TERRITÓRIO USADO E PACTO FEDERATIVO NO BRASIL: UM ESTUDO DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO INTERGOVERNAMENTAL DE RECURSOS TRIBUTÁRIOS

Este trabalho busca apresentar uma discussão acerca da constituição do território brasileiro a partir de sua estrutura estatal federativa e organização política. Para tanto, a idéia de território usado (SANTOS, 1994, 1996; SANTOS; SILVEIRA, 2001) se apresenta como instrumento analítico de suma relevância. Conforme Santos e Silveira (2001, p. 20) o “que interessa discutir é, então, o território usado, sinônimo de espaço geográfico. Essa categoria, território usado, aponta para necessidade de um esforço destinado a analisar sistematicamente a constituição do território. Como se trata de uma proposta totalmente empiricizável, segue-se daí o enriquecimento da teoria”. Entender o território usado implica entender que existe um conjunto de ações – ou seja, um evento – que dinamizam este território e que, quando dinamizado, este mesmo território retorna como um condicionante das ações sociais. Seguindo pelo mesmo partido de método proposto por Santos (1996), entendemos aqui território usado como conjunto indissociável de sistema de objetos (materialidades) e de sistemas de ações (eventos). A federação no Brasil pode ser tratada, teoricamente, como um evento, isto é, a instituição da federação foi um conjunto de acontecimentos que atingiram e transformaram o território e, a partir desse momento esse mesmo território se tornou uma norma para a vigência dessa federação. No país, os mecanismos de distribuição e de redistribuição de recursos entre os entes federados adquirem grande importância pelo fato de serem eles os elementos que permitem uma maior ou menor autonomia na administração pública. Parcelas do território recebem mais recursos do que outras proporcionando, assim, uma difusão seletiva do meio técnico-científico-informacional (SANTOS, 1996) pelo território.

A FORMAÇÃO SOCIOESPACIAL DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA, BRASIL

A discussão proposta por este artigo tem como base teórico-metodológica aportes que permitem uma inter-relação entre a dinâmica econômica e geográfica. Para o conjunto do trabalho proposto, o primeiro aporte teórico refere-se à categoria de formação socioespacial, tanto em escala nacional (Milton Santos), como em escala regional (Armen Mamigonian), isso, dentro do ponto de vista geográfico, cuja referência teórica é a Formação Econômica Social (Marx). Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar a organização socioespacial do território catarinense, descrevendo as diferenças internas de formação e composição desta realidade, na conjuntura atual, através de exemplos da dinâmica industrial de cada região do Estado, diferenciado as áreas de pequena produção mercantil das áreas de formação latifundiária (maior e menor dinâmica econômica, respectivamente).

Indução de brotação em macieiras "fuji kiku" com uso de combinações de bluprins® com óleo mineral e nitrato de cálcio em região produtora de maçã no sul do Brasil.

Fruta típica de clima temperado, a cultura da maçã (Malus domestica Borkh) aumentou significativamente a sua produtividade nas últimas duas décadas, permitindo o Brasil sair da condição de importador para exportador da fruta. Devido sua grande representatividade na fruticultura brasileira, a cadeia produtiva da maçã é uma das atividades que mais recebe investimento em tecnologia e qualidade no país. O frio é o principal agente responsável pela saída da dormência das plantas caducifólias, 16 sendo que estas, quando cultivadas em regiões com insuficiência de frio hibernal, apresentam desuniformidade na brotação e longo período de floração, afetando drasticamente a produção. Quando a superação, efetivamente, da dormência das plantas de clima temperado não é satisfeita pela insuficiente acumulação de frio, é necessário o uso de práticas culturais que possam viabilizar o cultivo dessas fruteiras. Dentre as mais utilizadas para a superação da dormência em macieiras, está o uso de indutores de brotação. Porém, os produtos comerciais a base de cianamida hidrogenada, que são utilizados para induzir a brotação de macieiras apresentam elevada toxidade. Frente à necessidade de se dispor de produtos com menor toxicidade e agressão ao meio ambiente, o desenvolvimento de novos compostos que possuam tais características, aliada à eficiência na indução da brotação é almejada (HAWERROTH, 2009). Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a utilização de diferentes combinações de Bluprins® 28 com nitrato de cálcio e óleo mineral para indução de brotação de macieiras 'Fuji Kiku' em região produtora de maçã no sul do Brasil.

