Geometric-phase backaction in a mesoscopic qubit-oscillator system

We illustrate a reverse Von Neumann measurement scheme in which a geometric phase induced on a quantum harmonic oscillator is measured using a microscopic qubit as a probe. We show how such a phase, generated by a cyclic evolution in the phase space of the harmonic oscillator, can be kicked back on the qubit, which plays the role of a quantum interferometer. We also extend our study to finite-temperature dissipative Markovian dynamics and discuss potential implementations in micro-and nanomechanical devices coupled to an effective two-level system.

Optomechanical cooling with generalized interferometers

The fields in multiple-pass interferometers, such as the Fabry-Pérot cavity, exhibit great sensitivity not only to the presence but also to the motion of any scattering object within the optical path. We consider the general case of an interferometer comprising an arbitrary configuration of generic beam splitters and calculate the velocity-dependent radiation field and the light force exerted on a moving scatterer. We find that a simple configuration, in which the scatterer interacts with an optical resonator from which it is spatially separated, can enhance the optomechanical friction by several orders of magnitude.

Oblique propagation of arbitrary amplitude electron acoustic solitary waves in magnetized kappa-distributed plasmas

The linear and nonlinear properties of large-amplitude electron-acoustic waves are investigated in a magnetized plasma comprising two distinct electron populations (hot and cold) and immobile ions. The hot electrons are assumed to be in a non-Maxwellian state, characterized by an excess of superthermal particles, here modeled by a kappa-type long-tailed distribution function. Waves are assumed to propagate obliquely to the ambient magnetic field. Two types of electrostatic modes are shown to exist in the linear regime, and their properties are briefly analyzed. A nonlinear pseudopotential-type analysis reveals the existence of large-amplitude electrostatic solitary waves and allows for an investigation of their propagation characteristics and existence domain, in terms of the soliton speed (Mach number). The effects of the key plasma configuration parameters, namely the superthermality index and the cold electron density, on the soliton characteristics and existence domain, are studied. The role of obliqueness and magnetic field is discussed.

Electron-acoustic solitary waves in the presence of a suprathermal electron component

The nonlinear dynamics of electron-acoustic localized structures in a collisionless and unmagnetized plasma consisting of “cool” inertial electrons, “hot” electrons having a kappa distribution, and stationary ions is studied. The inertialess hot electron distribution thus has a long-tailed suprathermal (non-Maxwellian) form. A dispersion relation is derived for linear electron-acoustic waves. They show a strong dependence of the charge screening mechanism on excess suprathermality (through ?). A nonlinear pseudopotential technique is employed to investigate the occurrence of stationary-profile solitary waves, focusing on how their characteristics depend on the spectral index ?, and the hot-to-cool electron temperature and density ratios. Only negative polarity solitary waves are found to exist, in a parameter region which becomes narrower as deviation from the Maxwellian (suprathermality) increases, while the soliton amplitude at fixed soliton speed increases. However, for a constant value of the true Mach number, the amplitude decreases for decreasing ?.

Numerical Study of Film Cooling Scheme on a Blunt-Nosed Body in Hypersonic Flow

In hypersonic flight, the prediction of aerodynamic heating and the construction of a proper thermal protection system (TPS) are significantly important. In this study, the method of a film cooling technique, which is already the state of the art in cooling of gas turbine engines, is proposed for a fully reusable and active TPS. Effectiveness of the film cooling scheme to reduce convective heating rates for a blunt-nosed spacecraft flying at Mach number 6.56 and 40 deg angle of attack is investigated numerically. The inflow boundary conditions used the standard values at an altitude of 30 km. The computational domain consists of infinite rows of film cooling holes on the bottom of a blunt-nosed slab. Laminar and several turbulent calculations have been performed and compared. The influence of blowing ratios on the film cooling effectiveness is investigated. The results exhibit that the film cooling technique could be an effective method for an active cooling of blunt-nosed bodies in hypersonic flows.

