Air microjet system for non-contact force application and the actuation of micro-structures

We demonstrate a non-contact technique to apply calibrated and localized forces in the micro-Newton to milli-Newton range using an air microjet. An electromagnetically actuated diaphragm controlled by a signal generator is used to generate the air microjet. With a nozzle diameter of 150 mu m, the microjet diameter was maintained to a maximum of 1 mm at a distance of 5 mm from the nozzle. The force generated by the microjet was measured using a commercial force sensor to determine the velocity profile of the jet. Axial flow velocities of up to 25 m s(-1) were obtained at distances as long as 6 mm. The microjet exerted a force up to 1 mu N on a poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) micropillar (50 mu m in diameter, 157 mu m in height) and 415 mu N on a PDMS membrane (3 mm in diameter, 28 mu m thick). We also demonstrate that from a distance of 6 mm our microjet can exert a peak pressure of 187 Pa with a total force of about 84 mu N on a flat surface with 8 V operating voltage. Out of the cleanroom fabrication and robust design make this system cost effective and durable.

Experimental Evidence of Critical Sensitivity in Catastrophe

The paper presents an experimental study on critical sensitivity in rocks. Critical sensitivity means that the response of a system to external controlling variable may become significantly sensitive as the system approaches its catastrophic rupture point. It is found that the sensitivities measured by responses on three scales (sample scale, locally macroscopic scales and mesoscopic scale) display increase prior to catastrophic transition point. These experimental results do support the concept that critical sensitivity might be a common precursory feature of catastrophe. Furthermore, our previous theoretical model is extended to explore the fluctuations in critical sensitivity in the rock tests.

喷涂于运动固壁上的模口流变流动

模口膨胀是聚合物加工中的重要现象，通常用流变效应来解释． 射流自由面上温度分布不均匀，必然会产生表面张力梯度驱动的热毛细对流．采用二维非定常有限元方法，数值模拟喷涂于运动固壁上的流变流体的模口膨胀问题．计算中考虑了流变效应和热毛细效应的耦合作用．结果表明，流变效应和热毛细效应两者均使射流截面增大，非Newton流体的流变效应是模口膨胀的主要原因．

A Study of Composite Beam with Shape Memory Alloy Arbitrarily Embedded under Thermal and Mechanical Loadings

The constitutive relations and kinematic assumptions on the composite beam with shape memory alloy (SMA) arbitrarily embedded are discussed and the results related to the different kinematic assumptions are compared. As the approach of mechanics of materials is to study the composite beam with the SMA layer embedded, the kinematic assumption is vital. In this paper, we systematically study the kinematic assumptions influence on the composite beam deflection and vibration characteristics. Based on the different kinematic assumptions, the equations of equilibrium/motion are different. Here three widely used kinematic assumptions are presented and the equations of equilibrium/motion are derived accordingly. As the three kinematic assumptions change from the simple to the complex one, the governing equations evolve from the linear to the nonlinear ones. For the nonlinear equations of equilibrium, the numerical solution is obtained by using Galerkin discretization method and Newton-Rhapson iteration method. The analysis on the numerical difficulty of using Galerkin method on the post-buckling analysis is presented. For the post-buckling analysis, finite element method is applied to avoid the difficulty due to the singularity occurred in Galerkin method. The natural frequencies of the composite beam with the nonlinear governing equation, which are obtained by directly linearizing the equations and locally linearizing the equations around each equilibrium, are compared. The influences of the SMA layer thickness and the shift from neutral axis on the deflection, buckling and post-buckling are also investigated. This paper presents a very general way to treat thermo-mechanical properties of the composite beam with SMA arbitrarily embedded. The governing equations for each kinematic assumption consist of a third order and a fourth order differential equation with a total of seven boundary conditions. Some previous studies on the SMA layer either ignore the thermal constraint effect or implicitly assume that the SMA is symmetrically embedded. The composite beam with the SMA layer asymmetrically embedded is studied here, in which symmetric embedding is a special case. Based on the different kinematic assumptions, the results are different depending on the deflection magnitude because of the nonlinear hardening effect due to the (large) deflection. And this difference is systematically compared for both the deflection and the natural frequencies. For simple kinematic assumption, the governing equations are linear and analytical solution is available. But as the deflection increases to the large magnitude, the simple kinematic assumption does not really reflect the structural deflection and the complex one must be used. During the systematic comparison of computational results due to the different kinematic assumptions, the application range of the simple kinematic assumption is also evaluated. Besides the equilibrium study of the composite laminate with SMA embedded, the buckling, post-buckling, free and forced vibrations of the composite beam with the different configurations are also studied and compared.