Homogeneidade e heterogeneidade nos sistemas educacionais: Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México

This study focus on the reconfiguration of educational management in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, which was promoted by the new logic of social regulation and the new role attributed to the State, considering each country's own historicity. So, the cultural factors that interfere on the dynamics of the 90' school reform are analyzed. Aspects that show the homogeneity or heterogeneity of these reforms in the region, as well as local specificities that block out the concretization of the reform are underlined. It is shown that the historicity that characterizes the educational reform has taken, in each country, a form that can be called, in Mexico, conservative rupture; in Chile, conservative continuity; in Brazil, conservative renovation; and, in Argentina, interrupted rupture. Some conclusions about the impact of educational reform in the selected countries are recuperated through the analysis of 186 academic texts on the subject.

Políticas sociais de atendimento às crianças e aos adolescentes no Brasil

This article analyses the emergence and development of social policies for children and adolescents attendance that are in line with the development process of the Brazilian social protection system, focusing on some of the main representations attributed to childhood, according to the historical and political periods. It seeks to present the notion of childhood instituted under the constitution of the Brazilian welfare state, in such a way as to place it within the broader context of the historical and political transformations that involved the emergence and consolidation of the social policies directed towards children and adolescents in Brazil in the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st.

Reflexão sobre alguns desafios do ensino médio no Brasil hoje

The purpose of this article is to develop some ideas that may contribute to the debate about the secondary education in Brazil, giving emphasis to the conditions existing in the educational institutions, the ongoing educational policies and the challenges posed by the social, economic and political reality of the country. It is also discussed the political, social and economic importance of the expansion and the compulsory character of secondary education as well as the school's culture dimension, in its relationship to the so-called knowledge society. Finally, the role of secondary education for the youth and the new demands it poses for teachers are presented, among some others aspects.

Governamentalidade democrática e ensino de Filosofia no Brasil contemporâneo

This article takes the concepts of biopower and governmentality as the starting point for an analysis of certain recent Brazilian government documents about the introduction of Philosophy as a subject in secondary school. In the 1980s, this argument centered on Philosophy's so-called criticism and its potential for preparing citizens for a democratic society, was used by the movements aimed to restore democracy in Brazil. This argument appears to have been assimilated by the Brazilian government, because it is stated in the Guidelines and Bases of Education Law, secondary school students should demonstrate knowledge of philosophy necessary for the exercise of citizenship. The argument also appears in documents such as the PCN and PCN+ (National Curricular Parameters) and OCEM (Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary School) in their chapters on Philosophy. These documents are examined here in the light of governmentality, making explicit how Philosophy is equipped to train young people according to what is understood as a modern democratic society.

Organização de pesquisa no Brasil: lições do passado, propostas para o futuro

Chemical research in Brazil has grown significantly in the past 20 years, largely thanks to the Brazilian S&T Development Program of the federal government (PADCT). However, the newly achieved levels of highly qualified manpower and research infra-structure require new research organization frameworks to make science, technology and innovation really useful and meaningful for the citizens. The current requirements for creating viable networks of academic and industry researchers are presented and discussed as well as some structural and procedural bottlenecks that have to be eliminated, to achieve maximum high-quality science, technology and relevant innovation output.

25 anos de quimiometria no Brasil

Chemometric activities in Brazil are described according to three phases: before the existence of microcomputers in the 1970s, through the initial stages of microcomputer use in the 1980s and during the years of extensive microcomputer applications of the ´90s and into this century. Pioneering activities in both the university and industry are emphasized. Active research areas in chemometrics are cited including experimental design, pattern recognition and classification, curve resolution for complex systems and multivariate calibration. New trends in chemometrics, especially higher order methods for treating data, are emphasized.

A importância das revistas Química Nova e Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society no crescimento da área de química no Brasil

Quimica Nova and the Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society are two examples of successful initiatives taken by the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ - Sociedade Brasileira de Química), and may serve as models for the scientific societies of developing countries. Pillars of the SBQ, these two periodicals are undeniable demonstrations that idealism, utopia and dignity are the essential ingredients for transforming dreams into reality. Few believed that the Brazilian chemical community would one day have, as it does today, two scientific research periodicals indexed in the principal international data banks.

Estudo da capacidade de complexação e sua relação com algumas variáveis ambientais em cinco represas do Rio Tietê/Brasil

The copper and cadmium complexation properties in natural sediment suspensions of reservoirs of the Tietê River were studied using the solid membrane copper and cadmium ion-selective electrodes. The complexation and the average conditional stability constants were determined under equilibrium conditions at pH=6.00 ± 0.05 in a medium of 1.0 mol L-1 sodium nitrate, using the Scatchard method. The copper and cadmium electrodes presented Nernstian behavior from 1x10-6 to 1x10-3 mol L-1 of total metal concentration. Scatchard graphs suggest two classes of binding sites for both metals. A multivariate study was done to correlate the reservoirs and the variables: complexation properties, size, total organic carbon, volatile acid sulfide, E II and pH.

