Heat transfer performance investigation of nanofluids flow in pipe

Different types of base fluids, such as water, engine oil, kerosene, ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol etc. are usually used to increase the heat transfer performance in many engineering applications. But these conventional heat transfer fluids have often several limitations. One of those major limitations is that the thermal conductivity of each of these base fluids is very low and this results a lower heat transfer rate in thermal engineering systems. Such limitation also affects the performance of different equipments used in different heat transfer process industries. To overcome such an important drawback, researchers over the years have considered a new generation heat transfer fluid, simply known as nanofluid with higher thermal conductivity. This new generation heat transfer fluid is a mixture of nanometre-size particles and different base fluids. Different researchers suggest that adding spherical or cylindrical shape of uniform/non-uniform nanoparticles into a base fluid can remarkably increase the thermal conductivity of nanofluid. Such augmentation of thermal conductivity could play a more significant role in enhancing the heat transfer rate than that of the base fluid. Nanoparticles diameters used in nanofluid are usually considered to be less than or equal to 100 nm and the nanoparticles concentration usually varies from 5% to 10%. Different researchers mentioned that the smaller nanoparticles concentration with size diameter of 100 nm could enhance the heat transfer rate more significantly compared to that of base fluids. But it is not obvious what effect it will have on the heat transfer performance when nanofluids contain small size nanoparticles of less than 100 nm with different concentrations. Besides, the effect of static and moving nanoparticles on the heat transfer of nanofluid is not known too. The idea of moving nanoparticles brings the effect of Brownian motion of nanoparticles on the heat transfer. The aim of this work is, therefore, to investigate the heat transfer performance of nanofluid using a combination of smaller size of nanoparticles with different concentrations considering the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. A horizontal pipe has been considered as a physical system within which the above mentioned nanofluid performances are investigated under transition to turbulent flow conditions. Three different types of numerical models, such as single phase model, Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phase mixture model and Eulerian-Lagrangian discrete phase model have been used while investigating the performance of nanofluids. The most commonly used model is single phase model which is based on the assumption that nanofluids behave like a conventional fluid. The other two models are used when the interaction between solid and fluid particles is considered. However, two different phases, such as fluid and solid phases is also considered in the Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phase mixture model. Thus, these phases create a fluid-solid mixture. But, two phases in the Eulerian-Lagrangian discrete phase model are independent. One of them is a solid phase and the other one is a fluid phase. In addition, RANS (Reynolds Average Navier Stokes) based Standard κ-ω and SST κ-ω transitional models have been used for the simulation of transitional flow. While the RANS based Standard κ-ϵ, Realizable κ-ϵ and RNG κ-ϵ turbulent models are used for the simulation of turbulent flow. Hydrodynamic as well as temperature behaviour of transition to turbulent flows of nanofluids through the horizontal pipe is studied under a uniform heat flux boundary condition applied to the wall with temperature dependent thermo-physical properties for both water and nanofluids. Numerical results characterising the performances of velocity and temperature fields are presented in terms of velocity and temperature contours, turbulent kinetic energy contours, surface temperature, local and average Nusselt numbers, Darcy friction factor, thermal performance factor and total entropy generation. New correlations are also proposed for the calculation of average Nusselt number for both the single and multi-phase models. Result reveals that the combination of small size of nanoparticles and higher nanoparticles concentrations with the Brownian motion of nanoparticles shows higher heat transfer enhancement and thermal performance factor than those of water. Literature suggests that the use of nanofluids flow in an inclined pipe at transition to turbulent regimes has been ignored despite its significance in real-life applications. Therefore, a particular investigation has been carried out in this thesis with a view to understand the heat transfer behaviour and performance of an inclined pipe under transition flow condition. It is found that the heat transfer rate decreases with the increase of a pipe inclination angle. Also, a higher heat transfer rate is found for a horizontal pipe under forced convection than that of an inclined pipe under mixed convection.