Evidence of quantum lateral confinement in side-gated resonant tunnelling diodes formed by patterned substrate regrowth

MBE regrowth on patterned np-GaAs wafers has been used to fabricate GaAs/AlGaAs double barrier resonant tunnel diodes with a side-gate in the plane of the quantum well. The physical diameters vary from 1 to 20 μm. For a nominally 1 μm diameter diode the peak current is reduced by more than 95% at a side-gate voltage of -2 V at 1.5 K, which we estimate corresponds to an active tunnel region diameter of 75 nm ± 10 nm. At high gate biases additional structure appears in the conductance data. Differential I-V measurements show a linear dependence of the spacing of subsidiary peaks on gate bias indicating lateral quantum confinement. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

一个基于非均匀网格上的二阶基本无振荡差分格式

在基本无振荡格式的构造中，将通常的对流通量f的逼近方式推广到对通量导数的逼近，这一构造方法可以有效地应用到非均匀或非结构网格。直接基于非均匀网格上，构造了一个二阶的基本无振荡(ENO)差分格式。该格式具有形式简单，对网格的划分灵活，与传统格式相比不增加计算量等优点，儿个数值算例证明了格式的有效性。

Zinc oxide nanostructures and high electron mobility nanocomposite thin film transistors

This paper reports on the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures and examines the performance of nanocomposite thin-film transistors (TFTs) fabricated using ZnO dispersed in both n- and p-type polymer host matrices. The ZnO nanostructures considered here comprise nanowires and tetrapods and were synthesized using vapor phase deposition techniques involving the carbothermal reduction of solid-phase zinc-containing compounds. Measurement results of nanocomposite TFTs based on dispersion of ZnO nanorods in an n-type organic semiconductor ([6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) show electron field-effect mobilities in the range 0.3-0.6 cm2V-1 s-1. representing an approximate enhancement by as much as a factor of 40 from the pristine state. The on/off current ratio of the nanocomposite TFTs approach 106 at saturation with off-currents on the order of 10 pA. The results presented here, although preliminary, show a highly promising enhancement for realization of high-performance solution-processable n-type organic TFTs. © 2008 IEEE.

A diagnostic system for the microgravity experiments on Marangoni drop migrations

An optical diagnostic system designed for the microgravity experiments on Marangoni drop migrations has been depicted in the presented paper. One part of the optical system was used to image and record the drops tracks; the other part was an equal-thick interferential system, it has the ability to observe the fine structures of the drop migrations. Some ground-based experiments had been performed and the results were simply discussed in the present paper.

Estudio de fertilización orgánica en el cultivo del crisantemo (Chrhysanthemum sp), utilizando microorganismos efectivos (EM)

