主要因素。地下根茎生物量表现为从湿润的长春市地区到半干旱的绍根地区呈缓慢盘低,而后随干旱程度的加重迅速增加,但至最干旱的阿巴嘎旗地区又迅速下降。在半干旱和干旱地区,植物根系生物量增加能使植物更有效地利用有限的水资源。羊草种群个体生物量的变化趋势基本一致,即除长春地区种群个体生物量远远大于其它9个种群外,各羊草种群个体生物量虽有所差异,但变化不大,基本水平波动状态。个体生物量的相对稳定是羊草能适应各种变化生境的重要保障,而且在该实验梯度上个体生物量的相对稳定是通过种群密度变化来调节的。 在本研究梯度上,虽然各种子生产指标有一定的变化,如锡林郭勒草原定位站种群和阿巴嘎旗种群的种穗长度、结实数和单位面积种子产量均较低等,但这些指标的变化与由东至西的降水量递减等气候因子变化是不一致的,如结实数、单位面积种子产量和种子重量等基本呈波动状态,只是在实验梯度的西端才有明显的下降。这说明在本研究的环境梯度系列上,环境因子对羊草种子生产有一定的影响,但最主要的影响可能是其自身遗传因素,这有待于今后的深入研究。 在本研究的环境梯度上,由东至西或由湿润到干旱的气候变化系列上,羊草种群根茎、营养枝、生殖枝和种子生物量分配比例呈现明显的规律性变化。最显著的表现是羊草种群根茎生物量分配比例随降水量的减少而逐渐增加。在水资源有限的生境下,大比例的根茎生物量分配能增加根系对地下水分的吸收,同时有利于物质和能量在根部的贮藏,这种机制能确保植物在干旱气候条件下生存。相反,羊草种群地上营养枝生物量分配比例由东至西逐渐下降,减少营养枝生物量分配比例可以降低营养枝水分蒸腾量,协调根部水分吸收和枝条蒸腾的关系,保持整个植物体的水分平衡。羊草种群生殖枝和种子生物量分配比例均呈两头低,中间高的变化趋势。这说明降水充足和严重干旱均不利于羊草有性生殖体的生产,半湿润和半干旱气候区是羊草种子生产的理想地域,这也可能是羊革能在半湿润和半干旱气候区大面积分布的原因。
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陆地样带是国际地圈——生物圈计划(IGBP)研究中最引入注目的创新之一。目前,国际上已经设立了15条陆地样带,研究内容涉及环境梯度分析、气候变化对植被初级生产力的影响及环境变化、土地利用等与植被变化的对应关系等。沿该陆地样带分布较广的关键种生理适应性等方面对影响其生理功能形态结构的研究较少,特别是茎、叶等组织功能研究较少。 中国东北样带(NECT)是全球陆地样带的重要组成部分,多年来已开展了大量深入系统的研究工作,已成为我国生态学、地学等学科的重要研究平台。本研究以中国东北样带中西段广泛分布的重要关键种——羊草(Leymus chinensis)为研究对象,分析了羊草茎、叶显微结构的生态可塑性及其与水分利用效率的关系,进而阐述了羊草适应不同生境条件,特别是适应水分变化的机制,为揭示羊草及其种群、群落乃至以羊草为优势种或建群种的草地生态系统在全球变化背景下的发展趋势提供理论依据。 基于2001年7~8月第3次中国东北样带考察资料,采用高精度Olympus显微镜及C同位素分析技术(δ13C判别值),结合在野外取样过程中测定的样地土壤含水量和海拔高度,以及近十年各样地年降水量和年均温度气象资料,分析了羊草茎、叶显微结构和水分利用变化与环境因子的关系,以及以羊草为建群种或共建种的无牧和放牧样地群落生物量、物种多样性和植物功能型组成变化与环境因子的关系。 结果表明:羊草叶片表面及内部主要显微结构特征参数各样地间有不同程度的差异,其中气孔密度与降水量呈线性正相关。代表气孔开张程度的气孔长度和宽度变化与土壤含水量呈线性相关。叶表面角质层厚度与海拔高度变化关系较大,并以上表面角质层厚度变化最为明显,主要受海拔高度升高引起的紫外线照射增强的影响。运动细胞带宽度占叶面积比虽然与各环境因子关系不很密切,但温度变化的影响较突出,这一显微结构调整与气孔变化构成干旱——高温调节机制。叶片表面毛茸的变化也是非常显著的,但与各环境因子关系密切程度均不大,可以肯定的是在土壤水分状况较好的生境下羊草叶片表面毛茸密度及长度明显增加,而一些干旱生境中常表现为毛茸较少、较短,个别样地基本没有发育较好的毛茸。总体上看,羊草叶片对干旱化的形态结构调整以气孔密度和开张程度的变化最大,是羊草叶片调节水分利用效率的重要适应性生态可塑性调整。 与叶片相比,羊草茎横切面结构特征的变化与各环境因子关系的显著性不是很强,但各样地间的差异是比较显著的,许多结构调整可能与土壤养分条件的变化有一定关系,如茎秆粗度变化、基本薄壁组织厚度和中央空腔(髓腔)直径的变化等,但本研究未能涉及这方面内容,有待于进一步研究。 羊草水分利用效率与降水量和土壤含水量呈显著的负相关关系,即随降水量和土壤含水量增大羊草水分利用效率明显降低,蒸腾耗水增大,这一生理变化与显微结构的调整关系密切,特别是气孔密度与气孔宽度在水分较差生境中明显减小,从而有利于适应干旱环境,减少耗水量。