The Permo-Triassic boundary in the Antalya Nappes (Western Taurides - Turkey)

The Antalya nappes (western Taurides-Turkey)*consist of several tectonic units which document the*Southern Neotethyan paleomargin from the Arabo-African*shallow shelf to the oceanic crust.*The Kerner Gorge Units (Upper Antalya nappes)*show a full stratigraphical succession from Ordovician*to Late Cretaceous. A carbonate platform regime*appeared during Late Permian times and existed up*to the early Middle Triassic. For detailed investigations*on the Permo-Triassic boundary, two lithostratigraphic*profiles have been selected: the Curuk*dag and the Kerner Gorge sections.*The main results presented in this paper are : 1) the Late Permian Pamucak Formation (Midian-*Dzhulfian) consists of calcareous algae-foraminiferae*bearing black limestones, locally rich in*brachiopods, crinoids and bryozoae : 2) this black limestone is overlain by an oolitic*grainstone. In the Curuk dag section, the oolitic horizon*is capped by a thin level of calcrete type; emersive*conditions are also inferred by a strong diagenetic*change within the oolitic deposit : 3) the first Early Triassic fossils, appearing*within or above the oolitic grainstone, are microforaminifera*and Pseudoclaraia wangi (late Griesbachian*in age). In the Curuk dag, a rich Early Triassic*microforaminifera association seems linked to a microbiallite*boundstone facies : 4) the overlying unfossiliferous lime mudstone,*the oolitical thick bedded grainstone, the variegated*marly limestone and the vermicular limestone facies*are present. not only in southern Turkey but seem*constant through ' the entire peri arabo-african platform.*Striking similarities appear between the studied*profiles and the Bellerophon-Werfen succession in the*Southern Alps..

Phosphorus and carbon burial during cretaceous oceanic anoxic events, links with climatic changes

