Soil indicators to assess the effectiveness of restoration strategies in dryland ecosystems

Soil indicators may be used for assessing both land suitability for restoration and the effectiveness of restoration strategies in restoring ecosystem functioning and services. In this review paper, several soil indicators, which can be used to assess the effectiveness of ecological restoration strategies in dryland ecosystems at different spatial and temporal scales, are discussed. The selected indicators represent the different viewpoints of pedology, ecology, hydrology, and land management. Two overall outcomes stem from the review. (i) The success of restoration projects relies on a proper understanding of their ecology, namely the relationships between soil, plants, hydrology, climate, and land management at different scales, which are particularly complex due to the heterogeneous pattern of ecosystems functioning in drylands. (ii) The selection of the most suitable soil indicators follows a clear identification of the different and sometimes competing ecosystem services that the project is aimed at restoring.

Kohlpalmen Mountain Cabbage der Engl., ein junger Cocos-Baum und Bambus-Wald

Louise von Panhuys

Life, wanderings and labours in Eastern Africa : with an account of the first successful ascent of the equatorial snow mountain, Kilima Njaro, and remarks upon East African slavery

by Charles New, of the late Livingstone search and relief expedition

Sarah Mountain als Matilda, Szenenfoto

Signatur des Originals: S 36/G00107

The seroprevalence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in shelter dogs in Harris County

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a tick-borne illness caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii, with infections occurring in humans and dogs. The prominent tick vector of RMSF, Dermacantor variabilis, and another potential vector, Rhipacephalus sanguineus, are prevalent in Texas. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of past infections by testing for IgG antibodies to R. rickettsii in dogs in an animal shelter in Harris County using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) test. We found that 12.6% (24) of 191 dogs tested had a positive IFA test at 1:64 serum dilution, indicating infection at some time in the past. We also sampled the ticks present on dogs in the animal shelter to understand the prevalence of potential vector species. Of a total of 58 ticks, 86% were D. variabilis and the remaining 14% were R. sanguineus. The results of this study demonstrate that RMSF has the potential to be, and may already be, endemic to the Harris County area. Public health actions such as heightened surveillance and education that RMSF is present would be appropriate in the Harris County area.^

Biochar and Managed Perennial Ecosystems

Biochar is a carbon-rich material that is similar to charcoal. It is produced when biomass is burned in the absence of oxygen, a process otherwise known as pyrolysis. Pyrolysis and the production of biochar are currently being promoted as a means to both produce domestic fuel (bio-oil) while concurrently producing a co-product that increases crop yield and sequesters carbon in the soil (biochar). While there may be many potential benefits in the application of biochar to agricultural soils, such as enhanced soil fertility and improved soil water status, there are no studies of higher-order ecological and ecosystem effects of biochar and its potential synergistic interactions (either positive or negative) on complex perennial systems. The goal of this field experiment is to determine how biochar and manure addition directly affect ecosystem structure and function in perennial systems, specifically soil nutrients, water, plants, and soil organisms.

Formación de microrelieves y procesos de remoción en masa en la subcuenca del río Las Juntas Ambato, Catamarca

El suelo es un recurso vital que está sometido en la actualidad a una presión cada vez mayor. Cuando el ser humano aparece sobre la superficie terrestre modifica las condiciones que el medio le ofrece ante la necesidad de adaptarse y utilizar las mismas. Esa transformación del espacio geográfico se da mediante la práctica de actividades económicas consistentes en la explotación de los recursos naturales. Prácticas inadecuadas en el manejo de los mismos que han provocado alteraciones desmedidas en la naturaleza con consecuencias irreparables en los ecosistemas. Cuando las tierras de uso pastoril son utilizadas mediante explotaciones extensivas, en campos abiertos o grandes potreros, el control del impacto del pastoreo es limitado. Frecuentemente los impactos de apacentamiento intenso y continuo producen alteraciones o degradaciones importantes tanto en la composición botánica y en la productividad de la vegetación, como en la estabilidad y protección de los suelos. La propuesta de esta investigación es caracterizar dos formas muy preocupantes de deterioro de los suelos, en la subcuenca del río Las Juntas, en el faldeo oriental de la sierra Ambato – Manchao, en la provincia de Catamarca. Buena parte del territorio está afectado en alguna medida por degradación física que se evidencia en dos formas: la primera y más aguda, es la remoción en masa de terrenos con la consecuente formación de cárcavas, y la segunda ‐ menos evidente y de tipo crónico ‐ es la erosión del tipo “terraceta por pisoteo", que se genera por el tránsito permanente del ganado en las laderas.