Condiciones para la innovación, cultura organizacional y sostenibilidad de las organizaciones

Las organizaciones se pueden asumir como el resultado de las necesidades históricas del entorno y de los sistemas sociales en su proceso evolutivo, y su sostenibilidad depende de la capacidad de entender su propia complejidad. Este artículo propone que la dotación de condiciones para la innovación, como expresión de la cultura organizacional, es una opción garante de sostenibilidad y requiere de un proceso no uniforme, ni predecible, es decir, un proceso complejo. Las reflexiones apuntan a que las empresas, para garantizar su sostenibilidad deben encontrar, cuasiequilibrios altamente dinámicos y transitorios, del núcleo de los requerimientos funcionales de las demandas y las capacidades estructurales de la oferta. Como resultado de esta reflexión se propone que las decisiones instrumentadas a partir de estas capacidades, pueden aceptarse dentro de un rango amplio de estrategias evolutivas eficientes, en un extenso espectro que va desde la adición cercana a los enfoques económicos ortodoxos hasta los actuales de innovación.

Transmission Spectra of Rb 87 atoms near an Optical Nanofiber.

We present measurements of the transmission spectra of 87Rb atoms at 780 nm in the vicinity of a nanofiber. A uniform distribution of fixed atoms around a nanofiber should produce a spectrum that is broadened towards the red due to shifts from the van der Waals potential. If the atoms are free, this also produces an attractive force that accelerates them until they collide with the fiber which depletes the steady-state density of near-surface atoms. It is for this reason that measurements of the van der Waals interaction are sparse. We confirm this by measuring the spectrum cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap around the fiber, revealing a symmetric line shape with nearly the natural linewidth of the transition. When we use an auxiliary 750 nm laser we are able to controllably desorb a steady flux of atoms from the fiber that reside near the surface (less than 50 nm) long enough to feel the van der Walls interaction and produce an asymmetric spectrum. We quantify the spectral asymmetry as a function of 750 nm laser power and find a maximum. Our model, which that takes into account the change in the density distribution, qualitatively explains the observations. In the future this can be used as a tool to more comprehensively study atom-surface interactions.

Compósitos de matriz metálica à base níquel com adição de TaC e NbC produzidos via metalurgia do pó

Carbide reinforced metallic alloys potentially improve some important mechanical properties required for the overall use of important engineering materials such as steel and nickel. Nevertheless, improved performance is achieved not only by composition enhancement but also by adequate processing techniques, such as novel sintering methods in the case of powder metallurgy. The method minimizes energy losses in addition to providing uniform heating during sintering. Thus, the general objective of this study was to evaluate the density, hardness, flexural strength, dilatometric behavior and to analyze the microstructure of metal matrix composites based nickel with addition of carbides of tantalum and / or niobium when sintered in a conventional furnace and Plasma assisted debinding and sintering (PADS). Initially, were defineds best parameters of granulation, screening and mixing procedure. After, mixtures of carbonyl Ni and 5%, 10% and 15 wt.% NbC and TaC were prepared in a Y-type mixer under wet conditions during 60 minutes. The mixtures were then dried and granulated using 1.5 wt. % paraffin diluted in hexane. Granulates were cold pressed under 600 MPa. Paraffin was then removed from the pressed pellets during a pre-sintering process carried out in a tubular furnace at 500 °C during 30 min. The heating rate was 3 ºC/min. The pellets were then sintered using either a plasma assisted reactor or a conventional resistive tubular furnace. For both methods, the heating rate was set to 8 ºC/min up to 1150 °C. The holding time was 60 minutes. The microstructure of the sintered samples was evaluated by SEM. Brinell hardness tests were also carried out. The results revealed that higher density and higher hardness values were observed in the plasma-assisted sintered samples. Hardness increased with the concentration of carbides in the Ni-matrix. The flexural strength also increased by adding the carbides. The decline was larger for the sample with addition of 5% 5% TaC and NbC. In general, compositions containing added carbide 10% showed less porous and more uniform distribution of carbides in the nickel matrix microstructural appearance. Thus, both added carbide and plasma sintering improved density, hardness, flexural strength and microstructural appearance of the composites