According to Jenkyns (2010), oceanic anoxic events (OAE) record profound changes in the climatic and paleoceanographic state of the planet and represent major disturbances in the global carbon cycle. One of the most studied OAEs on a worldwide scale is the Cenomanian-Turonian OAE 2, which is characterized by a pronounced positive excursion in carbon-isotope records and the important accumulation of organic-rich sediments. The section at Gongzha (Tibet) and the sections at Barranca and Axaxacualco (Mexico) are located in remote parts of the Tethys, and show δ13C records, which are well correlated with those of classical Tethyan sections. Both sections, however, do not exhibit the presence of organic-rich sediments. Phosphorus Mass Accumulation Rates (PMAR) in Tibet show a pattern similar to that observed in the Tethys by Mort et al. (2007), which suggests enhanced Ρ regeneration during the OAE 2 time interval, though there is no evidence for anoxic conditions in Tibet. Ρ appears here to have been mainly driven by detrital influx and sea-level fluctuations. The sections at Barranca and Axaxacualco show that the Mexican carbonate platform persisted during this anoxic event, which allowed the evolution of platform fauna otherwise not present in Tethyan sections. The persistence of this carbonate platform close to the Caribbean Igneous Plateau, which is thought to have released bio-limiting metals, is explained by local uplift which delayed the drowning of the platform and a specific oceanic circulation that permitted the preservation of oligotrophic conditions in the area. The Coniacian-Santonian OAE (OAE3) appears to have been more dependent on local conditions than OAE2. The presence of black shales associated with OAE3 appear to have been restricted to shallow-water settings and epicontinental seas in areas located around the Atlantic Ocean. The sections at Olazagutia (Spain), and Ten Mile - Arbor Park (USA), two potential Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP) sites, are devoid of organic-rich sediments and lack a δ13C positive excursion around the C-S boundary. The Gabal Ekma section (Sinai, Egypt) exhibits accumulations of organic-rich sediments, in addition to phosphorite bone beds layers, which may have been linked to an epicontinental upwelling zone and/or storm inputs. Our data suggest that OAE 3 is rarely expressed by truly anoxic conditions and seems to have been linked to local conditions rather than global paleoenvironmental change. The evidence for detrital-P being the likely cause of Ρ fluctuations during the OAEs studied here does not negate the idea that anoxia was the principal driver of these fluctuations in the western Tethys. However, an explanation is required as to why the Ρ accumulation signatures are mirrored in both oxic and anoxic sedimentary successions. 'Eustatic/climatic' and 'productivity/anoxic' models may have both operated simultaneously in different parts of the world depending on local conditions, both producing similar trends in Ρ accumulation. - Selon Jenkyns (2010), les événements anoxiques océaniques enregistrent de profonds changements dans le climat et la paléoceanographie de la planète et représente des perturbations majeures du cycle du carbone. L'un des plus étudiés à l'échelle mondiale est l'ΟΑΕ2 du Cénomanien-Turonien, qui est caractérisé par une très forte excursion positive des isotopes du carbone et une importante accumulation de sédiments riche en matière organique. La section de Gongzha (Tibet) et les sections de Barranca et Axaxcualco (Mexique) sont situées aux confins de la Téthys, et enregistrent une courbe isotopique en δ13C parfaitement corrélable avec les sections téthysiennes, mais ne montre pas d'accumulation de black shales. Le taux de phosphore en accumulation de masses (PMAR) au Tibet montre un pattern similaire observé également par Mort et al. (2007) dans la Téthys, suggérant un model de régénération du Ρ durant l'anoxie, cependant aucune conditions anoxiques régnent dans la région du Tibet. Ρ apparaît donc principalement guidé par le détritisme et les fluctuations du niveau marin. Les sections de Barranca et d'Axaxacualco montrent que la plateforme carbonatée mexicaine persiste durant cet événement anoxique, et permet le développement d'une faune de plateforme qui n'est pas présente dans les sections téthysiennes. La persistance de cette plateforme carbonatée si proche du plateau Caribéen, qui est connu pour le relâchement de métaux bio-limitant, peut être expliqué par un soulèvement tectonique local qui inhibe l'ennoiement de la plateforme et une circulation océanique spécifique qui permet la préservation de conditions oligotrophiques dans cette région. L'événement anoxique océanique du Coniacien-Santonien apparaît plus dépendant des conditions locales que pour l'ΟΑΕ2. Les black shales associés à POAE3 sont restreints aux zones situées autour de l'océan Atlantique et plus particulièrement aux eaux peu profondes et épicontinentales. Les sections d'Olazagutia (Espagne), Ten Mile Creek et Arbor Park (USA), qui sont deux potentielles sections GSSP (Sections de stratotype de limite globaux et de points), ne montre pas d'accumulation de black shales et pas de forte excursion positive en δ13C autour de la limite C-S. La section de Gabal Ekma (Sinai, Egypte) montre des accumulations de black shales, en plus des couches de phosphorites et d'accumulation d'os (« bone beds »), vraisemblablement lié à des zones active d'upwelling épicontinentale et/ou d'apport de tempêtes. Nos données suggèrent que l'OAE 3 est rarement exprimé par de vraies conditions anoxiques et semble être plus lié à des conditions plus locales que des changements paléo-environnementaux globaux, comme observés pour le Cénomanien- Turonien. Les arguments pour un modèle lié au phosphore détritique qui serait la cause des fluctuations du phosphore total durant les OAEs, n'écartent pas l'idée que l'anoxie est la principale cause de ces fluctuations dans les sections riches en matière organique de l'Ouest téthysien. Cependant une explication est nécessaire pour comprendre pourquoi la signature de l'accumulation du phosphore est semblable dans les successions sédimentaires déposées dans des conditions oxygénées et anoxiques. Les modèles « Eustatisme/Climat » et « Productivité/anoxie » ont simultanément opéré dans les différentes parties du monde dépendant de conditions locales, et ont produit des tendances similaires en accumulation de phosphore.