表现比较突出的是非地带性林西样地,其降水量处于10个样地的中等偏低水平,但其δ13C判别值较低,达-26.063‰,与降水量较大的长岭、双辽样地几乎相当,并比相邻的林东和克旗样地明显低,其气孔密度、开张程度及叶脉后生导管直径均较高(大),但其土壤水分状况是最好的样地之一,尽管取样时不幸遇到雨天,但从其群落类型——羊草杂类草草甸,并伴生许多中、湿生种类上看,其生境的湿润程度是毋庸置疑的。这一非地带性样地中羊草结构的变化从另一侧面反映了羊草显微结构调整对水分环境的适应。δ13C判别值是一个非常敏感的参数,在分析植物水分利用效率及其相关领域的研究中应深入利用。 群落植物功能群组成与环境因子及群落初级生产力关系研究结果表明,丛生禾草生长型功能群、旱生和中旱生植物水分生态类型功能群具有明显的地带性变化规律,并与群落生物量变化关系密切,变异性较低,占群落生物量比例较大,可考虑作为植物功能型组合对无牧样地植被变化进行评估和预测。在放牧影响下,C4植物光合类型功能群呈现明显的地带性变化,并在群落中所起的作用明显增强,亦可考虑作为评估和预测植被变化的植物功能型组合。无牧样地与放牧样地研究结果均表明,按Raunkiaer划分的地面芽、地下芽、地上芽和一年生植物生活型功能群,其地带性变化不明显,或变异率高,或占群落生物量比例小,不宜作植物功能群组合对植被变化进行评估和预测。
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碳、氮不仅是生物体必需的营养元素,也是重要的生态元素。大气中温室气体C02、N2O等浓度的增加使得碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其温室气体的减缓排放措施研究成为全球变化研究中的热点问题。 土壤是陆地生态系统的核心,是连接大气圈、水圈、生物圈、岩石圈的纽带;它是陆生生物赖以生存的物质基础,是陆地生态系统中物质与能量交换的重要场所,其在全球碳、氮循环中起着十分重要的作用。一方面,土壤有机碳和氮的含量与分布直接关系到生态系统的生产力和生态系统的规模,同时土壤有机碳和氮的转化与迁移又直接影响到温室气体的组成与含量。而土壤本身又是生态系统中生物与环境相互作用的产物。因此,研究土壤有机碳和氮的分布、转化及其对全球变化的响应对于正确理解碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其对全球变化的响应制定应对策略具有重要意义。 全球变化的陆地样带是从机理上理解陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应,预测全球变化对陆地生态系统的可能影响,实现预警、调节和减少全球变化不良影响,科学地规划和管理陆地生态系统的有效平台。目前,国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)基于不同地区全球变化驱动因素的不同以及全球变化的潜在反馈作用强度的不同,在全球4个关键地区共启动了15条IG8P陆地样带。以水分为主要驱动力的中国东北样带(NECT:Northeast China Transect)即为IGBP的陆地样带之一。 本文以中国东北样带为平台,基于2001年对中国东北样带科学考察所采土壤样品的实测结果和气候资料分析了土壤有机碳和氮的梯度分布及其与土壤、气候等因子之间的关系;借助C02浓度升高和不同土壤湿度的模拟试验探讨了土壤有机碳和氮对气候变化的响应;根据作物残体还田的长期定位试验和盆栽试验研究了作物残体还田对土壤有机碳和氮转化的影响,讨论了农田生态系统通过作物残体还田对减缓温室气体排放的效应。主要结果和结论如下: (1).样带表层土壤有机碳平均为22.3土4.93 g.kg-1,下层土壤有机碳平均为8.9±1.20 g.kg-1。样带表层土壤活性有机碳平均为3.52±0.881 g.kg-1,占表层土壤有机碳的13.1±0.78%;下层土壤活性有机碳平均为1.14±0.250g.kg-l,占下层土壤有机碳的10.9±0.79%。样带土壤活性有机碳与土壤有机碳之间呈极显著正相关关系(相关系数r=0.993,P<0.001)。 (2).不同生态类型土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量不同。中国东北样带东部(经度126°~131°)为温带针阔混交林山地,植被种类极其丰富,地带性土壤为暗棕壤,并且多为自然土壤,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量较高。但由于采样区局部地理环境、植被结构及人类干扰程度的不同,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量变异较大,平均为61.9±13.84 g.kg-1和10. 88±2.236g. kg-1。样带中部(经度119°~126°)为松辽平原栎林草原、农田区和大兴安岭山地草甸草原区,属半湿润向半干旱过渡的气候。该区域主要土壤类型为黑土、黑钙土、盐化或碱化草甸土及风沙土,土壤沙化、碱化严重,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量明显降低,平均为10.5±1.97 g.kg-l和1. 