On the validity of measuring change over time in routine clinical assessment: a close examination of item-level response shifts in psychosomatic inpatients

Objective: Significant life events such as severe health status changes or intensive medical treatment often trigger response shifts in individuals that may hamper the comparison of measurements over time. Drawing from the Oort model, this study aims at detecting response shift at the item level in psychosomatic inpatients and evaluating its impact on the validity of comparing repeated measurements. Study design and setting: Complete pretest and posttest data were available from 1188 patients who had filled out the ICD-10 Symptom Rating (ISR) scale at admission and discharge, on average 24 days after intake. Reconceptualization, reprioritization, and recalibration response shifts were explored applying tests of measurement invariance. In the item-level approach, all model parameters were constrained to be equal between pretest and posttest. If non-invariance was detected, these were linked to the different types of response shift. Results: When constraining across-occasion model parameters, model fit worsened as indicated by a significant Satorra–Bentler Chi-square difference test suggesting potential presence of response shifts. A close examination revealed presence of two types of response shift, i.e., (non)uniform recalibration and both higher- and lower-level reconceptualization response shifts leading to four model adjustments. Conclusions: Our analyses suggest that psychosomatic inpatients experienced some response shifts during their hospital stay. According to the hierarchy of measurement invariance, however, only one of the detected non-invariances is critical for unbiased mean comparisons over time, which did not have a substantial impact on estimating change. Hence, the use of the ISR can be recommended for outcomes assessment in clinical routine, as change score estimates do not seem hampered by response shift effects.

Strain gradient plasticity modelling of high-pressure torsion

Gradient plasticity modelling combining a micro-structure-related constitutive description of the local material behaviour with a particular gradient plasticity frame is presented. The constitutive formulation is based on a phase mixture model in which the dislocation cell walls and the cell interiors are considered as separate 'phases', the respective dislocation densities entering as internal variables. Two distinct physical mechanisms, which give rise to gradient plasticity, are considered. The first one is associated with the occurrence of geometrically necessary dislocations leading to first-order strain gradients; the second one is associated with the reaction stresses due to plastic strain incompatibilities between neighbouring grains, which lead to second-order strain gradients. These two separate variants of gradient plasticity were applied to the case of high-pressure torsion: a process known to result in a fairly uniform, ultrafine grained structure of metals. It is shown that the two complementary variants of gradient plasticity can both account for the experimental results, thus resolving a controversial issue of the occurrence of a uniform micro-structure as a result of an inherently non-uniform process. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A hybrid simulated annealing and perturb and observe method for maximum power point tracking in PV systems under partial shading conditions

This paper presents a hybrid method for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a Photovoltaic (PV) system which experiences non-uniform environmental conditions or partial shading conditions. The hybrid method combines two simple techniques with complementary strengths in achieving Global MPPT. Simulated Annealing (SA) has only recently been applied to PV MPPT and is very effective at locating global maxima with limited implementation complexity. Perturb and Observe (P&O) is a very common technique which provides continuous tracking of the MPP in a simple and easy to implement manner. The P&O method is generally incapable of locating global maxima, and the SA based method is unable to perform continuous searching. By merging these techniques in a hybrid MPPT method consisting of a global searching stage and a local searching stage, the tracking performance is improved compared to what each technique could achieve independently. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid technique.

Maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic systems: a comprehensive review and comparative analysis

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an important concern in Photovoltaic (PV) systems. As PV systems have a high cost of energy it is essential that they are operated to extract the maximum possible power at all times. However, under non-uniform environmental conditions, which frequently arise in the outdoor environment, many MPPT techniques will fail to track the global peak power. This review paper discusses conventional MPPT techniques designed to operate under uniform environmental conditions and highlights why these techniques fail under non-uniform conditions. Following this, techniques designed specifically to operate under non-uniform environmental conditions are analysed and compared. Simulation results which compare the performance of the common Perturb and Observe (P&O) method, the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and the Simulated Annealing (SA) MPPT approaches under non-uniform environmental conditions are also presented. The research presented in this review indicates that there is no single technique which can achieve reliable global MPPT with low cost and complexity and be easily adapted to different PV systems.

A Mg-Al-Nd alloy produced via a powder metallurgical route

A Mg-5 wt.%Al-2 wt.%Nd alloy has been prepared by a powder metallurgical route using a blend of two dissimilar alloy powders. The initial consolidation of the powders was achieved through a single equal channel angular extrusion pass at 150 °C. After heat treatment at temperatures between 420 °C and 530 °C, it was possible to produce a microstructure that consisted of a uniform distribution of Al3Nd and Al11Nd3 precipitates in a magnesium matrix. These precipitates displayed distinct orientation relationships with the matrix. The size and shape of the precipitates depended on the heat treatment temperature and time. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Caractérisation des structures de septines hautement organisées chez la drosophile et leur interaction avec le cytosquelette d’actine

Les septines sont des GTPases conservées dérégulées dans le cancer et les maladies neurodégénératives. Elles servent de protéines d’échafaudage et forment une barrière de diffusion à la membrane plasmique et au corps central lors de la cytokinèse. Elles interagissent avec l’actine et s’organisent en complexes qui polymérisent et forment des structures hautement organisées (anneaux et filaments). Leur dynamique d’assemblage et leur rôle dans la cellule restent à être élucidés. La Drosophile est un modèle simple pour l’étude des septines puisqu’on n’y retrouve que 5 gènes (sep1, sep2, sep4, sep5, peanut) comparativement aux 13 gènes chez l’humain. À l’aide d’un anticorps contre Pnut, nous avons identifié des structures tubulaires dans 30% des cellules S2 de Drosophile. Mon projet a comme but de caractériser ces tubes en élucidant leurs constituants, leur comportement et leurs propriétés pour mieux clarifier le mécanisme par lequel les septines forment des structures hautement organisées et interagissent avec le cytosquelette d’actine. Par immunofluorescence, j’ai pu démontrer que ces tubes sont cytoplasmiques, en mitose ou interphase, ce qui suggère qu’ils ne sont pas régulés par le cycle cellulaire. Pour investiguer la composition et les propriétés dynamiques de ces tubes, j’ai généré une lignée cellulaire exprimant Sep2-GFP qui se localise aux tubes et des ARNi contre les cinq septines. Trois septines sont importantes pour la formation de ces tubes et anneaux notamment Sep1, Sep2 et Pnut. La déplétion de Sep1 cause la dispersion du signal GFP en flocons, tandis que la déplétion de Sep2 ou de Pnut mène à la dispersion du signal GFP uniformément dans la cellule. Des expériences de FRAP sur la lignée Sep2-GFP révèlent un signal de retour très lent, ce qui indique que ces structures sont très stables. J’ai aussi démontré une relation entre l’actine et les septines. Le traitement avec la Latrunculin A (un inhibiteur de la polymérisation de l’actine) ou la Jasplakinolide (un stabilisateur des filaments d’actine) mène à la dépolymérisation rapide (< 30 min) des tubes en anneaux flottants dans le cytoplasme, même si ces tubes ne sont pas reconnus suite à un marquage de la F-actine. L’Actin05C-mCherry se localise aux tubes, tandis que le mutant déficient de la polymérisation, Actin05C-R62D-mCherry perd cette localisation. On observe aussi que la déplétion de la Cofiline et de l’AIP1 (ce qui déstabilise l’actine) mène au même phénotype que le traitement avec la Latrunculine A ou la Jasplakinolide. Alors on peut conclure qu’un cytosquelette d’actine dynamique est nécessaire pour la formation et le maintien des tubes de septines. Les futures études auront comme but de mieux comprendre l’organisation des septines en structures hautement organisées et leur relation avec l’actine. Ceci sera utile pour l’élaboration du réseau d’interactions des septines qui pourra servir à expliquer leur dérégulation dans le cancer et les maladies neurodégénératives.