DRIS norms for 'Valencia' sweet orange on three rootstocks

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) applies nutrient ratios instead of the isolated concentration values of each nutrient in interpretation of tissue analysis. The objectives of this research were to establish adequate DRIS norms for 'Valencia' sweet orange irrigated commercial groves budded on three rootstocks and correlate indexes of nutrition balance with yield. Experiments were conducted in São Paulo State, Brazil. Rootstocks Rangpur lime, Caipira sweet orange, and Poncirus trifoliata, with more than six years old and yield above 40 ton ha-1 were utilized. Data referred to yield, tree spacing, rootstock and foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B in non fruiting terminals for each grove were processed for the years 1994 through 1998. DRIS indexes were calculated by Nick criterion for choosing the ratio order of the nutrients and Jones calculation method of the ratio functions. Indexes of nutritional balance calculated from DRIS norms presented high correlation with yield for the three scion/rootstock combinations. DRIS norms defined in this research are valid, since leaf sampling is done on non fruiting terminals and the grove is irrigated.

Potassium supply to cotton roots as affected by potassium fertilization and liming

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is known to have a high requirement for K and to be very sensitive to low soil pH. Most of K reaches plant roots by diffusion in the soil. As K interacts with Ca and Mg, liming can interfere in K movement in the soil, affecting eventually the plant nutrition. The objective of this work was to study the effect of dolomitic lime and 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 g kg-1 of K on the supply of K to cotton roots. Cotton plants were grown up to 40 days in 5 L pots containing a Dark Red Latosol (Typic Haplusthox) with 68% and 16% of sand and clay, respectively. There was an increase in dry matter yields and in K accumulation due to K fertilization. Root interception of soil K was also increased by K application, but was not affected by lime. Mass flow and diffusion increased linearly with K levels up to 60 mg kg-1, in pots with lime. In pots without lime the amount of K reaching the roots by diffusion increased up to 45 mg kg-1, but decreased at the highest K level. Accordingly, there was more K reaching the roots through mass flow at the highest K level. This happened because there were more fine roots in pots without lime, at the highest K level. As the roots grew closer, there was a stronger root competition leading to a decrease in the amount of K diffused to cotton roots.

Sweet orange trees grafted on selected rootstocks fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

The majority of citrus trees in Brazil are grafted on 'Rangpur lime' (Citrus limonia Osb.) rootstock. Despite its good horticultural performance, search for disease tolerant rootstock varieties to improve yield and longevity of citrus groves has increased. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield efficiency of sweet oranges on different rootstocks fertilized with N, P, and potassium. Tree growth was affected by rootstock varieties; trees on 'Swingle' citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. paradisi Macf.] presented the smallest canopy (13.3 m³ in the fifth year after tree planting) compared to those on 'Rangpur lime' and 'Cleopatra' mandarin [C. reshni (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] grown on the same grove. Although it was observed an overall positive relationship between canopy volume and fruit yield (R² = 0.95**), yield efficiency (kg m-3) was affected by rootstocks, which demonstrated 'Rangpur lime' superiority in relation to Cleopatra. Growth of citrus trees younger than 5-yr-old might be improved by K fertilization rates greater than currently recommended in Brazil, in soils with low K and subjected to nutrient leaching losses.

Evaluation of the Consolid System of Soil Stabilization, MLR-86-10, 1987

The Consolid System by American Consolid Inc. is a three product system that, according to product literature, "enables any soil, found anywhere, to be upgraded to achieve better characteristics necessary in improving road life and quality". Consolid was evaluated along with mixes of cement-fly ash and hydrated lime on two soils. The soils were an A-2-4(0) with zero plasticity index and an A-7-8(18) with a 31 plasticity index. American Consolid Inc. recommended an application rate of 0.10% Consolid 444 and 1.00% Conservex by dry soil weight. The application rate chosen for cement-fly ash was 5% cement and 15% fly ash and for hydrated lime it was 6.5%. Testing involved triaxial testing of specimens after water soaking, unconfined compressive strength of specimens before and after water soaking, and freeze and thaw testing of specimens after water soaking. All specimens were compacted to standard proctor at optimum moisture. The cement-fly ash treated mixes had the highest strength and durability followed by the hydrated lime treated mixes.

