Reprogramming energy metabolism and inducing angiogenesis : co-expression of monocarboxylate transporters with VEGF family members in cervical adenocarcinomas

Reprogramming energy metabolism and inducing angiogenesis: co-expression of monocarboxylate transporters with VEGF family members in cervical adenocarcinomas.

Citric acid production by Y. lipolytica W29 from crude glycerol: strain improvement by mutagenesis

[Excerpt] Citric acid, an important and versatile organic acid extensively used in several industries, is originally produced by Aspergillus niger in submerged fermentation from molasses [1]. However, Yarrowia lipolytica have been studied and demonstrate a great potential as citric acid producer from several carbon sources [1–5] including crude glycerol, a low cost byproduct from the biodiesel industry [6]. The simultaneous production of the isomer isocitric acid is the major problem in using this yeast in the citric acid production. (...)

Energy production from lipids by novel anaerobes

[Excerpt] Anaerobic microbial diversity encloses a very high potential that can be used for biotechnological applications. This potential is still largely unexplored, since the majority of the microorganisms in Nature are unknown or poorly characterized. This work is focused on the study of novel anaerobic microorganisms that participate in the metabolism of lipids, long chain fatty acids (LCFA) and glycerol, with the main goal of producing valuable energy-rich organic compounds. For that, conventional anaerobic culturing procedures were combined with continuous bioreactors operation and allied to microbial ecology approaches. Two main examples of the work performed will be presented. (...)

Valorization of eucalyptus wood by glycerol-organosolv pretreatment within the biorefinery concept: an integrated and intensified approach

The efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass and the reduction of production cost are mandatory to attain a cost-effective lignocellulose-to-ethanol process. The selection of suitable pretreatment that allows an effective fractionation of biomass and the use of pretreated material at high-solid loadings on saccharification and fermentation (SSF) processes are considered promising strategies for that purpose. Eucalyptus globulus wood was fractionated by organosolv process at 200 C for 69 min using 56% of glycerol-water. A 99% of cellulose remained in pretreated biomass and 65% of lignin was solubilized. Precipitated lignin was characterized for chemical composition and thermal behavior, showing similar features to commercial lignin. In order to produce lignocellulosic ethanol at high-gravity, a full factory design was carried to assess the liquid to solid ratio (3e9 g/g) and enzyme to solid ratio (8e16 FPU/g) on SSF of delignified Eucalyptus. High ethanol concentration (94 g/L) corresponding to 77% of conversion at 16FPU/g and LSR ¼ 3 g/g using an industrial and thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was successfully produced from pretreated biomass. Process integration of a suitable pretreatment, which allows for whole biomass valorization, with intensified saccharification-fermentation stages was shown to be feasible strategy for the co-production of high ethanol titers, oligosaccharides and lignin paving the way for cost-effective Eucalyptus biorefinery.

Initial Energy for External Electrical Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation

OBJECTIVE - To investigate the initial energy level required for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS - We studied patients undergoing electrical cardioversion in the 1st Multicenter Trial of SOCESP. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the initial energy level of electrical cardioversion: 100J and > or = 150J. We compared the efficacy of the initial and final shock of the procedure, the number of shocks administered, and the cumulative energy levels. RESULTS - Eight-six patients underwent electrical cardioversion. In 53 patients (62%), cardioversion was started with 100J, and in 33 patients (38%), cardioversion was started with > or = 150J. Groups did not differ regarding clinical features and therapeutical interventions. A tendency existed towards greater efficacy of the initial shock in patients who received > or = 150J (61% vs. 42% in the 100J group, p=0.08). The number of shocks was smaller in the > or = 150J group (1.5±0.7 vs. 2.1±1.3, p=0.04). No difference existed regarding the final efficacy of electrical cardioversion and total cumulative energy levels in both groups. In the subgroup of patients with recent-onset AF (<=48h), the cumulative energy level was lower in the 100J group (240±227J vs. 324±225J, p=0.03). CONCLUSION - Patients who were given initial energy of > or = 150J received fewer counter shocks with a tendency toward greater success than those patients who were given 100J; however, in patients with recent-onset AF, the average cumulative energy level was lower in the 100J group. These data suggest that electrical cardioversion should be initiated with energy levels > or = 150J in patients with chronic AF.