Própolis do sudeste e nordeste do Brasil: influência da sazonalidade na atividade antibacteriana e composição fenólica

The composition and biological activities of propolis, a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources, depends on various factors such as season and vegetation of the area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the seasonal effect on the ethanolic extracts of Brazilian propolis (EEP) type 6 and type 12, collected during 6 months in terms of antibacterial activity and phenolic composition. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by MIC and MBC on S. mutans Ingbritt 1600 and the profile of chemical composition by UV-visible spectrophotometry, HPLC-RF and GC-MS. The results demonstrated that the season in which propolis is collected influences its chemical composition, resulting in modifications in its antibacterial activity.

Tree structure and richness in an Atlantic Forest fragment: distance from anthropogenic and natural edges

Approximately 7.2% of the Atlantic rainforest remains in Brazil, with only 16% of this forest remaining in the State of Rio de Janeiro, all of it distributed in fragments. This forest fragmentation can produce biotic and abiotic differences between edges and the fragment interior. In this study, we compared the structure and richness of tree communities in three habitats - an anthropogenic edge (AE), a natural edge (NE) and the fragment interior (FI) - of a fragment of Atlantic forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22°50'S and 42°28'W). One thousand and seventy-six trees with a diameter at breast height > 4.8 cm, belonging to 132 morphospecies and 39 families, were sampled in a total study area of 0.75 ha. NE had the greatest basal area and the trees in this habitat had the greatest diameter:height allometric coefficient, whereas AE had a lower richness and greater variation in the height of the first tree branch. Tree density, diameter, height and the proportion of standing dead trees did not differ among the habitats. There was marked heterogeneity among replicates within each habitat. These results indicate that the forest interior and the fragment edges (natural or anthropogenic) do not differ markedly considering the studied parameters. Other factors, such as the age from the edge, type of matrix and proximity of gaps, may play a more important role in plant community structure than the proximity from edges.

Levantamento fitossociológico e caráter sucessional de um trecho de floresta secundária ciliar em Juquitiba, SP, Brasil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the horizontal and vertical structures of tree community in regeneration in a fragment of a secondary riparian forest at approximately 30 years of age and to identify the most abundant species in each fragment of the forest to determine the sucessional stage. An area of 800 m² was subdivided into 16 samples of 10 x 5 m and all individuals with DBH ≥ 1 cm were sampled and identified for the following analyzes: horizontal parameters (DR, FR, DoR, IVC and IVI), vertical parameters (PSR and RNR) and mixed parameters, from of value of increased importance index (IVIa). The survey measured 689 individuals, belonging to 38 families, 74 genus and 109 species. The total density was 8,614 individuals/ha. The index of Shannon´s diversity was 3.99 and the index of Pielou´s equability was 0.85. Tibouchina pulchra, Psychotria suterella and Endlicheria paniculata obtained high values of IVIa. Guarea macrophylla, Gomidesia anacardiaefolia, Xylopia langsdorffiana and Endlicheria paniculata achieved high values of RNT, indicating adequate natural regeneration in the plot. The initial secondary and umbrophylous species showed the highest ecological importance in this fragment of the forest, with the highest values of sociologic position and importance index. Furthermore, the presence of late secondary species in all layers suggest that the studied fragment is in intermediate succession degree.

Caracterização de dois equipamentos de beneficiamento e classificação de tomates para mesa

On the last years, in Brazil, sorting and classifying fruits and vegetables using packing lines have increased. This work aimed at characterizing the cleaning process for fresh market tomatoes at two packing lines, one imported and one national located at Campinas, São Paulo State. Characterization included data, number, types and brushes velocity, water use, fruit standing time and cleaning efficiency. Standing time was measured correlating to fruit diameter (CEAGESP). For measuring cleaning efficiency an equipment was developed that was mainly composed of a ring involved with white cloth. Samples were taken before and after the cleaning step and evaluated using a colorimeter HUNTER Lab. The results showed a strong difference between the two equipments. The imported equipment showed lower number on brushes and rotation than national one, however a higher water consumption. For imported equipments this relation was not found. Both packing lines showed the same cleaning efficiency. Cleaning efficiency is related to be an interaction among the studies parameters, and it could be necessary a better management than the one used on both equipments.