Fonctionnalité in vivo d’un endothélium cornéen reconstitué par injection de cellules endothéliales cornéennes dans la chambre antérieure d’un modèle félin

Introduction : Malgré leur état non-prolifératif in vivo, les cellules endothéliales cornéennes (CEC) peuvent être amplifiées in vitro. Leur transplantation subséquente par injection intracamérale pourrait surmonter la pénurie de tissus associée à l’allo-greffe traditionnelle – l’unique traitement définitif disponible pour les endothéliopathies cornéennes. Objectif : Évaluer la fonctionnalité d’un endothélium cornéen reconstitué par injection de CEC dans la chambre antérieure du félin. Méthodes : Les yeux droits de 16 animaux ont été opérés. Huit ont été désendothélialisés centralement avec injection de 2x10e5 (n=4) ou 1x10e6 (n=4) CEC félines supplémentées avec Y-27632 et marquées avec SP-DiOC18(3). Deux ont été désendothélialisés complètement et injectés avec 1x10e6 CEC et Y-27632. Six contrôles ont été désendothélialisés centralement (n=3) ou complètement (n=3) et injectés avec Y-27632 sans CEC. La performance clinique, l’intégrité anatomique, le phénotype fonctionnel et l’expression de SP-DiOC18(3) du nouvel endothélium ont été étudiés. Résultats : Les cornées greffées avec 2x10e5 CEC et les contrôles désendothélialisés centralement ont réussi le mieux cliniquement. Les contrôles désendothélialisés complètement sont restés opaques. L’histopathologie a révélé une monocouche endothéliale fonctionnelle dans les cornées greffées avec 2x10e5 CEC et les contrôles désendothélialisés centralement, une multicouche endothéliale non-fonctionnelle dans les cornées désendothélialisées centralement et greffées avec 1x10e6 CEC, et un endothélium fibrotique non-fonctionnel dans les cornées désendothélialisées complètement. L’expression de SP-DiOC18(3) était rare dans les greffes. Conclusion : La thérapie par injection cellulaire a reconstitué un endothélium partiellement fonctionnel, auquel les CEC injectées n’ont contribué que peu. L’injection de Y-27632 sans CEC a reconstitué l’endothélium le plus sain. Des études additionnelles investiguant l’effet thérapeutique de Y-27632 seul sont justifiées.

STUDIES OF FUNCTIONALIZED NANOPARTICLES FOR SMART SELF-ASSEMBLY AND AS CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY

This dissertation is related to the studies of functionalized nanoparticles for self-assembly and as controlled drug delivery system. The whole topic is composed of two parts. In the first part, the research was conducted to design and synthesize a new type of ionic peptide-functionalized copolymer conjugates for self-assembly into nanoparticle fibers and 3D scaffolds with the ability of multi-drug loading and governing the release rate of each drug for tissue engineering. The self-assembly study confirmed that such peptide-functionalized amphiphilic copolymers underwent different self-assembly behavior. The bigger nanoparticles were more easily assembled into nanoparticle fibers and 3D scaffolds with larger pore size, while the smaller nanoparticle underwent faster self-assembly to form more compact 3D scaffolds with smaller porosity but more stable structure. Controlled release studies confirmed the ability of governing simultaneous release of different model drugs with independent release rate from a same scaffold. Cytotoxicity tests showed that all synthesized peptides, copolymers and peptide-copolymer conjugates were biocompatible with SW-620 cell lines and NIH3T3 cell lines. This new type of self-assembled scaffolds combined the advantages of peptide nanofibers and versatile controlled release of polymeric nanoparticles to achieve simultaneous multi-drug loading and controlled release of each drug, uniform distribution and flexibility of hydrogel scaffolds. The investigations in second part were first to design and synthesize organic biocide-loaded nanoparticles for low-leaching wood preservation using a cost-effective one-pot method to synthesize amphiphilic chitosan-g-PMMA nanoparticles loading with ~25-28 wt.% of the fungicide tebuconazole with particle size of ~100 nm diameter by FESEM. FESEM analysis confirmed efficient penetration of nanoparticles throughout the treated wooden stake with dimension of 19 × 19 × 455 mm^3. Leaching studies showed that biocide introduced into sapwood via nanoparticles leached only ~9% compared with the amount leached from tebuconazole solution-treated control, while soil jar tests showed that the nanoparticle-treated wood blocks were effectively protected from biological decay tested against G. trabeum, a brown rot fungus. Copper oxide nanoparticles with and without polymer stabilizers were also investigated to use as inorganic wood preservatives to clarify the factor affecting copper leaching from treated wood. Copper oxide nanoparticles with uniform diameters of ~10 nm and ~50 nm were prepared, and the leachates from southern pine sapwood treated with these nanoparticles were analyzed. It was found by TEM and EDS analysis that significant numbers of nanoparticles leached from the treated wood. The 50 nm nanoparticles leached slightly less than a soluble copper salt control, but 10 nm nanoparticles leached substantially more than the control. The effect of polymer stabilizers on nanoparticle leaching was also investigated. Results showed that polymer stabilizers increased leaching. The trends showed that nanoparticle size was a major factor in copper leaching.

Caractérisation des structures de septines hautement organisées chez la drosophile et leur interaction avec le cytosquelette d’actine

Les septines sont des GTPases conservées dérégulées dans le cancer et les maladies neurodégénératives. Elles servent de protéines d’échafaudage et forment une barrière de diffusion à la membrane plasmique et au corps central lors de la cytokinèse. Elles interagissent avec l’actine et s’organisent en complexes qui polymérisent et forment des structures hautement organisées (anneaux et filaments). Leur dynamique d’assemblage et leur rôle dans la cellule restent à être élucidés. La Drosophile est un modèle simple pour l’étude des septines puisqu’on n’y retrouve que 5 gènes (sep1, sep2, sep4, sep5, peanut) comparativement aux 13 gènes chez l’humain. À l’aide d’un anticorps contre Pnut, nous avons identifié des structures tubulaires dans 30% des cellules S2 de Drosophile. Mon projet a comme but de caractériser ces tubes en élucidant leurs constituants, leur comportement et leurs propriétés pour mieux clarifier le mécanisme par lequel les septines forment des structures hautement organisées et interagissent avec le cytosquelette d’actine. Par immunofluorescence, j’ai pu démontrer que ces tubes sont cytoplasmiques, en mitose ou interphase, ce qui suggère qu’ils ne sont pas régulés par le cycle cellulaire. Pour investiguer la composition et les propriétés dynamiques de ces tubes, j’ai généré une lignée cellulaire exprimant Sep2-GFP qui se localise aux tubes et des ARNi contre les cinq septines. Trois septines sont importantes pour la formation de ces tubes et anneaux notamment Sep1, Sep2 et Pnut. La déplétion de Sep1 cause la dispersion du signal GFP en flocons, tandis que la déplétion de Sep2 ou de Pnut mène à la dispersion du signal GFP uniformément dans la cellule. Des expériences de FRAP sur la lignée Sep2-GFP révèlent un signal de retour très lent, ce qui indique que ces structures sont très stables. J’ai aussi démontré une relation entre l’actine et les septines. Le traitement avec la Latrunculin A (un inhibiteur de la polymérisation de l’actine) ou la Jasplakinolide (un stabilisateur des filaments d’actine) mène à la dépolymérisation rapide (< 30 min) des tubes en anneaux flottants dans le cytoplasme, même si ces tubes ne sont pas reconnus suite à un marquage de la F-actine. L’Actin05C-mCherry se localise aux tubes, tandis que le mutant déficient de la polymérisation, Actin05C-R62D-mCherry perd cette localisation. On observe aussi que la déplétion de la Cofiline et de l’AIP1 (ce qui déstabilise l’actine) mène au même phénotype que le traitement avec la Latrunculine A ou la Jasplakinolide. Alors on peut conclure qu’un cytosquelette d’actine dynamique est nécessaire pour la formation et le maintien des tubes de septines. Les futures études auront comme but de mieux comprendre l’organisation des septines en structures hautement organisées et leur relation avec l’actine. Ceci sera utile pour l’élaboration du réseau d’interactions des septines qui pourra servir à expliquer leur dérégulation dans le cancer et les maladies neurodégénératives.