El presente trabajo es un estudio preliminar: realizado con el propósito de brindar información e iniciar estudios en el cultivo de plantas ornamentales. Durante los meses de agosto a octubre de 1997, se evaluó (en la comarca Pacaya, municipio de Catarina, departamento de Masaya), el efecto de díferentes tipos de desechos orgánicos inoculados con Microorganismos Efectivos (EM-Bokashi) en el cultivo del crisantemo ( Crhysanthemum sp). Los seis tratamientos en estudio fueron arreglados en bloques completos al azar (B.C.A) con cuatro repeticiones, para un total de veinte y cuatro unidades experimentales. Los abonos fueron preparados mezclando proporciones diferentes de desechos orgánicos de origen vegetal y animal: a dos de los tratamientos se inoculó EM, usando dosis de 500 g/m 2, en cambio para la fertilización inorgánica se utilizó N-P-K ( 15-15-•15), a razón de 28.15 g/m2. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que los promedios más altos en la mayoría de las variables evaluadas lo registraron el biofcrtilizante 2 (granza de arroz + aserrín + desperdicio de mercado + EM) y la fcrtilización inorgánica El mejor rendimiento lo reporto el biofertilizante 2 con 578,704 flores/ha, seguido del biofertilizante 4 con 420,718 flores/ha. El presente ensayo demostró que se puede producir sin dependencia de los agroquímicos, evitando poner en riesgo la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Cabe señalar que la fertilización organica debe complementarse con obras de conservación de suelo, rotación de cultivo, obras de conservación de agua, control biologico de plagas y enfermedades, semillas de alta calidad y otras, con el fin de optimizar el uso del suelo, estabilizar areas de producción, por ende obtene mayores beneficios haciendo uso de todos los recursos que tengamos a nuestro alcance, para lograr una agricultura sostenible.

Manejo de la fertilización orgánica e inorgánica en el cultivo del café (Coffea arabica L.), en dos años consecutivos (1998/1999)

En la finca La Cabaña, ubicada en el km 247.5, carretera Panamericana, comarca Los Planes perteneciente al Municipio de Dipilto, en el departamento de Nueva Segovia, se estableció el presente trabajo, en Enero de 1998 hasta Marzo del 2000. Teniendo como objetivo determinar el efecto de la fertilización mezcla física y mezcla química para la fertilización del cafeto (Coffea arabica L.). El diseño utilizado fue de Bloques completos al azar (BCA) formado por siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones con doce plantas por parcela experimental. Durante el año 1998 se tomaron las siguientes variables: Altura (cm), número de bandolas productivas, número de bandolas con ramas secundarias y longitud de bandolas (cm). En el año 1999 al experimento se agregaron otras variables con el objetivo de consolidar los resultados, estos fueron: Número de bandolas no productivas, número de hojas por bandola y componentes de rendimiento; número de frutos en un kilogramo de cereza, peso de café pergamino seco (g), peso de café oro (g), porcentaje de granos vanos, peso de 1000 frutos cereza (kg) y peso de 1000 granos oro (g), todas estas variables solamente se evaluaron en el ciclo productivo 1999/2000. El análisis estadístico realizado para cada una de las variables fue Análisis de Varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias por rango múltiples de Duncan al 5% de margen de error, donde no se encontró influencias significativas de la fertilización sobre estas variables. Las fertilizaciones realizadas tuvieron influencia en el número de hojas por bandolas, peso de 1000 frutos cereza y peso de 1000 granos oro. En el ciclo 1998/1999 DO se expresaron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento presentando la fertilización mezcla física el mayor rendimiento con 1 587.67 kg/ha, en el ciclo 1999/2000 sí se observaron diferencias significativas entre las fertilizaciones evaluadas, obteniendo la mezcla física más orgánica el mayor rendimiento con 1 824 kg/ha. Los análisis económicos reflejaron que la fertilización mezcla física se obtiene los mayores ingresos en el ciclo 1999/2000 con US$ 2.56 dólares por cada dólar invertido.

Static Study of Cantilever Beam stiction under Electrostatic Force Influence

The model and analysis of the cantilever beam adhesion problem under the action of electrostatic force are given. Owing to the nonlinearity of electrostatic force, the analytical solution for this kind of problem is not available. In this paper, a systematic method of generating polynomials which are the exact beamsolutions of the loads with different distributions is provided. The polynomials are used to approximate the beam displacement due to electrostatic force. The equilibrium equation offers an answer to how the beam deforms but no information about the unstuck length. The derivative of the functional with respect to the unstuck length offers such information. But to compute the functional it is necessary to know the beam deformation. So the problem is iteratively solved until the results are converged. Galerkin and Newton-Raphson methods are used to solve this nonlinear problem. The effects of dielectric layer thickness and electrostatic voltage on the cantilever beamstiction are studied.The method provided in this paper exhibits good convergence. For the adhesion problem of cantilever beam without electrostatic voltage, the analytical solution is available and is also exactly matched by the computational results given by the method presented in this paper.