Incorporation of hybrid phase change materials in plastering mortars for increased energy efficiency in buildings

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil.

New integrative computational approaches unveil the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pheno-metabolomic fermentative profile and allow strain selection for winemaking

During must fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains thousands of volatile aroma compounds are formed. The objective of the present work was to adapt computational approaches to analyze pheno-metabolomic diversity of a S. cerevisiae strain collection with different origins. Phenotypic and genetic characterization together with individual must fermentations were performed, and metabolites relevant to aromatic profiles were determined. Experimental results were projected onto a common coordinates system, revealing 17 statistical-relevant multi-dimensional modules, combining sets of most-correlated features of noteworthy biological importance. The present method allowed, as a breakthrough, to combine genetic, phenotypic and metabolomic data, which has not been possible so far due to difficulties in comparing different types of data. Therefore, the proposed computational approach revealed as successful to shed light into the holistic characterization of S. cerevisiae pheno-metabolome in must fermentative conditions. This will allow the identification of combined relevant features with application in selection of good winemaking strains.

Avaliação da contratilidade segmentar na doença de Chagas utilizando a integral do gradiente intramiocárdico de velocidade (strain miocárdico) obtida pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual

OBJETIVO: Quantificar o percentual de contratilidade dos diversos segmentos miocárdicos, em portadores de doença de Chagas, através da medida do strain miocárdico e verificar diferenças na função contrátil radial e longitudinal ventricular entre as formas indeterminada e dilatada da miocardiopatia chagásica crônica quando comparadas a um grupo de indivíduos normais. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 39 indivíduos, 20 (51,3%) do sexo masculino divididos em quatro grupos: Nl: 17 (43,6%) indivíduos normais; Ind: 7 (17,9%) portadores de doença de Chagas forma indeterminada; C1, 7 (17,9%) portadores de doença de Chagas forma crônica com fração de ejeção < 50% e C2: 8 (20,5%) portadores de doença de Chagas forma crônica com fração de ejeção > 50%. Após realização de ecocardiograma basal foram registradas as imagem em Doppler tecidual para a medida do strain miocárdico nos diversos segmentos aos cortes paraesternais, longitudinal e transversal, e apicais, de duas e quatro câmaras. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: O percentual de contração dos diversos segmentos miocárdicos, tanto em seu componente radial quanto longitudinal é maior nos indivíduos normais do que em portadores da forma crônica da doença de Chagas e naqueles com a forma indeterminada da doença quando comparado com chagásicos crônicos com FE < 50%. A contratilidade radial do ventrículo esquerdo é maior que a longitudinal nos três grupos (Nl, Ind e Crônico). Os dados apresentados nos permitem propor um caráter progressivo do acometimento miocárdico em portadores da doença de Chagas.

Energía Eólica en Argentina: una cuestión estratégica hacia la Economía del Hidrógeno. Wind Energy in Argentina: a strategic subject towards the Hydrogen Economy.