Recursos naturales y género. El caso de la comunidad Once de Mayo (Campeche, México)

Este estudio pretende realizar una aproximación al papel de la cooperación en el empoderamiento femenino sobre los recursos naturales en la comunidad rural mexicana Once de Mayo. Para ello se analizan las experiencias de doce participantes en proyectos destinados a mujeres utilizando como medios la historia de vida, la observación participativa y los talleres. De todo ello se desprende la importancia de que los programas y/o proyectos aborden las necesidades prácticas de las mujeres, vinculadas a su hogar, sin omitir sus necesidades estratégicas de género como elementos para el empoderamiento. Además, para el empoderamiento femenino a través de la cooperación es fundamental el desarrollo de actitudes de liderazgo por parte de alguna/as de las participantes y el propio interés de todas las involucradas en colaborar, además de sus experiencias previas de capacitación en diferentes temáticas.

Seguiment de la diagnosi socioambiental del Camí de Cavalls: sector nord-est

El Camí de Cavalls és un element característic amb una importància històrica, cultural i recreativa considerable a Menorca. Aquesta illa va ser declarada Reserva de la Biosfera per l UNESCO l’any 1993; com a conseqüència, a l’any 2000 es va implantar el Pla Especial del Camí de Cavalls amb diversos objectius: definir les característiques del Camí i els seus instruments de gestió i aplicació; implantar mecanismes i normes que permetin l’ús públic que garanteixin la seva protecció i conservació; i finalment definir polítiques de sostenibilitat i conscienciació ambiental. Al llarg dels anys, la seva gestió ha permès que el Camí presenti una millora del seu estat de conservació i fer-ne un ús favorable a nivell socioambiental. L’any 2008 es va realitzar una diagnosi del Sector nord-est de la illa, aplicant-ne diversos indicadors per tal de determinar l’estat del Cam,í coincidint amb l’aplicació dels criteris plantejats pel Pla Especial del 2000 (Diagnosi Socioambiental del Camí de Cavalls de Menorca 2008). En aquest document s’explica la realització de la segona diagnosi, a partir del protocol dissenyat cinc anys abans, per tal de valorar l’estat actual del Camí i observar i definir les variacions que s’han produït en aquest període de temps. Els resultats mostren una tendència global positiva de millora del Camí, tal i com es planteja en la hipòtesis del projecte, tot i presentar-se una sèrie d’inconvenients a l’hora d’aplicar i valorar qualitativament els indicadors utilitzats. L’estudi s’ha realitzat amb la col·laboració dels centres de estudis ambientals de l’ICTA (Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals) amb seu a la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), i l’OBSAM (Observatori Socioambiental de Menorca) amb seu a l’IME (Institut Menorquí d’Estudis).

Growth regulators, culture media and antibiotics in the in vitro shoot regeneration from mature tissue of citrus cultivars

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) combinations, basal media and beta-lactam antibiotics on in vitro organogenesis from mature stem segments of 'Pêra', 'Valência' and 'Bahia' sweet oranges and 'Cravo' rangpur lime. For induction of shoot regeneration, the segments of the four cultivars were placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing the following BAP/NAA concentrations: 0.0/0.0; 0.25/0.0; 0.25/0.25; 0.5/0.0; 0.5/0.5; 1.0/0.0; 2.0/0.0; 2.0/0.25; 2.0/0.5; and 2.0/1.0 mg L-1. In order to test the influence of the culture media on shoot-bud induction, (MS), Murashige and Tucker (MT), and woody plant medium (WPM) formulations were evaluated, associated with the best combination of plant growth regulators obtained in the previous experiment. The influence of four beta-lactam antibiotics (timentin, cefotaxime sodium salt, meropenem trihydrate and augmentin) on shoot regeneration was determined. Better regeneration responses were achieved when internodal segments were cultured onto MS-based medium with 500 mg L-1 cefotaxime with the following BAP/NAA concentrations: 0.5 + 0.25 mg L-1 for 'Cravo', 1.0 + 0.25 mg L-1 for 'Valência' and 'Bahia', and 1.0 + 0.5 mg L-1 for 'Pêra'. Genotype, growth regulators, basal media and beta-lactam antibiotics affect the morphogenetic response in mature tissues of citrus.