Fonctionnalité in vivo d’un endothélium cornéen reconstitué par injection de cellules endothéliales cornéennes dans la chambre antérieure d’un modèle félin

Introduction : Malgré leur état non-prolifératif in vivo, les cellules endothéliales cornéennes (CEC) peuvent être amplifiées in vitro. Leur transplantation subséquente par injection intracamérale pourrait surmonter la pénurie de tissus associée à l’allo-greffe traditionnelle – l’unique traitement définitif disponible pour les endothéliopathies cornéennes. Objectif : Évaluer la fonctionnalité d’un endothélium cornéen reconstitué par injection de CEC dans la chambre antérieure du félin. Méthodes : Les yeux droits de 16 animaux ont été opérés. Huit ont été désendothélialisés centralement avec injection de 2x10e5 (n=4) ou 1x10e6 (n=4) CEC félines supplémentées avec Y-27632 et marquées avec SP-DiOC18(3). Deux ont été désendothélialisés complètement et injectés avec 1x10e6 CEC et Y-27632. Six contrôles ont été désendothélialisés centralement (n=3) ou complètement (n=3) et injectés avec Y-27632 sans CEC. La performance clinique, l’intégrité anatomique, le phénotype fonctionnel et l’expression de SP-DiOC18(3) du nouvel endothélium ont été étudiés. Résultats : Les cornées greffées avec 2x10e5 CEC et les contrôles désendothélialisés centralement ont réussi le mieux cliniquement. Les contrôles désendothélialisés complètement sont restés opaques. L’histopathologie a révélé une monocouche endothéliale fonctionnelle dans les cornées greffées avec 2x10e5 CEC et les contrôles désendothélialisés centralement, une multicouche endothéliale non-fonctionnelle dans les cornées désendothélialisées centralement et greffées avec 1x10e6 CEC, et un endothélium fibrotique non-fonctionnel dans les cornées désendothélialisées complètement. L’expression de SP-DiOC18(3) était rare dans les greffes. Conclusion : La thérapie par injection cellulaire a reconstitué un endothélium partiellement fonctionnel, auquel les CEC injectées n’ont contribué que peu. L’injection de Y-27632 sans CEC a reconstitué l’endothélium le plus sain. Des études additionnelles investiguant l’effet thérapeutique de Y-27632 seul sont justifiées.

Cavotricuspid isthmus: anatomy and electrophysiology features: its evaluation before radiofrequency ablation

The cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) in the lower pan of the right atrium, between the inferior caval vein and the tricuspid valve, is considered crucial in producing a conduction delay and. hence, favoring the perpetuation of a reentrant circuit. Non-uniform wall thickness, muscle fiber orientation and the marked variability in muscular architecture in the CTI should be taken into consideration from the perspective of anisotropic conduction, thus producing an electrophysiologic isthmus. The purpose of this article is to review the anatomy and electrophysiology of the CTI in human hearts to provide useful information to plan CTI radio frequency ablation for the patients with atrial flutter.