Identificación/caracterización del problema: El abastecimiento energético en base a fuentes no tradicionales o recursos no renovables es un tema altamente estratégico en las agendas de los Estados. El petróleo se está agotando y las existencias no alcanzarán para abastecer el consumo mundial.Esto ha llevado a Gobiernos a implementar alternativas de producción energética basadas en fuentes no tradicionales, tales como el Hidrógeno (H2), lo cual creará una Economía basada en el Hidrógeno.Argentina cuenta con una matriz energética dependiente en un 90 por ciento del petróleo y con reservas certificadas de petróleo y gas natural para 8,6 y 9,4 años respectivamente. Sin duda, los desafíos próximos serán: a) crear las herramientas necesarias para minimizar una potencial crisis energética en el corto plazo, y b) desarrollar políticas energéticas que articulen su autoabastecimiento e inserción en la Economía del Hidrógeno. Dado que Argentina cuenta con uno de los recursos renovables más importantes del mundo, "el viento", tiene condiciones inmejorables para obtener Hidrógeno (H2) por electrólisis del agua, utilizando energía eléctrica proveniente de fuentes renovables como la eólica (EE). Es por ello que apostar al desarrollo local del H2 basado en la EE nos ofrecerá como país, un rol estratégico en la futura Economía del Hidrógeno.Objetivo General: Identificar la actual Matriz Energética Argentina y reconocer los factores limitantes y oportunidades para la diversificación de la misma, utilizando la Energía Eólica (EE) como pilar hacia la Economía del Hidrógeno (Econo-H2). El fin último será esbozar herramientas de política energética e instrumentos regulatorios pertinentes, que sirvan de base para la formulación de una macro política energética.Metodología de Investigación: Se utilizarán técnicas de análisis de la siguiente información:a) Documental (textos, artículos, información periodística)b) Técnica, Legal y administrativa) Oral (Declaraciones oficiales-privadas y entrevistas)d) Visual (imágenes, gráficos y mapas)e) Datos (cronológicos, estadísticos y geográficos)Resultados esperados: La formulación de herramientas de política energética y de instrumentos regulatorios pertinentes, que sirvan de base para la formulación de una macro política energética que considere la Energía Eólica (EE) como un pilar fundamental para la diversificación de la matriz energética actual. Asimismo se reflexionará sobre la importancia de asociar la EE a la producción masiva del hidrógeno (H2) para la inserción y proyección futura de la Argentina hacia la Economía del Hidrógeno.Importancia del Proyecto: Argentina ha ratificado el protocolo de Kioto y forma parte de la Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition (JREC), por la cual ha asumido compromisos para fijar políticas nacionales de incentivo para el desarrollo de uso de energías renovables.Sin embargo, y a pesar de una serie de iniciativas y leyes promulgadas relacionadas a uso de energías renovables, hasta la fecha, no se ha logrado cumplir con metas concretas.Consideramos que uno de los factores fundamentales que ha dificultado esto, se basa en la ausencia de una política de Estado de mediano y largo plazo que incluya a las energías renovables como un objetivo concreto y un sistema de instrumentos y planes complementarios que acompañen dicha política.

Caracterización genética de la cepa Sinorhizobium meliloti 3DOh13 y evaluación de la capacidad fijadora de nitrógeno en alfalfa. Genetic characterization of the strain Sinorhizobium meliloti 3DOh13 and assessment of the capacity to fix nitrogen in alfalfa.