Tip leakage flow and heat transfer on turbine blade tip and casing, Part 1: Effect of tip clearance height and rotation speed

Steady simulations were performed to investigate tip leakage flow and heat transfer characteristics on the rotor blade tip and casing in a single-stage gas turbine engine. A typical high-pressure gas turbine stage was modeled with a pressure ratio of 3.2. The predicted isentropic Mach number and adiabatic wall temperature on the casing showed good agreement with available experimental data under similar operating condition. The present numerical study focuses extensively on the effects of tip clearance heights and rotor rotational speeds on the blade tip and casing heat transfer characteristics. It was observed that the tip leakage flow structure is highly dependent on the height of the tip gap and the speed of the rotor. In all cases, the tip leakage flow was seen to separate and recirculate just around the corner of the pressure side of the blade tip. This region of re-circulating flow enlarges with increasing clearance heights. The separated leakage flow reattaches afterwards on the tip surface. Leakage flow reattachment was shown to enhance surface heat transfer at the tip. The interaction between tip leakage flow and secondary flows that is induced by the relative casing motion is found to significantly influence the blade tip and casing heat transfer distribution. A region of critical heat transfer exists on the casing near the blade tip leading edge and along the pressure-side edge for all the clearance heights that were investigated. At high rotation speed, the region of critical heat transfer tends to move towards the trailing edge due to the change in inflow angle.

Parametric study of non-relativistic electrostatic shocks and the structure of their transition layer

Nonrelativistic electrostatic unmagnetized shocks are frequently observed in laboratory plasmas and they are likely to exist in astrophysical plasmas. Their maximum speed, expressed in units of the ion acoustic speed far upstream of the shock, depends only on the electron-to-ion temperature ratio if binary collisions are absent. The formation and evolution of such shocks is examined here for a wide range of shock speeds with particle-in-cell simulations. The initial temperatures of the electrons and the 400 times heavier ions are equal. Shocks form on electron time scales at Mach numbers between 1.7 and 2.2. Shocks with Mach numbers up to 2.5 form after tens of inverse ion plasma frequencies. The density of the shock-reflected ion beam increases and the number of ions crossing the shock thus decreases with an increasing Mach number, causing a slower expansion of the downstream region in its rest frame. The interval occupied by this ion beam is on a positive potential relative to the far upstream. This potential pre-heats the electrons ahead of the shock even in the absence of beam instabilities and decouples the electron temperature in the foreshock ahead of the shock from the one in the far upstream plasma. The effective Mach number of the shock is reduced by this electron heating. This effect can potentially stabilize nonrelativistic electrostatic shocks moving as fast as supernova remnant shocks. 

Measuring the Characteristic Function of the Work Distribution

We propose an interferometric setting for the ancilla-assisted measurement of the characteristic function of the work distribution following a time-dependent process experienced by a quantum system. We identify how the configuration of the effective interferometer is linked to the symmetries enjoyed by the Hamiltonian ruling the process and provide the explicit form of the operations to implement in order to accomplish our task. We finally discuss two physical settings, based on hybrid optomechanical-electromechanical devices, where the theoretical proposals discussed in our work could find an experimental demonstration.

Numerical study of film cooling scheme on a blunt-nosed body in hypersonic flow

In hypersonic flights, the prediction of aerodynamic heating and the construction of a proper thermal protection system (TPS) are significantly important. In this study, the method of a film cooling technique, which is already the state of the art in cooling gas turbine engine, is proposed for a fully reusable and active TPS. Effectiveness of the film cooling scheme to reduce convective heating rates for a blunt nosed spacecraft flying at Mach number 6.56 and 40 degree angle of attack is investigated numerically. The inflow boundary conditions used the standard values at an altitude of 30 km. Computational domain consists of infinite rows of film cooling holes on the bottom of a blunt-nosed slab. Laminar and several turbulent calculations have been performed and compared each other. The influence of blowing ratios on the film cooling effectiveness is investigated. The results exhibit that the film cooling technique could be an effective method for an active cooling of blunt-nosed bodies in hypersonic flows.

Re-examining the Cairns-Tsallis model for ion acoustic solitons

Recently, a hybrid distribution function was proposed to describe a plasma species with an enhanced superthermal component. This combines a Cairns-type "nonthermal" form with the Tsallis theory for nonextensive thermodynamics. Using this alternative model, the propagation of arbitrary amplitude ion acoustic solitary waves in a two-component plasma is investigated. From a careful study of the distribution function it is found that the model itself is valid only for a very restricted range in the q-nonextensive parameter and the nonthermality parameter, a. Solitary waves, the amplitude and nature of which depend sensitively on both q and a, can exist within a narrow range of allowable Mach numbers. Both positive and negative potential structures are found, and coexistence may occur. © 2013 American Physical Society.