35±0.327 g.kg-1。样带中西部(经度113°~119°)为内蒙古高原草甸草原和典型草原区域,具有典型的半干旱气候特征。该区地带性土壤为栗钙土,局部丘陵区分布黑钙土,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量为14.6±1.65 g.kg-1和2.07±0.342g.kg-1。样带西部(经度111°~113°)为内蒙古高原荒漠草原区域,地带性土壤为棕钙土,土壤较为贫瘠,其有机碳和活性有机碳含量最低,平均为7.99±1.51 g.kg-1和0.51±0.216 g.kg-1。从总的趋势看,样带表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的梯度分布趋势一致,都呈现出随经度降低而下降的趋势,局部因土壤退化而出现波动。 (3).样带土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与土壤全量氮、磷、硫、锌及有效氮、磷、钾、锰、锌等均呈显著或极显著相关关系,与土壤PH、容重、持水量及孔隙度也呈显著或极显著相关关系。土壤表层有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间具有正的相关关系,其相关系数为r=0.677(P<0.001)和r=0.712(P<0.001)。但下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间没有显著的相关关系。 (4).样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与经度之间仍具有显著的相关关系(r=0.454,P=0.026; r=0.473,P=0.020)。样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的变异小于表层。不同的生态系统,下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的比率不同。总的来看,土壤活性有机碳含量随深度的增加而下降的幅度大于土壤有机碳。 (5).短期培养条件下,CO2浓度升高及干旱胁迫下,土壤有机碳的变化不大,其变异系数为1.28%;相比较之下,土壤活性有机碳对气候变化比较敏感,其变异系数为29.67%。不同土壤湿度,土壤活性有机碳含量发生变异的幅度因CO2浓度升高而降低。 (6).样带土壤全氮和有效氮与经度呈极显著正相关,其相关系数分别是r=0.695 (P<0.001)和0.636(P<0.001)。土壤表层全氮和有效氮的梯度分布与土壤有机碳的分布基本一致:沿经度呈现东高西低的趋势,局部由于土壤退化而出现低谷。样带除东部山区外,其它各部分土壤有效氮都很低,成为其植被生长的限制因子之一。样带下层土壤全氮和有效氮的含量低于表层,但样带不同部位下层土壤全氮和有效氮下降的幅度不同。总的来看,土壤全氮的剖面分布和土壤有机碳相似,而土壤有效氮则有所不同。 (7).土壤全氮和有效氮是土壤生化环境中两个重要的因子。样带土壤全氮和有效氮和土壤有机碳、全磷、全硫、全锌、土壤活性碳、有效磷、有效钾、有效锰、有效锌、土壤容重、田间持水量土壤总孔度等因子均呈显著或极显著的相关关系。 (8).样带表层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别是0.682(P<0.001)和0.688(P<0.001)。而下层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间的没有显著的相关关系(r=0.241,P=0.256; r=0.366,P=0.079)。土壤有效氮占全氮的比例与年均温呈显著正相关关系(相关系数r=0.390,p=0.044)。 (9).短期培养试验中,CO2浓度加倍和不同土壤湿度对土壤全氮和有效氮的影响没有达到显著水平。整个试验中土壤全氮和有效氮的变异较小(变异系数分别是5.55%和3.84%),但仍能反映一定的变化趋势。 (10).玉米残体还田能够增加土壤氮素含量,减轻因其作为燃烧材料而造成的氮素损失和对大气的污染;玉米残体施入土壤,增加了土壤微生物氮含量,提高土壤氮活性,有利于土壤氮素养分的协调供应;玉米残体还田能够促进氮素从营养器官向籽粒中转移,提高氮素养分的利用效率。同时,玉米残体还田可以降低土壤NO3--N的累 积,减少肥料氮的损失4.7~5.6%。 (ll).根据国内外文献和我们连续10年作物残体还田的肥料长期定位试验及盆栽试验结果,从减缓CO2排放、增加土壤碳固存、提高土壤生产力入手,分析了农业生态系统作物残体还田的必要性与可行性,讨论了农田作物残体还田,增加土壤碳固存对于减缓CO2排放、提高土壤生产力的作用与意义。提倡作物残体因地制宜地归还土壤,但作物残体还田后土壤固存与减缓温室气体排放的潜力还需要进一步进行研究。