La provincia de Córdoba participa con aproximadamente el 23 por ciento del área total sembrada anualmente con alfalfa en nuestro país y, en los últimos años, se ha incrementado levemente, en contraste con las provincias de Buenos Aires, Santa Fe y Entre Ríos, donde ha decrecido. La inoculación de este cultivo con cepas del género Sinorhizobium ha permitido mejorar su rendimiento en los suelos de la región semiárida. La utilización para la siembra de semillas preinoculadas con microorganismos de origen extranjero, cuya eficiencia y adaptación a las condiciones locales no siempre se conocen, y con escasa capacidad de competencia ante las cepas naturalizadas, trae como consecuencia un bajo establecimiento de la nodulación y por consiguiente una escasa reposición del nitrógeno removido del suelo. Aún cuando la inoculación está relativamente difundida, en la actualidad no se ha determinado la proporción relativa de nitrógeno fijado por las cepas introducidas respecto de las nativas o naturalizadas, ni la competencia que se genera en el suelo por la ocupación de los sitios potenciales para la formación de nódulos. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo es: "la inoculación con cepas de Sinorhizobium meliloti debidamente caracterizadas y eficientes en la fijación del nitrógeno atmosférico mejorará el rendimiento de alfalfa en la región centro-sur de Córdoba". Los objetivos de este estudio son caracterizar fenotípica y genotípica el aislamiento Sinorhizobium meliloti 3DOh13 y evaluar su eficiencia simbiótica en el cultivo de alfalfa, mediante ensayos de infectividad, eficiencia y competencia con cepas nativas. La evaluación de la infectividad de la cepa comprende estudios de cinética de la nodulación, número total de nódulos y ubicación de los mismos en experiencias donde las plantas crecen en condiciones de invernáculo sobre un soporte de tierra:arena:perlita (2:1:1). Se realizarán ensayos de competitividad, coinoculando semillas con la cepa DOh13 y otras nativas, en bolsas plásticas con medio mineral en los que se desafiarán los distintos aislamientos. Se inoculan las plantas con sólo dos aislamientos y los nódulos de la raíz principal serán extraídos a fin de aislar los microorganismos ocupantes, los que serán diferenciados por marca de resistencia a antibioticos. La eficiencia en la fijación de nitrógeno será cuantificada por las técnicas de reducción del acetileno en el nódulo y, en caso de ser necesario, se usará el método de Kjeldahl (N total) para la raíz, tejido aéreo o planta entera. La caracterización genotípica de S. meliloti 3DOh13 incluirá métodos de fingerprint de ADN por técnicas de PCR y secuenciamiento del ADNr 16S. Esta investigación permitirá obtener información precisa sobre la respuesta de alfalfa a la inoculación con la cepa de referencia. El producto que se espera obtener es un nuevo inoculante, formulado con una cepa efectiva en la fijación de nitrógeno, debidamente caracterizada y con probada capacidad de adaptación a los suelos de la región

Análisis molecular del virus sincitial respiratorio bovino cepa RC-98 aislado en Argentina. Molecular analisis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus RC-98 strain isolated in Argentina.

En la provincia de Córdoba, estudios serológicos demostraron una alta tasa de infección para el Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Bovino (VSRB). Paralelamente nuestro grupo de investigación aisló por primera vez en Argentina el VSRB (cepa RC-98) dando un paso importante en el reconocimiento de esta enfermedad. En los últimos años se ha incrementado la importancia de este agente debido a la intensificación de los sistemas ganaderos, impulsados y desplazados por la agriculturización. La detección viral en muestras clínicas aún es pobre por inadecuadas técnicas de laboratorio. Por estas razones es necesario optimizar otro método diagnóstico utilizado mundialmente, no desarrollado en nuestro país hasta el presente. Con el advenimiento de la biología molecular se introducen nuevas técnicas como la RT-PCR para el diagnóstico rápido del VSRB, siendo más sensible y específica que el ensayo de ELISA, Inmunofluorescencia, Inmunoperoxidasa y aislamiento viral, además permite detectar la eliminación viral por un período más prolongado en muestras clínicas. La glicoproteína G (Gp G) del VSRB es la proteína menos conservada entre los aislamientos de VSRB y es la que presenta la mayor variabilidad, tanto antigénica como genética. Por secuenciamiento de la Gp G se propusieron seis subgrupos genéticos. La importancia de esta glicoproteína esta representada en el rol que desempeña en la respuesta inmune. La generación de anticuerpos frente a esta es capaz de neutralizar la infección viral. La hipótesis de trabajo se basa en que pueden existir diferencias genómicas importantes de la cepa autóctona, respecto a cepas bovinas de referencia internacional. Se plantean como objetivos conocer las características moleculares (genómicas) de la Gp G de la cepa RC-98 para el futuro desarrollo de inmunógenos y estandarizar una técnica diagnóstica que complemente y enriquezca el diagnóstico de este virus. Se utilizará la cepa RC-98 la cuál se propagará en células MDBK. Para desarrollar la técnica de RT-PCR se extraerá el ARN viral con un kit comercial, a partir del mismo se obtendrá el ADNc y para la PCR se utilizarán 2 juegos de primers que amplifiquen un fragmento del gen de la Gp G. Una vez estandarizada la técnica se trabajará con muestras clínicas, hisopados nasales, lavados broncoalveolares y muestras pulmonares de animales necroipsiados. Al finalizar la investigación se espera conocer las características genómicas de la cepa RC-98. Se contará con una nueva herramienta diagnóstica para la detección rápida y sensible del VSRB. La misma será transferida a laboratorios de diagnostico. Adicionalmente se contará con el secuenciamiento de la Gp G, lo cuál permitirá clasificar la cepa en estudio dentro de los subgrupos genéticos. Este proyecto pretende sentar bases para investigaciones futuras ya que la técnica de PCR posibilita una nueva aproximación al estudio de la patogénesis de la infección viral y permite estudiar la epidemiología molecular de los aislamientos de campo.