Irradiation of oxygen and water ices at by 4 keV singly and doubly charged ions; sputtering and molecular synthesis

The icy surfaces of dust grains in the Interstellar Medium and those of comets, satellites and Kuiper Belt Objects are continuously exposed tophoton and charged particle irradiation. These energetic particles maysputter and induce chemical changes in the ices and the underlyingsurfaces.In the present work 258 nm thick O2 and H2O ices were deposited at 10 K with the thickness measured by a laser interferometer method. Asimple model fit to the reflected laser intensity as measured by aphotodiode detector enabled the refractive index of the ices to bedetermined. The ices were then irradiated with various singly and doublycharged ions such as He+, 13C+, N+, O+ , Ar+, 13C2+, N2+ and O2+ at 4keV. The decrease in ice thickness as a function of ion dose wasmonitored by a laser interferometer and the model used to determine thesputtering yield as shown in Figure 1.In the case of O2 ice thesputtering yields increased with increasing ion mass in good agreementwith a model calculation [Fama, J, Shi, R.A Baragiola, Surface Sci.,602, 156 (2007)]. In the case of O2 ice, O2+ has a significant lowersputtering yield when compared to O+. The sputtering yields for O2 icewere found to be at least 9 times larger compared to those for H2O ice.For H2O ice the sputter yields for C, N and O ions were found todecrease with increasing mass. Doubly charged C, N and O ions which werefound to have the same sputtering yield as the singly charged ionswithin the experimental errors. A preliminary TPD study was carried outusing a QMS to detect the desorbed species from water ice afterirradiation by 6 × 10^15 ions of 13C+ and 13C2+. The formation of13CO and 13CO2 was observed with the yield of 13CO almost of a factor of100 larger than of 13CO2. This is in contrast to our earlier work whereonly CO¬2 was observed.

Analysis of Transonic Limit Cycle Oscillations under Uncertainty

For the computation of limit cycle oscillations (LCO) at transonic speeds, CFD is required to capture the nonlinear flow features present. The Harmonic Balance method provides an effective means for the computation of LCOs and this paper exploits its efficiency to investigate the impact of variability (both structural a nd aerodynamic) on the aeroelastic behaviour of a 2 dof aerofoil. A Harmonic Balance inviscid CFD solver is coupled with the structural equations and is validated against time marching analyses. Polynomial chaos expansions are employed for the stochastic investiga tion as a faster alternative to Monte Carlo analysis. Adaptive sampling is employed when discontinuities are present. Uncertainties in aerodynamic parameters are looked at first followed by the inclusion of structural variability. Results show the nonlinear effect of Mach number and it’s interaction with the structural parameters on supercritical LCOs. The bifurcation boundaries are well captured by the polynomial chaos.

Investigation of Limit Cycle Oscillations Using Aeroelastic-Harmonic Balance Method

This work investigates limit cycle oscillations in the transonic regime. A novel approach to predict Limit Cycle Oscillations using high fidelity analysis is exploited to accelerate calculations. The method used is an Aeroeasltic Harmonic Balance approach, which has been proven to be efficient and able to predict periodic phenomena. The behaviour of limit cycle oscillations is analysed using uncertainty quantification tools based on polynomial chaos expansions. To improve the efficiency of the sampling process for the polynomial-chaos expansions an adaptive sampling procedure is used. These methods are exercised using two problems: a pitch/plunge aerofoil and a delta-wing. Results indicate that Mach n. variability is determinant to the amplitude of the LCO for the 2D test case, whereas for the wing case analysed here, variability in the Mach n. has an almost negligible influence in amplitude variation and the LCO frequency variability has an almost linear relation with Mach number. Further test cases are required to understand the generality of these results.

Prediction of surface roughness during hard turning of AISI 4340 steel (69 HRC)

In this study, 39 sets of hard turning (HT) experimental trials were performed on a Mori-Seiki SL-25Y (4-axis) computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathe to study the effect of cutting parameters in influencing the machined surface roughness. In all the trials, AISI 4340 steel workpiece (hardened up to 69 HRC) was machined with a commercially available CBN insert (Warren Tooling Limited, UK) under dry conditions. The surface topography of the machined samples was examined by using a white light interferometer and a reconfirmation of measurement was done using a Form Talysurf. The machining outcome was used as an input to develop various regression models to predict the average machined surface roughness on this material. Three regression models - Multiple regression, Random Forest, and Quantile regression were applied to the experimental outcomes. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to apply Random Forest or Quantile regression techniques to the machining domain. The performance of these models was compared to each other to ascertain how feed, depth of cut, and spindle speed affect surface roughness and finally to obtain a mathematical equation correlating these variables. It was concluded that the random forest regression model is a superior choice over multiple regression models for prediction of surface roughness during machining of AISI 4340 steel (69 HRC).

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.