Performance of 'Oneco' mandarin on six rootstocks in South Brazil

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of six rootstocks on yield, fruit quality, and growth of 'Oneco' mandarin during the first seven harvesting seasons, in Butiá, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The rootstocks evaluated were: 'Swingle' citrumelo (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata), 'Caipira' orange (C. sinensis), 'Troyer' citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), 'Rangpur' lime (C. limonia), 'Volkamer' lemon (C. volkameriana), and 'Flying Dragon' trifoliata orange (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa). Plants budded onto 'Flying Dragon' had the lowest vegetative development, which indicates the dwarfing characteristics of this rootstock, and had the highest mean production efficiency, despite low yield. Plants grafted on 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Rangpur' lime had the highest alternate bearing. Under the experimental conditions evaluated, the most adequate rootstocks for mandarin 'Oneco' are 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Troyer' citrange, regarding fruit yield and quality.

Tectonomagmatic evolution of Western Amazonia: Geochemical characterization and zircon U-Pb geochronologic constraints from the Peruvian Eastern Cordilleran granitoids

The results of a coupled, in situ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb study on zircon and geochemical characterization of the Eastern Cordilleran intrusives of Peru reveal 1.15 Ga of intermittent magmatism along central Western Amazonia, the Earth's oldest active open continental margin. The eastern Peruvian batholiths are volumetrically dominated by plutonism related to the assembly and breakup of Pangea during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition. A Carboniferous-Permian (340-285 Ma) continental arc is identified along the regional orogenic strike from the Ecuadorian border (6 degrees S) to the inferred inboard extension of the Arequipa-Antofalla terrane in southern Peru (14 degrees S). Widespread crustal extension and thinning, which affected western Gondwana throughout the Permian and Triassic resulted in the intrusion of the late- to post-tectonic La Merced-San Ramon-type anatectites dated between 275 and 220 Ma, while the emplacement of the southern Cordillera de Carabaya peraluminous granitoids in the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (220-190 Ma) represents, temporally and regionally, a separate tectonomagmatic event likely related to resuturing of the Arequipa-Antofalla block. Volcano-plutonic complexes and stocks associated with the onset of the present Andean cycle define a compositionally bimodal alkaline suite and cluster between 180 and 170 Ma. A volumetrically minor intrusive pulse of Oligocene age (ca. 30 Ma) is detected near the southwestern Cordilleran border with the Altiplano. Both post-Gondwanide (30-170 Ma), and Precambrian plutonism (691-1123 Ma) are restricted to isolated occurrences spatially comprising less than 15% of the Eastern Cordillera intrusives. Only one remnant of a Late Ordovician intrusive belt is recognized in the Cuzco batholith (446.5 +/- 9.7 Ma) indicating that the Famatinian arc system previously identified in Peru along the north-central Eastern Cordillera and the coastal Arequipa-Antofalla terrane also existed inboard of this parautochthonous crustal fragment. Hitherto unknown occurrences of late Mesoproterozoic and middle Neoproterozoic granitoids from the south-central cordilleran segment define magmatic events at 691 +/- 13 Ma, 751 +/- 8 Ma, 985 +/- 14 Ma, and 1071-1123 +/- 23 Ma that are broadly coeval with the Braziliano and Grenville-Sunsas orogenies, respectively. Our data suggest the existence of a continuous orogenic belt in excess of 3500 km along Western Amazonia during the formation of Rodinia, its ``early'' fragmentation prior to 690 Ma, and support a model of reaccretion of the Paracas-Arequipa-Antofalla terrane to western Gondwana in the Early Ordovician with subsequent detachment of the Paracas segment in form of the Mexican Oaxaquia microcontinent in Middle Ordovician. A tectonomagmatic model involving slab detachment, followed by underplating of cratonic margin by asthenospheric mantle is proposed for the genesis of the volumetrically dominant Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic Peruvian Cordilleran batholiths.

Toxicity of organic farming‑compatible products to the coffee leaf miner

The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of organic farming‑compatible products to the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella. Lime sulphur, enriched Bordeaux mixture (Viça Café Plus), and the "supermagro" biofertilizer were first tested in laboratory. The most promising product was tested afterwards under field conditions. In laboratory, different concentrations of each product were applied on L. coffeella eggs and on infested coffee‑mined leaves. Only lime sulphur had ovicidal effects at an acceptable concentration (1.6%) for field applications, but no significant effect on larvae mortality was found. Enriched Bordeaux mixture and the "supermagro" biofertilizer had no effect on L. coffeella eggs and larvae. In the field trial, biweekly or monthly sprayings of lime sulphur at different concentrations caused population decrease after 30 days; however, this effect was not significant after 60 or 90 days.