Overcoming the supply inconsistencies of tidal current energy conversion devices

The adoption of a sustainable approach to meeting the energy needs of society has recently taken on a more central and urgent place in the minds of many people. There are many reasons for this including ecological, environmental and economic concerns. One particular area where a sustainable approach has become very relevant is in the production of electricity. The contribution of renewable sources to the energy mix supplying the electricity grid is nothing new, but the focus has begun to move away from the more conventional renewable sources such as wind and hydro. The necessity of exploring new and innovative sources of renewable energy is now seen as imperative as the older forms (i.e. hydro) reach the saturation point of their possible exploitation. One such innovative source of energy currently beginning to be utilised in this regard is tidal energy. The purpose of this thesis is to isolate one specific drawback to tidal energy, which could be considered a roadblock to this energy source being a major contributor to the Irish national grid. This drawback presents itself in the inconsistent nature in which a tidal device generates energy over the course of a 24 hour period. This inconsistency of supply can result in the cycling of conventional power plants in order to even out the supply, subsequently leading to additional costs. The thesis includes a review of literature relevant to the area of tidal and other marine energy sources with an emphasis on the state of the art devices currently in development or production. The research carried out included tidal data analysis and manipulation into a model of the power generating potential at specific sites. A solution is then proposed to the drawback of inconsistency of supply, which involves the positioning of various tidal generation installations at specifically selected locations around the Irish coast. The temporal shift achieved in the power supply profiles of the individual sites by locating the installations in the correct locations, successfully produced an overall power supply profile with the smoother curve and a consistent base load energy supply. Some limitations to the method employed were also outlined, and suggestions for further improvements to the method were made.

A comparative study in two secondary schools aimed at improving their energy management: Archbishop McHale College Tuam, Coláiste Cholmcille Indreabhánn

Climate change is a crisis that is going to affect all of our lives in the future. Ireland is expected to have increased storms and rain throughout the country. This will affect our lives greatly unless we do something to change it. In an attempt to try and reduce the impacts of climate change, countries across the world met to address the problem. The meeting became known as the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto protocol set out objectives for each developed country to achieve with regards to carbon emissions to the same levels as 1990 levels. Due to the economy in Ireland being at a low point in 1990, Ireland was given a target of 13% carbon emissions above 1990 levels. In order to meet targets Ireland produced two energy papers, the green paper and the white paper. The green paper identified drivers for energy management and control; they were security of energy supply, economic competitiveness and environmental protection. The white paper produced targets in which we should aim to achieve to try and address the green papers drivers. Within the targets was the plan to reduce energy consumption in the public sector by 33% by 2020 through energy conservation measures. Schools are part of the public sector that has targets to reduce its energy consumption. To help to achieve targets in schools initiatives have been developed by the government for schools. Energy audits should be performed in order to identify areas where the schools can improve their current trends and show where they can invest in the future to save money and reduce the schools overall environmental footprint. Grants are available for the schools for insulation through the energy efficiency scheme and for renewable energy technologies through the ReHeat scheme. The promotion of energy efficient programs in schools can have a positive effect for students to have an understanding. The Display Energy Certificate is a legal document that can be used to understand how each school is performing from an energy perspective. It can help schools to understand why they need to change their current energy management structure. By improving the energy management of the schools they then improve the performance on the Display Energy Certificate. Schools should use these tools wisely and take advantage of the grants available which can in the short to long term help them to save money and reduce their carbon footprint.