Energy Conversion in Shape Memory Alloy Heat Engine Part I: Theory

Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) can be easily deformed to a new shape by applying a small external load at low temperature, and then recovers its original configuration upon heating. This unique shape memory phenomenon has inspired many novel designs. SMA based heat engine is one among them. SMA heat engine is an environment-friendly alternative to extract mechanical energy from low-grade energies, for instance, warm wastewater, geothermal energy, solar thermal energy, etc. The aim of this paper is to present an applicable theoretical model for simulation of SMA-based heat engines. First, a micro-mechanical constitutive model is derived for SMAs. The volume fractions of austenite and martensite variants are chosen as internal variables to describe the evolution of microstructure in SMA upon phase transition. Subsequently, the energy equation is derived based on the first thermodynamic law and the previous SMA model. From Fourier’s law of heat conduction and Newton’s law of cooling, both differential and integral forms of energy conversion equation are obtained.

Las bodas de Camacho y una relectura del mito de D. Quijote desde versiones operísticas del episodio cervantino

Resumen: El mundo de la ópera es un campo de permanentes ebulliciones aunque todavía se le endilguen acusaciones falsas de inmovilidad y anquilosamiento. No cesan de componerse obras con lenguajes innovadores sobre temáticas inéditas. Se experimenta —a veces, abusivamente— con puestas en escena heterodoxas, y las investigaciones hallan partituras perdidas o relegadas que hacen variar, permanentemente, el mapa del canon del género. En el presente trabajo, se analiza un caso-testigo de estas continuas mutaciones. Es la recuperación entre 2006 y 2011 de tres óperas compuestas entre 1760 y 1830 sobre el episodio del Quijote referido a las bodas de Camacho. Reviste particular relevancia, a mi juicio, porque no solo ha aumentado el caudal del repertorio operístico conocido sino que por sus relaciones con la literatura nos alerta a los estudiosos de ésta acerca de fenómenos que no podemos dejar de considerar. Ellos atañen a la recepción de la obra cervantina y al mito de D. Quijote, mito cuya expansión sobrepasa, ampliamente, al público lector de la obra. Nos conduce, por lo tanto, más allá de lo literario, a las complejidades de la construcción del imaginario cultural.

喷涂于运动边界上液体薄膜射流的流变效应

采用非Newton流体的二阶流体模型分析了相对高温的液体熔体薄膜由模口喷出并涂于运动的固体膜上，讨论了由自由面上温度梯度驱动的非Nweton液体薄膜的热毛细流动，考虑热毛细流动的流变效应，分析是工于润滑理论近似和摄动理论近似，得到了液体高度方程和非Newton液体薄膜的热流体力学过程描述，具体求解了弱流变流体效应的情况。

Temas de historia argentina y americana, 2008, n° 13 (número completo)

De la casa al partido y del partido al hogar (1946-1955) / Carolina Barry -- Un nuevo espacio de poder: las milicias en San Luis Potosí a finales del período colonial (1767-1810) / Juan José Benavides Martínez -- Proscripción y exilio. Ofensiva judicial / Federico Bertram y Sandra Villa -- La traslación española hacia América durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX / Rosario Güenaga -- La Catedral en la Penitenciaría. Historia de un fastuoso proyecto urbanístico para Buenos Aires (1934) / Miranda Lida -- Aportes de la arqueología subacuática: el naufragio de la fragata española San Salvador (1812) / Atilio Nasti -- Las familias nativas de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires antes de la gran inmigración / Cristian Redi -- El naufragio de la cazatorpedera Rosales (1892): juicio al comandante Leopoldo Funes / Guillermo Oyarzábal -- La disputa por la argentinidad. Rupturistas y neutralistas durante la Primera Guerra Mundial / María Inés Tato -- Reseñas Bibliográficas