Yield and mineral nutrition of soybean, maize, and Congo signal grass as affected by limestone and slag

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of superficial application of limestone and slag, and their effects on soil chemical attributes and on yield and mineral nutrition of soybean, maize, and Congo signal grass (Urochloa ruziziensis). The experiment was carried out in a Rhodic Hapludox under no tillage system. The treatments consisted of the use of limestone or slag (silicates of calcium and magnesium) to correct soil acidity, and of a control treatment without the use of soil correctives. Rates were calculated in order to raise soil base saturation up to 70%. Soybean was sown in November 2006 and maize in December 2007. Congo signal grass was sown right after the harvests of soybean and maize, and it was cropped during the off-seasons. Soil chemical attributes were evaluated at 6, 12, and 18 months after the application of the corrective materials. Slag is an efficient source for soil acidity correction, being able to raise the exchangeable base levels in the soil profile faster than lime. Both limestone and slag increase dry matter yield of Congo signal grass, and grain yield of soybean and maize. Slag is more effective in improving maize grain yield.

Kalkkisaostuslaitteiston suunnittelu Biolan Oy:n lannoite- ja kasvualustatehtaan varastoja ja kompostointikentältä tulevien suoto- ja hulevesien käsittelyyn

Tässä diplomityössä oli tavoitteena löytää ratkaisu Biolan Oy:n lannoiteja kasvualustatehtaan varastoja kompostointikentältä tulevien suotoja hulevesien käsittelyyn. Erityisenä kiinnostuksen kohteena oli suotoja hulevesien sisältämän fosforin poistamisen ratkaisun löytäminen. Ratkaisua päätettiin lähteä hakemaan kemiallisen saostuksen kautta. Fosforin kemiallinen saostus toteutetaan nykypäivänä useimmiten raudan ja alumiini yhdisteiden avulla, mutta tämän työn lähtökohtana oli saostuksen suorittaminen kalkilla. Yhtenä työn lähtökohtana oli myös muodostuvan, fosforipitoisen, kalkkisakan hyödyntäminen Biolan Oy:n kasvualustatehtaan tuottamien kasvualustojen ravinnelähteenä, jolloin yleisesti ongelmana pidetty jätevesiliete muuttuu mahdollisuudeksi.

Haja-asutusalueiden sakokaivolietteiden kalkkistabilointi ja hyötykäyttö maataloudessa

In the sparsely populated areas of Finland there are approximately 350 000 households and 450 000 leisure time residences outside sewer networks. According to the Finnish domestic wastewater act outside sewer networks, the Finnish Government is reducing the environmental load of domestic wastewaters by the year 2017. The law is aimed at restricting the quality of sludge from domestic wastewater purification systems. The wastewater purification systems are complex systems, which often include sedimentation basins. The sedimentation basins remove most of the nutrients from the domestic wastewaters. The Finnish Government has decided that sedimentation basin sludge must be treated before reusing. One possibility is to stabilise domestic sludge with slaked lime and to reuse treated sludge in agriculture. According to this master’s thesis lime stabilisation can be done in sedimentation basins or in decanting tanks. Decanting tanks must be under 100 m3. Dosage of stabilisation is 8,5 kg/m3 of lime. If you are treading sludge that is highly hydrous, you need 13,5 kg/m3 of lime. In stabilisation lime and sludge must be thoroughly mixed. Mixed sludge must be in sedimentation basin at least two hours. If there is evidence that sludge contains salmonella or if it’s decanting tank stabilisation time is 48 hours. Sludge must be mixed at least once during the longer stabilisation time. Lime destroys Esherichia coli and enterococcus concentrations below accepted level. Lime also destroys Salmonella bacterium. After treating, sludge’s can be distributed over a field. You can safely spread lime treated domestic sludge’s about 40 m3/ha. Lime stabilisation can also be used to treat separately and collectively collected domestic wastewaters.