Analysis of energy management in GMIT

Energy management is the process of monitoring, controlling and conserving energy in a building or organisation. The main reasons for this are for cost purposes and benefit to the environment. Through various techniques and solutions for lighting, heating, office equipment, the building fabric etc along with a change in people’s attitudes there can be a substantial saving in the amount spent on energy. A good example o f energy waste in GMIT is the lighting situation in the library. All the lights are switched on all day on even in places where that is adequate daylighting, which is a big waste o f energy. Also the lights for book shelves are left on. Surely all these books won’t be searched for all at the one time. It would make much more sense to have local switches that the users can control when they are searching for a particular book. Heating controls for the older parts o f the college are badly needed. A room like 834 needs a TRV to prevent it from overheating as temperatures often reach the high twenties due to the heat from the radiators, computers, solar gains and heat from users o f the room. Also in the old part o f the college it is missing vital insulation, along with not being air tight due to the era when it was built. Pumped bonded bead insulation and sealant around services and gaps can greatly improve the thermal performance o f the building and help achieve a higher BER cert. GMIT should also look at the possibility o f installing a CHP plant to meet the base heating loads. It would meet the requirement o f running 4500 hours a year and would receive some financial support from the Accelerated Capital Allowance. I f people’s attitudes are changed through energy awareness campaigns and a few changes made for more energy efficient equipment, substantial savings can be made in the energy expenditure.

Energy from waste (EfW): a feasibility study on the economic and the environmental co-benefits of biogas production within rural communities

Energy from waste (E/W) technologies in the form o f biogas plants, CHP plants and other municipal solid waste (MSW) conversion technologies, have been gaining steady ground in the provision o f energy throughout Europe and the UK. Urban Waste Water Treatment Plants (UWWTP) are utilising much o f the same biochemical processes common to these E/W plants. Previous studies on Centralised Anaerobic Digestion (CAD) within Ireland found that the legislative and economic conditions were not conducive to such an operation on the grounds o f low energy price for electric and heat energy, and due to the restrictive nature o f the allowable feedstocks. Recent changes to the Irish REFIT tariff on energy produced from Anaerobic digestion; alterations to the regulation o f the allowable use o f animal by products(ABP); the recent enactment o f the Renewable Energy D irective (09/28/EC) and a subsequent review o f the draft Biowaste Directive (2001) required that the issue o f decentralised energy production in Ireland be reassessed. In this instance the feasibility study is based on a extant rural community, centred around the village o f Woodford Co Galway. The review found that the prevailing conditions were now such that it was technically and economically feasible for this biochemical process to provide energy and waste treatment facilities at the above location. The review also outlines the last item which is preventing this process from becoming achievable, specifically the lack o f a digestate regulation on land spreading which deals specifically with biowaste. The study finds that the implementation o f the draft EU biowaste regulations, with amendments for Cr and Hg levels to match the proposed Irish regulation for compost, would ensure that Ireland has some o f the most restrictive regulations in Europe for this application. The delay in completing this piece o f legislation is preventing national energy and waste issues from being resolved in a planned and stepwise fashion. A proposed lay out for the new Integrated Waste from Energy Plant (IW/EP) is presented. Budget economic projections and alternative revenue streams are outlined. Finally a review o f the national policies regarding the Rural Development Plan (RDP), the Rural Planning Guidelines (RPG) and the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) are examined against the relevant EU directives.